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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Contributions au développement d'outils computationnels de design de protéine : méthodes et algorithmes de comptage avec garantie / Contribution to protein design tools : counting methods and algorithms

Viricel, Clement 18 December 2017 (has links)
Cette thèse porte sur deux sujets intrinsèquement liés : le calcul de la constante de normalisation d’un champ de Markov et l’estimation de l’affinité de liaison d’un complexe de protéines. Premièrement, afin d’aborder ce problème de comptage #P complet, nous avons développé Z*, basé sur un élagage des quantités de potentiels négligeables. Il s’est montré plus performant que des méthodes de l’état de l’art sur des instances issues d’interaction protéine-protéine. Par la suite, nous avons développé #HBFS, un algorithme avec une garantie anytime, qui s’est révélé plus performant que son prédécesseur. Enfin, nous avons développé BTDZ, un algorithme exact basé sur une décomposition arborescente qui a fait ses preuves sur des instances issues d’interaction intermoléculaire appelées “superhélices”. Ces algorithmes s’appuient sur des méthodes issuse des modèles graphiques : cohérences locales, élimination de variable et décompositions arborescentes. A l’aide de méthodes d’optimisation existantes, de Z* et des fonctions d’énergie de Rosetta, nous avons développé un logiciel open source estimant la constante d’affinité d’un complexe protéine protéine sur une librairie de mutants. Nous avons analysé nos estimations sur un jeu de données de complexes de protéines et nous les avons confronté à deux approches de l’état de l’art. Il en est ressorti que notre outil était qualitativement meilleur que ces méthodes. / This thesis is focused on two intrinsically related subjects : the computation of the normalizing constant of a Markov random field and the estimation of the binding affinity of protein-protein interactions. First, to tackle this #P-complete counting problem, we developed Z*, based on the pruning of negligible potential quantities. It has been shown to be more efficient than various state-of-the-art methods on instances derived from protein-protein interaction models. Then, we developed #HBFS, an anytime guaranteed counting algorithm which proved to be even better than its predecessor. Finally, we developed BTDZ, an exact algorithm based on tree decomposition. BTDZ has already proven its efficiency on intances from coiled coil protein interactions. These algorithms all rely on methods stemming from graphical models : local consistencies, variable elimination and tree decomposition. With the help of existing optimization algorithms, Z* and Rosetta energy functions, we developed a package that estimates the binding affinity of a set of mutants in a protein-protein interaction. We statistically analyzed our esti- mation on a database of binding affinities and confronted it with state-of-the-art methods. It appears that our software is qualitatively better than these methods.
42

Razvoj bioloških testova za identifikaciju liganada steroidnih receptora i ispitivanje aktivnosti steroidogenog enzima aromataze / Development of biological assays for identification of steroid receptor ligands and determination of activity of steroidogenic enyzme aromatase

Bekić Sofija 07 August 2020 (has links)
<p>U ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji&nbsp; razvijen&nbsp; je fluorescentni test u kvascu za identifikaciju potencijalnih prirodnih ili sintetičkih liganada&nbsp; ER&alpha;, ER&beta; ili AR i kvantifikaciju&nbsp; njihovog&nbsp; afiniteta&nbsp; vezivanja sa mogućno&scaron;ću testiranja čitavih biblioteka modifikovanih steroida i ksenoestrogena. Takođe, opisana&nbsp; je primena optimizovanog biosenzora&nbsp; za&nbsp; procenu&nbsp; estrogenog&nbsp; potencijala sintetskih steroida i odabranih biljnih ekstrakata bogatih jedinjenjima fitoestrogenih osobina. U cilju potpunijeg sagledavanja mehanizma&nbsp; delovanja&nbsp; odabranih&nbsp; modifikovanih&nbsp; steroida&nbsp; ispitana&nbsp; je&nbsp; njihova antiproliferativna aktivnost prema ćelijskim&nbsp; linijama estrogen receptor pozitivnog kancera dojke&nbsp; (MCF-7) i kancera prostate (PC-3), dok su&nbsp; in silico metodom molekularnog&nbsp; dokinga&nbsp; predviđene&nbsp; energije&nbsp; i&nbsp; geometrije&nbsp; vezivanja&nbsp; ovih&nbsp; jedinjenja za ligand-vezujuće&nbsp; domene&nbsp; ER&alpha; i ER&beta;. Drugi deo ovog rada obuhvata razvoj testa za&nbsp; ispitivanje aktivnosti humanog enzima aromataze,&nbsp; heterologno eksprimiranog u ćelijama&nbsp; kvasca&nbsp; Saccharomyces cerevisiae&nbsp; i/ili&nbsp; bakterija Escherichia coli, u prisustvu&nbsp; ili&nbsp; odsustvu&nbsp; inhibitora.&nbsp; Interakcije modifikovanih&nbsp; steroida, odabranih na osnovu strukture,&nbsp; sa&nbsp; aromatazom&nbsp; ispitane&nbsp; su&nbsp; osetljivim spektroskopskim metodama, praćenjem promene spinskog stanja Fe iz hem grupe ili promene fluorescencije ostatka&nbsp; triptofana&nbsp; iz&nbsp; aktivnog&nbsp; centra usled konformacione&nbsp; promene&nbsp; proteina, izazvane interakcijom sa ligandom. Razvijeni in vitro testovi bez upotrebe radioaktivnih izotopa su, osim&nbsp; visoke efikasnosti&nbsp; i&nbsp; bezbednosti&nbsp; po&nbsp; korisnika&nbsp; i&nbsp; okolinu, pokazali&nbsp; specifičnost&nbsp; i&nbsp; ekonomičnost&nbsp; u preliminarnom&nbsp; skriningu&nbsp; liganada&nbsp; steroidnih receptora&nbsp; i inhibitora aromataze. Jedinjenja&nbsp; kod kojih je detektovana&nbsp; značajna biolo&scaron;ka aktivnost mogu potencijalno poslužiti kao osnova za razvoj terapeutika u lečenju hormon-zavisnih bolesti i stanja, koja danas predstavljaju globalni zdravstveni problem.</p> / <p>In&nbsp; this&nbsp; doctoral&nbsp; dissertation,&nbsp; a&nbsp; fluorescent&nbsp; assay&nbsp; in&nbsp; yeast&nbsp; was&nbsp; developed&nbsp; for&nbsp; identification&nbsp; of&nbsp; potential&nbsp; natural or synthetic ligands of ER&alpha;, ER&beta; or AR and<br />quantification&nbsp; of&nbsp; their&nbsp; binding&nbsp; affinity,&nbsp; as&nbsp; well&nbsp; asevaluation&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; estrogenic&nbsp; potential&nbsp; of&nbsp; synthetic steroids&nbsp; and&nbsp; selected&nbsp; plant&nbsp; extracts&nbsp; rich&nbsp; in phytoestrogen&nbsp; content.&nbsp; The&nbsp; assay&nbsp; could&nbsp; be&nbsp; used&nbsp; to&nbsp; screen&nbsp; libraries&nbsp; of&nbsp; modified&nbsp; steroids&nbsp; and xenoestrogens.&nbsp; In&nbsp; order&nbsp; to&nbsp; better&nbsp; understand&nbsp; the biomedical&nbsp; potential&nbsp; of&nbsp; selected&nbsp; modified&nbsp; steroids, results&nbsp; were&nbsp; compared&nbsp; to&nbsp; antiproliferative&nbsp; activity against&nbsp; estrogen&nbsp; receptor&nbsp; positive&nbsp; breast&nbsp; cancer (MCF-7)&nbsp; and&nbsp; prostate&nbsp; cancer&nbsp; (PC-3)&nbsp; cell&nbsp; lines. Binding&nbsp; energies&nbsp; and&nbsp; the&nbsp; geometry&nbsp; of&nbsp; binding&nbsp; of these&nbsp; compounds&nbsp; for&nbsp; ER&alpha;&nbsp; and&nbsp; ER&beta;&nbsp; ligand&nbsp; binding domains&nbsp; were&nbsp; predicted&nbsp; in&nbsp; silico&nbsp; by&nbsp; molecular&nbsp; docking&nbsp; methods.&nbsp; The&nbsp; second&nbsp; part&nbsp; of&nbsp; this&nbsp; study includes development&nbsp; of&nbsp; an&nbsp; assay&nbsp; for&nbsp; study&nbsp; of&nbsp; aromatase&nbsp; activity&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; presence&nbsp; or&nbsp; absence&nbsp; of inhibitors&nbsp; by&nbsp; heterologous&nbsp; expression&nbsp; of&nbsp; human aromatase&nbsp; in&nbsp; Saccharomyces&nbsp; cerevisiae&nbsp; and/or Escherichia&nbsp; coli&nbsp; cells,&nbsp; as&nbsp; model-organisms. Furthermore, interactions between modified steroids, selected&nbsp; according&nbsp; to&nbsp; their&nbsp; structure,&nbsp; and&nbsp; aromatase were&nbsp; tested&nbsp; using&nbsp; sensitive&nbsp; spectroscopic&nbsp; methods based on ligand-induced changes&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; spin state of Fe&nbsp; from&nbsp; the&nbsp; heme&nbsp; group&nbsp; or&nbsp; changes&nbsp; in&nbsp; the fluorescence&nbsp; of&nbsp; a&nbsp; tryptophan&nbsp; residue&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; active site.&nbsp; The&nbsp; non-radioactive&nbsp; in&nbsp; vitro&nbsp; assays&nbsp; developed&nbsp; here, besides high efficiency, user and environmental safety,&nbsp; also&nbsp; have&nbsp; greater&nbsp; specificity&nbsp; and&nbsp; are&nbsp; more cost-effective&nbsp; for&nbsp; preliminary&nbsp; screening&nbsp; of&nbsp; steroid receptor&nbsp; ligands&nbsp; and&nbsp; aromatase&nbsp; inhibitors. Additionally,&nbsp; compounds&nbsp; identified&nbsp; to&nbsp; express significant biological activity can serve as a basis for the&nbsp; development&nbsp; of&nbsp; potential&nbsp; therapeutics&nbsp; in&nbsp; the treatment&nbsp; of&nbsp; hormone-dependent&nbsp; diseases&nbsp; and conditions, a global health issue today.</p>
43

A multivariate approach to characterization of drug-like molecules, proteins and the interactions between them

Lindström, Anton January 2008 (has links)
En sjukdom kan många gånger härledas till en kaskadereaktion mellan proteiner, co-faktorer och substrat. Denna kaskadreaktion blir många gånger målet för att behandla sjukdomen med läkemedel. För att designa nya läkemedelsmoleyler används vanligen datorbaserade verktyg. Denna design av läkemedelsmolekyler drar stor nytta av att målproteinet är känt och då framförallt dess tredimensionella (3D) struktur. Är 3D-strukturen känd kan man utföra så kallad struktur- och datorbaserad molekyldesign, 3D-geometrin (f.f.a. för inbindningsplatsen) blir en vägledning för designen av en ny molekyl. Många faktorer avgör interaktionen mellan en molekyl och bindningsplatsen, till exempel fysikalisk-kemiska egenskaper hos molekylen och bindningsplatsen, flexibiliteten i molekylen och målproteinet, och det omgivande lösningsmedlet. För att strukturbaserad molekyldesign ska fungera väl måste två viktiga steg utföras: i) 3D anpassning av molekyler till bindningsplatsen i ett målprotein (s.k. dockning) och ii) prediktion av molekylers affinitet för bindningsplatsen. Huvudsyftena med arbetet i denna avhandling var som följer: i) skapa modeler för att prediktera affiniteten mellan en molekyl och bindningsplatsen i ett målprotein; ii) förfina molekyl-protein-geometrin som skapas vid 3D-anpassning mellan en molekyl och bindningsplatsen i ett målprotein (s.k. dockning); iii) karaktärisera proteiner och framför allt deras sekundärstruktur; iv) bedöma effekten av olika matematiska beskrivningar av lösningsmedlet för förfining av 3D molekyl-protein-geometrin skapad vid dockning och prediktion av molekylers affinitet för proteiners bindningsfickor. Ett övergripande syfte var att använda kemometriska metoder för modellering och dataanalys på de ovan nämnda punkterna. För att sammanfatta så presenterar denna avhandling metoder och resultat som är användbara för strukturbaserad molekyldesign. De rapporterade resultaten visar att det är möjligt att skapa kemometriska modeler för prediktion av molekylers affinitet för bindningsplatsen i ett protein och att dessa presterade lika bra som andra vanliga metoder. Dessutom kunde kemometriska modeller skapas för att beskriva effekten av hur inställningarna för olika parametrar i dockningsprogram påverkade den 3D molekyl-protein-geometrin som dockingsprogram skapade. Vidare kunde kemometriska modeller andvändas för att öka förståelsen för deskriptorer som beskrev sekundärstrukturen i proteiner. Förfining av molekyl-protein-geometrin skapad genom dockning gav liknande och ickesignifikanta resultat oberoende av vilken matematisk modell för lösningsmedlet som användes, förutom för ett fåtal (sex av 30) fall. Däremot visade det sig att användandet av en förfinad geometri var värdefullt för prediktion av molekylers affinitet för bindningsplatsen i ett protein. Förbättringen av prediktion av affintitet var markant då en Poisson-Boltzmann beskrivning av lösningsmedlet användes; jämfört med prediktionerna gjorda med ett dockningsprogram förbättrades korrelationen mellan beräknad affintiet och uppmätt affinitet med 0,7 (R2). / A disease is often associated with a cascade reaction pathway involving proteins, co-factors and substrates. Hence to treat the disease, elements of this pathway are often targeted using a therapeutic agent, a drug. Designing new drug molecules for use as therapeutic agents involves the application of methods collectively known as computer-aided molecular design, CAMD. When the three dimensional (3D) geometry of a macromolecular target (usually a protein) is known, structure-based CAMD is undertaken and structural information of the target guides the design of new molecules and their interactions with the binding sites in targeted proteins. Many factors influence the interactions between the designed molecules and the binding sites of the target proteins, such as the physico-chemical properties of the molecule and the binding site, the flexibility of the protein and the ligand, and the surrounding solvent. In order for structure-based CAMD to be successful, two important aspects must be considered that take the abovementioned factors into account. These are; i) 3D fitting of molecules to the binding site of the target protein (like fitting pieces of a jigsaw puzzle), and ii) predicting the affinity of molecules to the protein binding site. The main objectives of the work underlying this thesis were: to create models for predicting the affinity between a molecule and a protein binding site; to refine the geometry of the molecule-protein complex derived by or in 3D fitting (also known as docking); to characterize the proteins and their secondary structure; and to evaluate the effects of different generalized-Born (GB) and Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) implicit solvent models on the refinement of the molecule-protein complex geometry created in the docking and the prediction of the molecule-to-protein binding site affinity. A further objective was to apply chemometric methodologies for modeling and data analysis to all of the above. To summarize, this thesis presents methodologies and results applicable to structure-based CAMD. Results show that predictive chemometric models for molecule-to-protein binding site affinity could be created that yield comparable results to similar, commonly used methods. In addition, chemometric models could be created to model the effects of software settings on the molecule-protein complex geometry using software for molecule-to-binding site docking. Furthermore, the use of chemometric models provided a more profound understanding of protein secondary structure descriptors. Refining the geometry of molecule-protein complexes created through molecule-to-binding site docking gave similar results for all investigated implicit solvent models, but the geometry was significantly improved in only a few examined cases (six of 30). However, using the geometry-refined molecule-protein complexes was highly valuable for the prediction of molecule-to-binding site affinity. Indeed, using the PB solvent model it yielded improvements of 0.7 in correlation coefficients (R2) for binding affinity parameters of a set of Factor Xa protein drug molecules, relative to those obtained using the fitting software.
44

Exploring Biopolymer-Clay Nanocomposite Materials by Molecular Modelling

Wang, Yan January 2015 (has links)
In this thesis, bio-nanocomposites made from two alternative biopolymers and montmorillonite (Mnt) clay have been investigated by molecular modelling. These biopolymers are xyloglucan (XG) and chitosan (CHS), both of which are abundant, renewable, and cost-effective. After being reinforced by Mnt clay nanoparticles, the polymer nanocomposites gains in multifunctionality and in the possibility to register unique combinations of properties, like mechanical, biodegradable, electrical, thermal and gas barrier properties. I apply molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study the interfacial mechanisms of the adhesion of these biopolymers to the Mnt nanoplatelets at an atomic level. For the XG-Mnt system, a strong binding affinity of XG to a fully hydrated Mnt interface was demonstrated. It was concluded that the dominant driving force for the interfacing is the enthalpy, i.e. the potential energy of the XG-Mnt interacting system. The adsorbed XG favors a flat conformation with a galactose residue in its side chain that facilitates the adsorption of the polymer to the nanoclay.  The XG adsorption was found do depend strongly on the hydration ability of counterions. The binding affinity of XG to Mnt was found to be strongest in the K-Mnt/XG system, followed by, in decreasing order, Na-Mnt/XG, Li-Mnt/XG, and Ca-Mnt/XG. The competing mechanism between ions, water and the XG in the interlayer region was shown to play an important role. The dimensional stability upon moisture exposure, i.e. the ability of a material to resist swelling, is an important parameter for biopolymer-clay nanocomposites. While pure clay swells significantly even at low hydration levels, it is here shown that for the XG-Mnt system, at a hydration level below 50%, the inter-lamellar spacing is well preserved, suggesting a stable material performance. However, at higher hydration levels, the XG-Mnt composite was found to exhibit swelling at the same rate as the pure hydrated Mnt clay. For the CHS-Mnt system, the significant electrostatic interactions from the direct charge-charge attraction between the polymer and the Mnt clay play a key role in the composite formation. Varying the degree of acetylation (DA) and the degree of protonation (DPr) resulted in different effects on the polymer-clay interaction. For the heavily acetylated CHS (DA &gt; 50%, also known as chitin), the strong adhesion of the neutral chitin to the Mnt clay was attributed to strong correlation between the acetyl functional groups and the counterions which act as an electrostatic “glue”. Similarly, the poor adhesion of the fully deprotonated (DPr = 0%) neutral CHS to the clay is attributed to a weak correlation between the amino functional group and the counterions. The stress-strain behavior of the CHS-Mnt composite shows that the mechanical properties are highly affected by the volume fraction of the Mnt clay and the degree of exfoliation of the composite. The material structure has a close relationship to the material properties. Biopolymer-clay nanocomposites hold a bright future to replace petroleum-derived polymer plastics and will become widely used in common life. The theme of the thesis is that further critical improvements of these materials can be accomplished by development of the experimental methods in conjunction with increased understanding of the interactions between polymer, clay, water, ions, solutions in the polymer-clay mixtures provided by molecular modelling. / I denna avhandling har molekylär modellering och molekyldynamisk (MD) simulering använts för att studera modellsystem för bio-nanokompositer bestående av montmorillonit-lera samt två olika sorters biopolymerer – xyloglukan (XG) och kitosan (CHS). Båda dessa polymerer är naturligt förekommande och mycket vanliga. De är dessutom förnyelsebara och kostnadseffektiva. Då polymererna förstärkts med nanopartiklar av montmorillonit får det resulterande kompositmaterialet en unik kombination av egenskaper såsom mekaniska, elektriska, termiska och barriär egenskaper etc. Genom att använda molekyldynamiska (MD) simuleringar, studeras här växelverkan mellan dessa biopolymerer och lernanopartiklar (Mnt) på grundläggande atomistisk detaljnivå. Mellan XG och Mnt i ett fullt hydrerat system kunde stark bindningsaffinitet påvisas. Den dominerande drivkraften för affiniteten var entalpi, d.v.s. potentiell växelverkansenergi. Den adsorberade XG-kedjan antar en platt konformation på ytan. Ett förslag utifrån simuleringsresultaten var att galaktosresidyn i xyloglukanets sidokedja underlättar adsorptionen till lerytan. Simuleringarna kunde också visa att adsorption av XG till Mnt beror starkt på motjonernas hydreringsförmåga. Bindningsaffiniteten mellan XG och Mnt var som starkast i K-Mnt/XG- systemet. Därefter följde, i minskande ordning, Na-Mnt/XG, Li-Mnt/XG och Ca-Mnt/XG. Det kunde visas att strukturen vid gränsytan styrs av konkurrerande mekanismer mellan joner, vatten och XG. Dimensionsstabilitet vid fuktexponering, d.v.s. förmågan hos ett material att motverka svällning, är en viktig egenskap för biopolymer-lernanokompositer. Ren lera sväller signifikant även vid låga fukthalter. Dock kunde MD simuleringar visa att ett modellsystem av XG-Mnt behåller sitt ursprungliga interlamellära avstånd vid hydreringsnivåer under 50%, vilket indikerar ett stabilare material. Vid högre hydrering uppmättes dock svällningen vara densamma som för ren lera. I CHS-Mnt-systemet visade det sig att direkt elektrostatisk växelverkan med signifikant styrka mellan laddningar på polymer och Mnt-yta spelar störst roll för kompositformeringen. Olika effekt på polymer-lerväxelverkan uppnåddes genom att variera acetyleringsgraden (DA) respektive protoneringsgraden (DPr). För den tungt acetylerade CHS-polymeren (DA &gt; 50%, även kallad kitin) visade sig den starka vidhäftningen bero på korrelation mellan acetylgrupperna och motjonerna som i sin tur verkade som ett elektrostatiskt “lim”. På liknande sätt kunde den svaga vidhäftningen mellan fullt deprotonerad (DPr = 0%) neutral CHS och lera förklaras med en betydligt svagare korrelation mellan aminogrupperna och motjonerna. Spänning-töjningsbeteendet hos CHS-Mnt modellen visar att dess mekaniska egenskaper beror kraftigt på volymsandelen Mnt och graden av exfoliering i kompositen. Materialets struktur är nära relaterat till materialegenskaperna. Framtiden för nanokompositer av biopolymerer och lera är ljus då de kan komma att ersätta oljebaserade plaster och användas frekvent i våra dagliga liv. Materialen kommer successivt förbättras genom utveckling av experimentella metoder i kombination med molekylmodellering för ökad förståelse för växelverkan mellan polymer, lera, vatten, joner och lösningsmedel. / 本论文利用分子动力学模拟技术研究了两种备选生物大分子与蒙脱土(Montmorillonite, Mnt)(一种粘土)组成的生物纳米复合材料,分别是木葡聚糖(Xyloglucan, XG)/蒙脱土和壳聚糖(Chitosan, CHS)/蒙脱土。木葡聚糖与壳聚糖都是自然界广泛存在的生物大分子,资源丰富且取材面宽,提取及加工成本低廉,加之可以生物降解并可再生,是优秀的生物复合材料备选原料。经过蒙脱土纳米颗粒加固后,这些基于生物大分子的复合材料将获得多功能且有多种独特特性相结合的优点,比如,更好的力学性能,生物可降解,良好的导电性能,传热性能和屏蔽气体与液体侵扰的能力等等。论文中,我们采用分子动力学模拟的方法着重对生物大分子与蒙脱土在界面上的粘附相互作用机理进行了深入探讨。  首先,对于木葡聚糖/蒙脱土纳米复合材料,我们发现糖分子与土分子间有着很强的天然亲和力。研究证明它们之间的这种相互作用,热焓是主要的推动力,也就是糖和土分子间的相互作用势能。含有半乳糖残基的木葡聚糖分子(本文中亦称天然木葡聚糖分子)吸附到粘土表面后,分子构型呈现扁平状,半乳糖残基似有辅助木葡聚糖大分子吸附到粘土颗粒上的作用。  进一步研究发现,木葡聚糖分子在粘土表面上的吸附与溶液中抗衡离子的水和作用密切相关。在钾离子平衡的糖/粘土系统中,糖分子与土分子的相互作用最强,钠离子平衡的糖/粘土系统次之,紧接着是锂离子平衡的糖/粘土系统,最弱的是钙离子平衡的糖/粘土系统。研究发现,离子,水分子,以及糖分子在粘土层间的竞争机制在糖分子的粘附过程中起着重要的作用。  材料暴露于潮湿环境中的尺寸稳定性,也就是材料抗肿胀的能力是生物大分子/蒙脱土所构成的复合材料的重要参数。蒙脱土自身即使在很低的潮湿环境下就会有明显地膨胀现象,然而,对木葡聚糖/蒙脱土复合材料来说,尺寸稳定性可以在水和值低于50%以下有效保存。其夹层尺寸的稳定保持暗示了材料在这个程度的潮湿环境下的稳定性。然而,当水和值高于50%时,木葡聚糖/蒙脱土复合材料将出现明显的肿胀现象,表现在夹层尺寸的明显增大,且其膨胀速率与粘土自身的膨胀速率逐渐趋于相当水平。  其次,对于壳聚糖/蒙脱土复合材料,我们发现由电荷-电荷间直接产生地强烈的静电吸引作用是壳聚糖分子与蒙脱土分子相互粘附并构成复合材料的关键因素。通过改变壳聚糖分子的乙酰化程度(Degree of acetylation, DA)和质子化程度(Degree of protonation, DPr),糖分子与土分子的相互作用有着显著地不同。对于乙酰化程度(DA)高于50%的壳聚糖分子(亦成为甲壳素分子chitin, CHT),电中性的甲壳素分子与土分子间的强吸附作用源于乙酰基功能团与抗衡离子的强相关性。抗衡离子此时扮演着类似于“电子胶”的作用,可以有效地将电中性的甲壳素分子与土分子粘结在一起。类似地,当质子化程度最低时,亦即壳聚糖分子完全非质子化,即呈现电中性时,较差的糖/土吸附作用源于氨基功能团与抗衡离子的较弱的相关性。  进一步对壳聚糖/蒙脱土复合材料的分子系统进行应力应变计算发现,复合材料的力学性能直接受蒙脱土体积分数和其剥离程度的影响,通常,粘土的体积分数越大体系的力学性能越高,且剥离程度对材料的整体性能也有直接影响。因此,材料的结构与其性能的表征有着密切联系。  我们相信生物大分子与蒙脱土构成的生物复合材料有着光明的前景,可以取代石油提取物制成的塑料材料,并将能够广泛应用在日常生活中。通过实验技术的改善和应用分子模拟技术对复合材料体系中生物大分子,蒙脱土分子,水分子,离子,溶液环境等混合物质相互作用的理解增加,这种可再生的新材料将会得到重要改进,这也是整本论文的主旋律。 / <p>QC 20150520</p> / Bio-nanocomposites
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Homology modeling and structural analysis of the antipsychotic drugs receptorome

López Muñoz, Laura 22 June 2010 (has links)
Classically it was assumed that the compounds with therapeutic effect exert their action interacting with a single receptor. Nowadays it is widely recognized that the pharmacological effect of most drugs is more complex and involves a set of receptors, some associated to their positive effects and some others to the side effects and toxicity. Antipsychotic drugs are an example of effective compounds characterized by a complex pharmacological profile binding to several receptors (mainly G protein-coupled-receptors, GPCR). In this work we will present a detailed study of known antipsychotic drugs and the receptors potentially involved in their binding profile, in order to understand the molecular mechanisms of the antipsychotic pharmacologic effects.The study started with obtaining homology models for all the receptors putatively involved in the antipsychotic drugs receptorome, suitable for building consistent drug-receptor complexes. These complexes were structurally analyzed and compared using multivariate statistical methods, which in turn allowed the identification of the relationship between the pharmacological properties of the antipsychotic drugs and the structural differences in the receptor targets. The results can be exploited for the design of safer and more effective antipsychotic drugs with an optimum binding profile. / Tradicionalmente se asumía que los fármacos terapéuticamente efectivos actuaban interaccionando con un único receptor. Actualmente está ampliamente reconocido que el efecto farmacológico de la mayoría de los fármacos es más complejo y abarca a un conjunto de receptores, algunos asociados a los efectos terapéuticos y otros a los secundarios y toxicidad. Los fármacos antipsicóticos son un ejemplo de compuestos eficaces que se caracterizan por unirse a varios receptores simultáneamente (principalmente a receptores unidos a proteína G, GPCR). El trabajo de la presente tesis se ha centrado en el estudio de los mecanismos moleculares que determinan el perfil de afinidad de unión por múltiples receptores de los fármacos antipsicóticos.En primer lugar se construyeron modelos de homología para todos los receptores potencialmente implicados en la actividad farmacológica de dichos fármacos, usando una metodología adecuada para construir complejos fármaco-receptor consistentes. La estructura de estos complejos fue analizada y se llevó a cabo una comparación mediante métodos estadísticos multivariantes, que permitió la identificación de asociaciones entre la actividad farmacológica de los fármacos antipsicóticos y diferencias estructurales de los receptores diana. Los resultados obtenidos tienen interés para ser explotados en el diseño de fármacos antipsicóticos con un perfil farmacológico óptimo, más seguros y eficaces.

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