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abstract: Implementing an assimilative agenda within the traditional U.S. education system has prevented the authentic inclusion, validation, and development of American Indian students. The enduring ramifications, including the loss of cultural identity, underscored the critical need to decolonize, or challenge, the historic assimilative agenda of the school space. The purpose of this action research study was to examine the connection between the cultural exploration activities of Culture Club, cultural identity, and the creation of a Third Space to serve as a decolonizing framework for this Indigenous program conducted within a school space. The epistemological perspective guiding this study was that of constructionism. The theoretical frameworks were post-colonial theory, Indigenous methodology, and, most prominently, Third Space theory. A thorough review of Third Space theory resulted in deduction of four criteria deemed to be necessary for creating a Third Space. These four theoretically-deduced criteria were (a) creating new knowledge, (b) reclaiming and reinscribing hegemonic notions of identity and school, (c) creating new or hybrid identities, and (d) developing more inclusive perspectives. The criteria were employed to create the Culture Club innovation and to determine whether a Third Space was effectively created within Culture Club. This qualitative action research study focused on the Culture Club innovation, an after-school, cultural exploration, extracurricular program for sixth-grade American Indian students, at a Title I school in a large southwest metropolitan area. The participants were five, sixth-grade American Indian students. The role of the researcher was to facilitate a Third Space within Culture Club, as well as collect and analyze data. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews; recorded Culture Club sessions; phase 3, and research journal entries. Once the data were transcribed, eclectic coding methodology, consisting of open, descriptive, and in vivo coding was employed and interpretive analysis procedures followed. Findings showed modest changes in participants’ cultural identities but confirmed the creation of a Third Space within Culture Club. Findings have important implications for both practice and future research. Recommendations for improving and sustaining the decolonizing framework of Culture Club to create safe spaces for American Indian students and their explorations of their Indigeneity are also proposed. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Leadership and Innovation 2017

Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur samerna respektive den nordamerikanska ursprungsbefolkningen framställs i samtida historieläroböcker för gymnasiets senare historiekurser. Det som undersökts är hur de två ursprungsfolkens historia och kulturmöten framställs i relation till vad som står i Gy11:s läroplan. Den använda metoden är Norman Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys integrerat med Homi Bhabhas postkoloniala teori. Faircloughs metod belyser maktförhållanden i texten och Bhabhas teori klarlägger hur dessa maktförhållanden ter sig. Resultatet visar att det förekommer maktdiskurser i samtliga undersökta läroböcker. I vissa av böckerna finns ett tydligt ”vi och dem” perspektiv, där de två ursprungsfolken framställs som ”dem”. När urfolken väl nämns i läroböckerna nämns de kort och utan vidare problematisering, vilket gör att eleverna inte ges den kunskap om ursprungsfolk som läroplanen uttrycker. Dessutom nämns de alltid i relation eller åtskillnad från nationalstaten, aldrig enskilt. Resultatet överensstämmer med tidigare forskning inom området, vilket tyder på att varken samernas eller den nordamerikanska ursprungsbefolkningen ges något vidare utrymme i den svenska historieskrivningen på gymnasiet.

In this dissertation I explore the dynamics of how the definition of the human is established and subsequently challenged in both H.G. Wells’s The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896) and R.L. Stevenson’s Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886). Late nineteenth-century Europe was a time and place where an exploration of the definition of what it means to be human was particularly uncomfortable. The structures that upheld the then accepted conceptions of the human were under assault by new scientific discourses such as Darwinist theories of evolution, criminal anthropology and degenerationism. I show how the anxieties that these discourses inspired are reflected in the texts, and also examine how the communities in the texts act to reinforce the collapsing definition of what it means to be human. Victorian efforts to resolve this crisis of identity were mainly rooted in attempts to classify the natural world and to find or create some form of stable categorical distinction between the ‘human’ and the Other, or the not-human. The nature of the Other varied widely but manifested in terms of species, race, gender and class, to name but a few categories. The mechanisms through which humans, both as individuals and as communities, created and maintained their ‘humanity’ is examined through the use of theories of the liminal, from Anton van Gennep ([1909] 1960) to Homi Bhabha (1994). The reasons for the fear of the liminal characters are explored through Julia Kristeva’s (1982) notion of the abject – a phenomenon which arises in a confusion of the boundaries and distinctions between the subject and the object, the Self and the Other. Using Jeffrey Jerome Cohen’s (1996) ‘Monster Theory’, I examine what the texts reveal about the society in which the authors were writing and what the appeal or horror of each monster’s particular type of liminality might have been for contemporary readers. In my conclusion I show that the fears and anxieties in Wells’s and Stevenson’s texts are still extant today. The monsters in the texts reflect changing conceptions of what it means to be human. By examining the nature of the fear that these monsters inspire, one can better understand both the readers of the time and the origins of the modern understanding of what it means to be human, what it means to be Other, and the realisation that, ultimately, perhaps we all exist somewhere betwixt and between. / Dissertation (MA--University of Pretoria, 2017. / English / MA (English) / Unrestricted

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Taking as its central motif Hans-Georg Gadamer’s claim that “the true locus of hermeneutics is [the] in-between,” this thesis defends Gadamer’s concept of the fusion of horizons as radically interstitial against recent allegations that link his project to Romantic interpretive commensurability. Distancing Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics from both the Romantic hermeneutical approach and the incommensurabilist alternative proposed by John D. Caputo, this study reassesses Gadamer’s contributions toward understanding the other in a manner that avoids both imperious reductions and hyperbolic valorizations of the other’s alterity. Extending this discussion to cross-cultural interpretation, this thesis concludes by arguing for the fusion of horizons as a model for conceiving a new postcolonial space, irreducible to the commensurabilism of colonialism and the incommensurabilism of nativism. To this end, Gadamer is brought into discussion with Homi K. Bhabha, whose work on cultural hybridity offers a striking parallel with Gadamer’s fusion of horizons.

Cette thèse étudie le thème du mariage interculturel et des identités hybrides de personnages dans The Pickup (2001) de Nadine Gordimer, The Translator (1999) de Leila Aboulela et A Mighty Collision of Two Worlds (2002) de Safi Abdi. L’étude cherche à explorer comment les identités culturelles des protagonistes changent lorsqu’ils se marient avec une personne d’une culture différente des leurs et qu’ils rencontrent de nouvelles traditions et de nouvelles croyances. La théorie de l’hybridité développée par Homi Bhabha et par d’autres théoriciens de l’hybridité peut être un outil pertinent pour analyser l’identité des personnages. Bhabha soutient que ceux qui traversent les cultures vivent dans un “in-between space” ou un “third space,” fluctuant entre leur culture d’origine et leur culture d’accueil. Cependant, les conclusions de l’étude montrent que ces personnages de fiction présentent des cas qui n’ont pas été explorés par les théoriciens de l’hybridité. On s’aperçoit d’autre part, que plusieurs facteurs de nature culturelle, religieuse, personnelle ou sociale influencent les protagonistes dans les romans : soit ils leur identité hybride s’affirme, soit ils conservent la façon de vivre de leur pays d’origine. On remarque aussi que les mariages interculturels et l’identité hybride sont liés entre eux. Le mariage interculturel peut être à la fois la manifestation de l’hybridité, et dans ce cas il est perçu comme une affirmation du vécu hybride servant du même coup de moyen d’aller vers l’hybridité. Contrairement à ce à quoi on pourrait s’attendre, on observe que parfois les relations interculturelles entraînent une réaction anti-hybride / This dissertation studies the subject of cross-cultural marriage and hybrid identities of characters in Nadine Gordimer’s The Pickup (2001), Leila Aboulela’s The Translator (1999), and Safi Abdi’s A Mighty Collision of two Worlds (2002). The study seeks to find out how the cultural identities of the protagonists in the novels change when they marry across cultures and face new traditions and beliefs. Hybridity theory, which is developed by Homi Bhabha and other hybridity theorists, can be a relevant tool for analysis of the characters’ identities. Bhabha contends that those who cross cultures live in an “in-between space” or “third space” in which they oscillate between their native culture and the host culture. However, results show that fictional characters present cases which have not been explored by hybridity theorists. In addition, it is stressed that various factors of a cultural, religious, personal, and social nature affect the protagonists in the novels to either develop a hybrid identity or maintain their native way of life. It is also found that cross-cultural marriage and hybridity are correlated. The former can be both a manifestation of hybridity, where the protagonists’ cross-cultural marriage is seen as an assertion of their hybrid experience, and as a means to hybridity. Contrary to expectations, it is observed that cross-cultural relationships lead to an anti-hybrid reaction

Le collisionneur SuperKEKB, dédié à l'expérience Belle II, prévoit une très haute luminosité, inégalée à ce jour. Son objectif est de fournir une luminosité instantanée de 8x10³⁵ cm⁻²s⁻¹ en mettant en collision des faisceaux minuscules au point d'interaction (IP) sur la base du schéma "nano-beam". Par conséquent, un excellent contrôle de l'orbite du faisceau à l’IP est nécessaire pour assurer un recouvrement géométrique optimal entre les deux faisceaux en collision, et ainsi maximiser la luminosité. Dans ce cadre, cette thèse présente le développement et l'implémentation d'un système de monitoring rapide de la luminosité de SuperKEKB basé sur des détecteurs en diamant sCVD. Pour atteindre une précision relative aussi élevée et couvrir une gamme dynamique de luminosité élevée, le processus de diffusion Bhabha radiatif à très petit angle est utilisé, dont la section efficace d’interaction est très importante et relativement bien connue. Des détecteurs diamant sCVD, dont le signal est rapide et qui ont une bonne tolérance au rayonnement, sont utilisés pour détecter les particules chargées dans les gerbes électromagnétiques induites par l’interaction entre les particules Bhabha diffusées et perdues dans le tube à vide du faisceau, et dans les autres matériaux, en particulier un radiateur, à des emplacements choisis spécialement en aval de l'IP, dans les deux anneaux LER et HER. Une simulation de bout en bout du système d'asservissement de l'orbite du faisceau à l'IP basé sur notre signal de luminosité rapide et précis a été réalisé, qui comprend: une estimation du signal du détecteur de diamant sCVD, basé sur des mesures de laboratoire à l'aide d'une source radioactive, la construction de séquences de signal représentative de SuperKEKB comprenant les bruits de fond à un seul faisceau et les particules diffusées par le processus Bhabha, un traitement du signal de luminosité, et la simulation de l'asservissement de l'orbite. Il a été possible de vérifier la faisabilité de ce système pour maintenir la très haute luminosité de SuperKEKB en présence des mouvements du sol et a de déterminer la précision relative du signal de luminosité rapide qu'il est possible d'obtenir toutes les 1 ms. Au cours des phases de mise en service de SuperKEKB, la phase 2 et le début de la phase 3, notre moniteur de luminosité rapide basé sur des détecteurs en diamant sCVD a été installé et utilisé avec succès. Les processus de perte de faisceau, principalement ceux provenant des processus de Bremsstrahlung et de Touschek, ont été étudiés en détail et, par rapport à la simulation, un bon accord a été trouvé. Lors de la mise en service de la collision, des signaux de luminosité intégrés toutes les secondes étaient fournis en continu pour le réglage des paramètres des faisceaux à l'IP. En outre, un signal de luminosité intégré toutes les 1 ms avec la précision relative attendue a également été fourni et utilisé comme entrée du système d'asservissement de l'orbite à l'IP, notamment pour des premiers tests conduits avec succès avec des décalages de faisceau horizontaux introduits volontairement. Davantage de tests de ce système d'asservissement sont attendus pour assurer son bon fonctionnement en continu à l'avenir. Cette thèse présente le développement et l’application d’un système de surveillance rapide de la luminosité basé sur les détecteurs de sCVD diamant de SuperKEKB. / SuperKEKB is at the foremost frontier of high luminosity e⁺e⁻ colliders, dedicated to the Belle-II experiment. It aims to provide an instantaneous luminosity of 8x10³⁵ by involving extremely tiny beams colliding at the Interaction Point (IP) based on the "nano-beam scheme". Therefore, excellent control of its beam orbit at the IP is required to ensure the optimum geometrical overlap between the two colliding beams, and thereby maximize the luminosity. Besides, effective instrumentation to diagnose the behavior of the beam at the IP and possible beam interactions between bunches along the train are also quite essential during the long and rather difficult process of machine tuning towards the nominal beam parameters. This thesis presents the development and application of a fast luminosity monitoring system based on sCVD diamond detectors at SuperKEKB, including: (1),train integrated luminosity signals every 1 ms which will be used as input to the dithering orbit feedback system, its relative precision is expected to be better than 1% when luminosity reaches 10³⁴ (2), sensitive train integrated luminosity signals over a large luminosity dynamic range every 1 s which will be sent to the SuperKEKB control room as immediate observable for machine collision tuning, and (3) bunch integrated luminosity signals every 1 s with sufficient relative precision to monitor the collision performance for each single bunch. To achieve such high relative precision and cover a large luminosity dynamic range, the radiative Bhabha process events at vanishing scattering angle will be measured, whose interaction cross-section is quite large and reasonably well known. The sCVD diamond detectors, which have fast signal formation and good radiation tolerance, were used to detect the charged particles in the secondary showers induced by the interaction between the lost Bhabha scattered particles and the beam pipe and specific radiator materials at carefully chosen locations downstream of the IP in both the LER and HER. A start-to-end simulation was performed on the dithering orbit feedback system using fast, precise luminosity signal as input, which includes: sCVD diamond detector signal estimation based on laboratory measurements with a radioactive source, signal sequence construction at SuperKEKB including single beam backgrounds and Bhabha scattered particles, luminosity signal procession, dithering orbit feedback simulation. It enabled verifying the feasibility of this system to maintain very high luminosity in the presence of ground motion, in particular it determined the relative precision of the fast luminosity signal every 1 ms. Besides, the radiation damage of the sCVD diamond detectors in the LER was also estimated based on a FLUKA simulation and applying the NIEL hypothesis. During the Phase-2 and early Phase-3 commissioning periods of SuperKEKB, our fast luminosity monitor based on sCVD diamond detectors was installed and operated successfully. Single beam loss processes, mainly Bremsstrahlung and Touschek, were studied in detail and compared with the simulation, showing good agreement. During the collision commissioning, train and bunch integrated luminosity signals every 1 s were provided for machine tuning. e.g. the vertical beam sizes were determined with the vertical offset scan technique based on our luminosity signals, both the average and for the individual bunches, which is very important and useful for the collision and IP local optics tuning during the long and rather difficult process of SuperKEKB machine tuning towards the nominal beam parameters. Besides, a train integrated luminosity signal every 1 ms with the expected relative precision was also provided and used as input to the dithering orbit feedback system for its first successful tests with deliberately introduced horizontal beam-beam offsets. More tests on the dithering orbit feedback system are expected to ensure its future continuous operation.

Multiculturalism is a current issue in our globalized society, which also the library field must relate to. In the Swedish Library Act from 2014 it is stressed that users with another linguistic background than Swedish shall be prioritized. However, an undifferentiated comprehension of what multicultural services at the library really means prevails, and the underlying values of the concept are rarely questioned. The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to problematize the concept of multiculturalism in a library context, by the identification of ideological patterns in the research discourse. Nine Library- and Information Science research articles that discuss multiculturalism at the public library have been scrutinized, and we found that the articles are dominated by a palpable Western and colonial perspective. Four discourses were identified in the empirical material, which all can be linked to changes in the macro-sociological context. As a theoretical and methodological framework we have chosen Norman Fairclough's critical discourse analysis (CDA) in combination with Homi K. Bhabha's postcolonial theory. CDA focuses on linguistic text analysis, in order to uncover how discourses both influence and are influenced by the social context, while Bhabha's theory questions how Western scholars create an illusion of fixed cultural identities. By combining these theories we wished to problematize the Western knowledge production, and initiate new approaches regarding how to work practically with these issues. Our conclusion is that there are similarities in how Western scholars depict multiculturalism and ethnicity at the library, which might impact the library practice in a negative way.