Ce travail présente la manière dont le regard d'Elizabeth Bishop appréhende le monde en refusant toute illusion de familiarité. Il étudie les diverses stratégies de défamiliarisation qui invitent le lecteur à redécouvrir les surprises que peuvent réserver l'ordinaire et le quotidien, ainsi que le rapport qui s'instaure entre le sujet lyrique et le monde dans ces conditions. Il s'agit d'analyser comment l'affleurement de l'étrange ou de l'informe dans le familier et l'intime permet d'accéder à une reconnaissance du soi plus ample et plus authentique. L'écriture de Bishop remet inlassablement en question la stabilité de la réalité, y compris celle du sujet, ainsi que toute notion d'acquis, ou d'acquisition dans le temps. C'est ainsi que sa voix - sa signature - se singularise et qu'elle se démarque de ses pairs, mais aussi de la société à laquelle elle appartient. Ce qui s'affirme au travers de son écriture n'est paradoxalement fait que d'incertitude et de vulnérabilité. Le sujet qui s'y forme se construit sur de l'éphémère, sur ses propres limites ; il ne peut s'appuyer que sur la découverte de l'aliénation exogène mais également endogène à laquelle il est confronté. Simultanément, cette écriture cherche des moyens de maintenir le sujet, par la résonance d'échos, par le foisonnement, la prolifération, autant de techniques qui le ramènent incessamment au manque, au vide, à la faille qu'elles sont supposées masquer. Cette thèse propose d'interroger le rapport entre perte et création dans l'œuvre de Bishop, la manière dont la création se nourrit de la perte, et dont elle entraîne le lecteur dans cette transaction, l'incluant par là-même dans le processus créatif.

This thesis examines a primary question raised by both Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas: What constitutes the beginning of a human being? Aristotle and Aquinas raise this question for very different reasons. Modern critical commentators revisit it for their own reasons, namely for the purposes of ethical debates surrounding conception and abortion. They frequently attribute the notions of delayed ensoulment and quickening to Aristotle. Through examination of the primary texts, I demonstrate that this attribution is erroneous. Aristotle contends that ensoulment is substantially complete at conception, though subject to gradual actualization throughout the lifespan of a human being; while Thomas suggests that conception is a process, requiring several substantial changes before a human soul is infused. I argue that Aquinas adapts Aristotle in accordance with his Christian theological commitments, and modern commentators follow him to develop their own notions of delayed ensoulment and quickening.

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The issue of ecclesiastical ministries, services and offices has always attracted attention of theological scholars and church ministers. The early Christian Church shows a great variability of its organizational models. The suitable starting point for their explanation is the charismatic phenomena in the earliest Church. In the Epistle to the Ephesians, prophets stand alongside the apostles as those who form the fundaments of Church teaching. According to Luke's Acts, the imposition of hands accompanies the mediation of the Spirit during the process of being entrusted with various services in the Church. There are numerous specifications of charismata in St Paul's letters; at the same time, some of these gifts can transform into permanent offices, like those of leadership or teaching. Early Christians especially revered martyrdom, particularly that of their pastors. Itinerant prophets also enjoyed high esteem. Their pronouncements in ecstatic moments were considered inspired by the Holy Spirit. Nevertheless, itinerant missionaries potentially also presented a grave danger of heresies that could spread among the faithful. However, the constitutive role in the Church belonged undoubtedly to the apostles, the only ministry established by the Lord himself. According to Luke's writings, the concept of apostles is reduced only to the Twelve. Nevertheless, Paul in his letters appeals to his personal apostolate. Besides that, a clearer concept of apostolate in the early Church there can be found also, namely that of the missionaries. In the Jewish Christian milieu, the early Church followed in the exercise of the presbyter's ministry, known from the synagogue life. In the Pastoral Epistles, presbyters operate together with deacons and bishops as leaders of the various Churches. In the epistles of Ignatius of Antiochia, dated to the beginning of the second Christian century, the three grades of Church hierarchy, i.e. the deacons, the presbyters and the sole bishop, are mentioned as already existing. This type of monarchic episcopacy soon became the prevalent leadership model of Church organization, known throughout its history.

Orientador: José Roberto Ruggiero / Banca: Edson Denis Leonel / Banca: Masayoshi Tsuchida / Resumo: A dinâmica do DNA apresenta movimentos de grande amplitude e localizados ao longo da cadeia que, mesmo na sua temperatura biológica, são capazes de abrir um único par de bases. Com o objetivo de compreender essa dinâmica, discutimos a formação e a estabilidade de soluções espacialmente localizadas e periódicas no tempo, breathers, no modelo de Peyrard-Bishop. O limite anticontínuo é utilizado para gerar o breather, então no início o acoplamento entre os osciladores é nulo. Depois de construir o breather, nós utilizamos a teoria de Floquet para estudar sua estabilidade. Os resultados foram analisados pelos multiplicadores de Floquet e a dinâmica energética do sistema. Teste com diferentes frequências do breather e intervalos de acoplamento foram feitos; esses parâmetros estão intimamente relacionados com a energia do sistema. / Abstract: A dinâmica do DNA apresenta movimentos de grande amplitude e localizados ao longo da cadeia que, mesmo na sua temperatura biológica, são capazes de abrir um único par de bases. Com o objetivo de compreender essa dinâmica, discutimos a formação e a estabilidade de soluções espacialmente localizadas e periódicas no tempo, breathers, no modelo de Peyrard-Bishop. O limite anticontínuo é utilizado para gerar o breather, então no início o acoplamento entre os osciladores é nulo. Depois de construir o breather, nós utilizamos a teoria de Floquet para estudar sua estabilidade. Os resultados foram analisados pelos multiplicadores de Floquet e a dinâmica energética do sistema. Teste com diferentes frequências do breather e intervalos de acoplamento foram feitos; esses parâmetros estão intimamente relacionados com a energia do sistema. / Mestre

A presente pesquisa aborda a formação da identidade da religião católica no Brasil colonial e seus reflexos nos desregramentos recorrentes na segunda metade do século XVIII, na diocese de São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro durante o episcopado de D. José Joaquim Justiniano Mascarenhas Castelo Branco (1773 1805) tendo sido este o primeiro bispo a assumir o comando de sua diocese natal. O tema proposto aborda diretamente a complexa relação entre os poderes temporal, representado pelo Estado português personificado na figura da realeza , e o espiritual, pertencente à Igreja sua representatividade máxima no local varia de acordo com a posição ocupada pelos clérigos, respeitando-se, assim, a hierarquia eclesiástica (monges, freiras, padres, bispos etc.). Apesar da obrigatoriedade do catolicismo na colônia, a coroa metropolitana não foi capaz de dar o suporte necessário para o estabelecimento de uma religiosidade fiel às determinações do Concilio de Trento, conforme determinava o direito de Padroado. Isso levou à formação de um catolicismo colonial por vezes aparente. A miscigenação étnico-cultural deu brecha para o surgimento de praticas sincréticas e diferentes comportamentos sociais reprovados pela Igreja. O desvio de conduta era um problema que afetava, não só os fiéis, mas também o clero, sendo este composto na época por sacerdotes mal formados e alguns estrangeiros de índoles duvidosas. Assim, os bispos do Brasil do século XVIII tiveram que lidar com problemas que eram, na verdade, reflexo da realidade da estrutura colonizadora local onde, apesar de ter sido a Igreja uma importante aliada do Estado lusitano, e vice-versa, havia também grande rivalidade entre ambos. Dessa forma, ocorriam na época constantes embates entre as autoridades civil e religiosa, as quaisuniam-se e desuniam-se de acordo com seus interesses. / This research discusses the formation of the identity of the Catholic religion in colonial Brazil and its impact on recurring excesses in the second half of the eighteenth century, on São Sebastião of Rio de Janeiros diocese, during the episcopate of D. José Joaquim Justiniano Mascarenhas Castelo Branco (1773 1805) who was the first bishop that has taken command of his native diocese. The theme proposed directly addresses the complex relationship between the temporal power, represented by the Portuguese State embodied in the real figure and the spiritual power, that belongs to the Church the maximum representation in the place varies according to the position occupied by the clergy, respecting the ecclesiastical hierarchy (monks, nuns, priests, bishops, etc.). Despite the requirement of Catholicism in the colony, the metropolitan crown was unable to provide the necessary support for the establishment of a true religion to the Council of Trents determinations, as determined the right of patronage. This led to the formation of a colonial Catholicism sometimes apparent. The ethnic and cultural miscegenation has given opening for the emergence of syncretic practices and different social behaviors disapproved by the Church. The misconduct was a problem that affected not only the faithful, but also the clergy, and this compound at the time by poorly trained priests and some foreign dubious natures. Thus, the eighteenth century Brazil's bishops had to deal with problems that were, in fact, a reflection of the local colonial structure reality - which, despite being the Church an important ally of the Portuguese State, and vice versa, there was also a great rivalry.Therefore, there was at that time constant battles between civil and religious authorities, they joined, or not, according to their interests.

[pt] A proposta desta pesquisa, informada pelo paradigma teórico dos Estudos Descritivos da Tradução, foi de estudar a representação do espaço amazônico na obra de Elizabeth Bishop com os seguintes objetivos: (i) investigar os vínculos entre os poemas e textos da autora em relação aos autores brasileiros e estrangeiros que escreveram sobre a Amazônia; e (ii) investigar de que forma a autora traduz culturalmente a imagem da Amazônia para o pólo receptor norteamericano, buscando avaliar se tais traduções desmentem, perpetuam ou geram representações culturais estereotipadas da Amazônia. Além disso, sempre que pertinente aos objetivos da pesquisa, utilizaremos outros textos de autoria de Elizabeth Bishop, objetivando demonstrar que também neles a Amazônia se faz representar. Por fim, (iii) é nossa proposta inserir os textos amazônicos de Bishop como representativos da literatura brasileira de temática amazônica que merecem ser estudados, não somente no âmbito das Letras, como também na área dos Estudos Sociais.

This thesis attempts to determine if the acquisition of rhetorical and grammatical skills such as a sense of audience and organization are best attained through an alternate pedagogy based on a methodology from Wendy Bishop or if they are better attained through a traditional approach.

The Beginnings of Premonstratensian Order in Bohemia. This thesis deals with the beginnings of Premonstratensian Order and their coming to Bohemia. At first, attention is devoted to the history which is briefly characterized by political, economic, and religious conditions in Bohemia in the first half of the twelfth century. The next chapter will take us through the life of St. Norbert, his conversion to Christianity, as well as the foundation and circumstances of the Premonstratensian Order. In this chapter, the Order's form of organisation, characteristics, and daily habits are also discussed. The subject of the fourth chapter is the establishment of the Premonstratensian Order in Bohemia. There are also discussed the persons who had the main credit for coming the Premonstratensian Order to Bohemia. It was their greatest admirer Jindrich Zdik, as well as the bishop Daniel and the provost of Steinfeld named Eberwin. The next section is dedicated to the description of the consequential creation of the first male and female monasteries in Bohemia such as Strahov, Doksany, Litomysl, Zeliv and Lounovice. There are also mentioned the first abbots and priors of these monasteries. In conclusion, there is a brief summary and evaluation of the contribution of the Premonstratensian Order.