Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2016-05-03T17:20:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Eline_VersãoFinal.pdf: 24730530 bytes, checksum: 660259a520e774bdef4c1478084f292b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-03T17:20:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Eline_VersãoFinal.pdf: 24730530 bytes, checksum: 660259a520e774bdef4c1478084f292b (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências-Geoquímica. Niterói, RJ / A contaminação dos ambientes aquáticos por contaminantes emergentes é, ainda, pouco investigada no Brasil. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a ocorrência de fármacos de diferentes classes terapêuticas, cafeína e bisfenola, em corpos hídricos de diferentes escalas no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Foram eles: em micro escala, os Córregos São Domingos e Ribeirão Santíssimo (município de Santa Maria Madalena); em pequena escala, as bacias dos rios Paquequer, Guandu, Iguaçu e Sarapuí; em média escala, a bacia do médio rio Paraíba do Sul. Considerando os objetivos propostos foram analisadas 47 amostras para a determinação de 34 fármacos (acetaminofeno, ácido salicílico, codeína, diclofenaco, fenazona, ibuprofeno, ketoprofeno, meloxicam, naproxeno, piroxicam, atorvastaina, benzafibrato, gemfibrozil, alprazolam, carbamazepina, diazepam, lorazepam, venlafaxina, atenolol, metoprolol, nadolol, propanolol, sotalol, furosemida, torasemida, glibenclamida, irbesartan, losartan, valsartan, warfarina, tiabendazol, xilazina, sulfametoxazol, trimetoprim), cafeína e bisfenol-a, empregando a técnica analítica de extração em fase sólida, cromatografia a líquido de alta eficiência e espectrometria de massa tandem. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que nenhuma amostra analisada estava livre da contaminação por esses compostos e apenas dois deles (piroxicam e torasemida) não foram detectados em qualquer amostra. A freqüência com que os demais compostos foram detectados variou entre 2,1 (para a xilazina) e 100% (para ácido salicílico, velanfaxine, propanolol, tiabendazol, trimetoprim e cafeína). Uma avaliação qualitativa sobre consumo de medicamentos no município de Santa Maria Madalena mostrou uma estreita relação entre o consumo, a concentração e a frequência com que são encontrados fármacos em amostras ambientais. Os rios que apresentaram as maiores concentrações totais destes contaminantes foram (em ordem decrescente): rios Iguaçu-Sarapuí (51,8 μg L-1); córregos São Domingos e Ribeirão Santíssimo (19,0 μg L-1); rio Paquequer (18,2 μg L-1); rio Guandu (1,46 μg L-1) e rio Paraíba do Sul (1,42 μg L-1). Esses resultados mostram a importância da vazão na diluição da contaminação por fármacos, cafeína e bisfenol-a, oriundos da entrada de esgoto doméstico, o que pode ser avaliada através das cargas de contaminantes transportadas em cada bacia. A alta concentração de certos compostos (alguns quantificados neste estudo na ordem de μg L-1) não é, necessariamente, a principal preocupação ambiental, mas também, a sua persistência e atividade biológica. Contudo, para a maioria desses compostos não existem dados suficientes quanto a ocorrência, avaliação de risco e ecotoxicidade, e desta forma, é difícil prever os seus efeitos causados à saúde do homem e dos organismos aquáticos, o que torna primordial a sua investigação / The contamination of aquatic environments by emerging contaminants is still poorly investigated in Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of different therapeutic classes of drugs, caffeine and bisphenol-a in water bodies of different scales in the State of Rio de Janeiro. They were: in micro-scale, the streams of São Domingos and Ribeirão Santíssimo (in the city of Santa Maria Madalena); in a small-scale, the River Basins Paquequer, Guandu, Iguaçu and Sarapuí; on the medium scale, the basin of the middle Paraíba do Sul River. Considering the objectives proposed, 47 samples were analyzed for the determination of 34 pharmaceutical compounds (acetaminophen, salicylic acid, codeine, diclofenac, phenazone, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, meloxicam, naproxen, piroxicam, atorvastatin, benzafibrate gemfibrozil, alprazolam, carbamazepine, diazepam, lorazepam, venlafaxine, atenolol, metoprolol, nadolol, propranolol, sotalol, furosemide, torasemide, glibenclamide, irbesartan, losartan, valsartan, warfarin, thiabendazole, xylazine, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim), caffeine and bisphenol-a, using the analytical technique of Solid Phase Extraction, High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry tandem. The results showed that any sample evaluated was free from contamination by these compounds; only two compounds (piroxicam and torasemide) were not detected in any sample. The frequency of compounds detected ranged from 2.1 (for xylazine) and 100% (for salicylic acid, velanfaxine, propranolol, thiabendazole, trimethoprim and caffeine). A qualitative assessment about drug use in the municipality of Santa Maria Madalena showed a close relationship between the consumption, the concentration and the frequency wherein pharmaceutical compounds are found in environmental samples. The rivers that had the highest total concentrations of these contaminants were (in descending order): Iguaçu and Sarapuí rivers, (51.8 mg L-1), and the streams São Domingos and Ribeirão Santíssimo (19.0 mg L-1); Paquequer River (18.2 mg L- 1); Guandu River (1.46 mg L-1) and Paraíba do Sul River (1.42 mg L-1). These results show the importance of flow in the dilution of the contamination by pharmaceutical compounds, caffeine and bisphenol-a, from the entry of domestic sewage, which can be evaluated through loads of contaminants carried in each basin. The high concentration of certain compounds (some quantified in this study in order mg L-1) is not necessarily the main environmental concern, but also its persistence and biological activity. However, for most of these compounds there are insufficient data regarding the occurrence, risk assessment and ecotoxicology, and thus it is difficult to predict the health effects in humans and aquatic organisms, which makes its primary research

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that, despite all efforts devoted towards its eradication, remains a threat to many countries including South Africa. Current diagnostic assays do offer better performance than the conventional sputum smear microscopy and tuberculin skin tests. However, these assays have been proven to be affected by various factors including the condition of an individual's immune system and vaccination history. By far, electrochemical biosensors are amongst the currently investigated techniques to address the shortcomings associated with these diagnostics. / 2020-08-31

Depuis plusieurs décennies, la communication intercellulaire par jonctions gap (CIJG) est connue pour être impliquée dans la cancérogenèse. Cette implication semble complexe par le fait que les connexines pourraient augmenter la capacité d’invasion des cellules cancéreuses tout en diminuant leur prolifération. Ceci était particulièrement observé pour la connexine 43 (Cx43) dans le cas de cellules de gliomes. Or, les propriétés d’invasion des gliomes de haut grade, les glioblastomes multiformes (GBM), les rendent difficiles à supprimer par résection chirurgicale et favorisent leur récidive.<br/> Afin de préciser le rôle de la Cx43 dans le contrôle des capacités invasives de cellules de GBM, nous avons utilisé une lignée de cellules de glioblastome humaine U251 exprimant par shRNA des niveaux, en ARNm et protéiques, de Cx43 réduits. Ces clones shRNA des cellules U251 montrent une corrélation entre le niveau d’expression de la Cx43 et le processus d’invasion. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons montré, pour la première fois, que la Cx43 est localisée dans les structures protéolytiques permettant l’invasion, les invadopodes. Nous avons démontré aussi que, par sa localisation, la Cx43 favorise la formation des invadopodes en agissant comme une protéine d’échafaudage qui permet l’interaction de Src de la Cortactine. De plus, l’activité hémicanal de la Cx43, probablement inhibée par le Bisphénol A, possède des effets négatifs sur la cinétique de développement des invadopodes. Une étude du protéome et du sécrétome des cellules U251 et des clones shRNA a permis l’identification des protéines impliquées dans l’invasion et la formation et fonction des invadopodes.<br/> En conclusion, la Cx43 participe au processus invasif des cellules de GBM en favorisant la formation et la fonction des invadopodes. Cette nouvelle fonction de la Cx43 semble être la conséquence de ses propriétés de protéines d’échafaudage et hémicanal, et non de son rôle principalement décrit dans la CIJG. / Since several decades, the gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) is known to be involved in carcinogenesis. This involvement seems complicated by the fact that connexins could increase cancer cells invasion ability while decreasing their proliferation. This was especially observed for connexin 43 (Cx43) in the case of glioma cells. But high-grade gliomas, glioblastoma multiform (GBM) has invasion properties that make it difficult to remove surgically and promote their recurrence.<br/> To clarify the Cx43 role in the control of GBM cells invasive capacities, we used the GBM U251 cell line expressing Cx43 levels, mRNA and protein, reduced by shRNA strategy. Through this approach, we confirmed that Cx43 expression level is associated with the invasive capacity of GBM cells. Furthermore we have shown, for the first time, that Cx43 is localized in invasive proteolytic structures, the invadopodia. We also show that, by its location, Cx43 promotes invadopodia formation by acting as a scaffolding protein that allows Src and Cortactin interaction. Moreover, Cx43 hemichannel activity, probably inhibited by Bisphenol A, has negative effects on invadopodia kinetics development. A proteome and secretome study of U251 cells and shRNA clones allowed the identification of proteins involved in invasion and invadopodia formation and function.<br/>In conclusion, Cx43 participates in the invasive process of GBM cells by promoting invadopodia formation and function. This new function of Cx43 seems to be the result of its scaffold proteins and hemichannel properties, but not its role described mainly in CIJG.

Abstract This thesis examines three different areas of water treatment technology: the application of organic peracids in wastewater treatment; the removal of organic residues from boiler make-up water; and the use of geopolymers as sorbents. The main advantages of peracids as alternative wastewater disinfectants are their effective antimicrobial properties and high oxidation power, as well the absence of harmful disinfection by-products after their use. Performic, peracetic and perpropionic acids were compared in laboratory-scale disinfection, oxidation and corrosion experiments. From the techno-economical point of view, performic acid proved to be the most effective disinfectant against E. coli and fecal enterococci. However, in the bisphenol-A oxidation experiments, no advantages compared to hydrogen peroxide use were observed. It was also determined that corrosion rates on stainless steel 316L were negligible, while carbon steel seemed unsuitable in terms of corrosion for use with peracids even in low concentrations. Organic compounds in the boiler plant water-steam cycle thermally decompose and form potentially corrosive species. Activated carbon filtration was confirmed to be a suitable method for the removal of organic residue from deionized boiler make-up water. No significant differences in terms of treatment efficiency between commercial activated carbons were observed. However, acid washing as a pre-treatment reduced the leaching of impurities from new carbon beds. Nevertheless, a mixed-bed ion exchanger was required to remove leached impurities, such as silica and sodium. Geopolymers, or amorphous analogues of zeolites, can be used as sorbents in the treatment of wastewater. Metakaolin and blast-furnace-slag geopolymers showed positive potential in the treatment of landfill leachate (NH4+ ) and mine effluent (Ni, As, Sb). / Tiivistelmä Tämä väitöskirja käsittelee kolmea erillistä vedenkäsittelyteknologian osa-aluetta: orgaanisten perhappojen käyttöä jäteveden käsittelyssä, orgaanisten jäämien poistoa suolavapaasta kattilalaitoksen lisävedestä ja geopolymeerien sovelluksia vedenkäsittelysorbentteina. Orgaanisten perhappojen pääasialliset edut verrattuna kilpaileviin tekniikoihin ovat hyvä desinfiointiteho, korkea hapetuspotentiaali ja desinfioinnin sivutuotteiden muodostumattomuus. Permuurahais-, peretikka- ja perpropaanihapon vertailu osoitti permuurahaishapon olevan kemikaaleista tehokkain E. coli - ja enterokokkibakteerien inaktivoinnissa kustannus- ja teknisistä näkökulmista. Hapetuksessa, jossa käytettiin bisfenoli-A:ta malliaineena, ei kuitenkaan havaittu etua verrattuna edullisempaan vetyperoksidiin. Ruostumattoman teräksen (316L) pinnalla ei havaittu merkittävää korroosiota, kun taas hiiliteräs ei sovellu käytettäväksi perhappojen kanssa. Orgaaniset jäämät kattilalaitoksen vesi-höyrykierrossa hajoavat termisesti pienen moolimassan hapoiksi ja aiheuttavat korroosioriskin. Aktiivihiilisuodatuksen todettiin olevan soveltuva menetelmä orgaanisten jäämien poistoon lisävedestä. Aktiivihiililaatujen välillä ei havaittu merkittäviä eroja, mutta happopesu aktiivihiilen esikäsittelynä vähensi hiilestä liukenevien epäpuhtauksien määrää. Geopolymeerit ovat zeoliittien amorfisia analogeja ja niiden ioninvaihtokykyä voidaan hyödyntää vedenkäsittelysovelluksissa. Metakaoliini- ja masuunikuonapohjaisten geopolymeerien todettiin olevan lupaavia materiaaleja malliliuosten, kaatopaikan suotoveden ja kaivoksen purkuveden käsittelyssä poistettaessa ammoniumia, nikkeliä, arseenia ja antimonia.

This diploma thesis was focused on the analysis of four compounds from brominated flame retardants group, namely pentabromoethylbenzene, hexabromocyclododecane, hexabromobenzene and tetrabromobisphenol A. Matrices were represented by four soil samples and four seat of fire samples. In addition, bisphenol A was also determined. First of all, process of extraction of analytes from matrices was optimized. Three different extraction techniques were tested (pressurized solvent extraction, microwave-assisted extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction). Next step was to verify stability of target compounds in strongly acidic conditions and to optimize clean-up of extract by column chromatography. Gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD) was chosen as an appropriate analytical method for the determination of brominated flame retardants. Bisphenol A was determined by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS). The derivatization of phenolic analytes before their final analytical determination was also essential.

This diploma thesis deals with Bisphenol A, especially with its impact on the aquatic ecosystem. Information about its properties, production and current use are summarized here. Its harmful impact on the environment, especially on the aquatic ecosystem and the human body is characterized. Also the methods of its degradation within the aquatic environment have been described. A summary of the options of a determination of Bisphenol A in water samples is incorporated and the method of gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/TOF MS) and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GCxGC/TOF-MS) is compared in the experimental part. Analytical determination precedes the isolation of the analyte from the water samples by solid phase extraction (SPE) using SupelcleanTM ENVITM - 18 and derivatization using the silylation reagent, N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA). The result of this work is the analysis of a series of real samples from wastewater treatment plants Brno Modřice and Luhačovice by a two-dimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GCxGC/TOF-MS).

L’incertitude est présente dans toute innovation. Dans le domaine des nanotechnologies, l’incertitude qui entoure les risques sanitaires et environnementaux dont ces technologies pourraient être porteuses est si importante que la question de leur succès se pose.En partie du fait du manque de données cohérentes, il n’existe qu’une littérature empirique limitée sur les déterminants de la diffusion des nanotechnologies. Dans le cadre d’un programme de recherche sur les nanotechnologies, cette thèse a pour but d’investiguer les déterminants de l’adoption d’innovations dans une situation d’incertitude sur les risques environnementaux et sanitaires. Dans cette optique, nos travaux visent dans un premier temps à fournir une meilleure compréhension de la diffusion d’un produit qui est présent sur le marché depuis longtemps. Nous avons choisi une substance chimique très utilisée, le bisphénol A (BPA). Différentes méthodes économétriques sont appliquées afin de mieux comprendre la relation entre la consommation, la croissance économique, les nouvelles connaissances scientifiques concernant le risque et d’autres variables utilisant les données relatives au BPA. Les résultats illustrent un ensemble de facteurs qui influencent la consommation de BPA au niveau international.Dans un second temps, nous montrons dans quelle mesure cette étude permet d’éclairer la réflexion initiée sur la diffusion des nanotechnologies, notamment le nano-argent.Le comportement des différents acteurs en réponse à la production de connaissances scientifiques nouvelles sur les risques est étudié, ce qui nous permet d’aboutir à une compréhension approfondie de “développement nanoresponsable”. / Uncertainty is immanent in every innovation. Uncertainty about environmental and health risks that surround nanotechnology raises the questions of innovation success. Due in part to a lack of consistent data, there is limited empirical literature on determinants of the diffusion of nanotechnology. As part of a research program on nanotechnology, this research aims to investigate determinants of uptake of innovation in a situation of uncertainty about environmental and health risks. With this goal, as a first step, this work seeks to provide better understanding of the diffusion of a product that has been on the market for a long time. We have chosen a chemical, bisphenol A (BPA), because of the lack of historical data on nanomaterials. As a second step, we compare the results of the BPA study to nanosilver. We apply different econometric methods to gain insights into the relationship between consumption, economic growth, new scientific knowledge about risk and other variables using the data on BPA. The results illustrate a set of factors that influences the consumption of BPA at international level. The comparative study between BPA and nanosilver helps to refine the interpretation of main results and to obtain additional insights into the determinants of uptake of nanosilver. An explanatory analysis sheds light on the actions that different stakeholders undertake in response to new scientific knowledge about risk and deepens our understanding of “nanoresponsible development”.Keywords: Innovation, diffusion of innovation, product life cycle, nanotechnology, bisphenol A, risk, uncertainty, environment, health, precautionary principle, Safer by Design, responsible development

Récemment, les polymères obtenus à partir de ressources renouvelables ont connus un véritable engouement pour le remplacement de matériaux obtenus à partir de ressources pétrolières. L'objectif de notre étude a été de développer de nouveaux systèmes bio-sourcés réactifs, plus précisément des systèmes époxy, pour des applications dans le domaine des matériaux composites. Le monomère le plus souvent utilisé pour formuler des réseaux époxy est le diglycidyl éther de bisphenol A, DGEBA, obtenu à partir du bisphenol A et de l’épichlorhydrine. L’intérêt pour le remplacement du bisphénol A par un précurseur bio-sourcé est accentué par la toxicité de ce dernier. Dans cette étude, nous avons étudié différents systèmes obtenus à partir de prépolymères époxy bio-sourcés et les avons comparés à un système classique à base de DGEBA en utilisant l'isophorone diamine (IPD) comme agent durcisseur. Parmi les différents prépolymères époxy bio-sourcés étudiés, certains ont été obtenus à partir de dérivés polysaccharides tels que le sorbitol et l'isosorbide. Le sorbitol polyglycidyl éther est disponible commercialement, tandis que le diglycidyl éther d'isosorbide a été synthétisé soit par une voie classique faisant intervenir l’épichlorhydrine soit par l'intermédiaire du diallyle isosorbide. Un autre prépolymère époxy dérivé du cardanol a été étudié et est aussi un produit commercial. Les structures chimiques de ces prépolymères époxy bio-sourcés ont été analysées. Les phénomènes de gélification et de réticulation des systèmes obtenus à partir de ces prépolymères et de l’IPD ont été étudiés. L’influence de la structure du prépolymère bio-sourcé et de l'agent de réticulation (classique ou dérivé de ressources renouvelables) sur les propriétés des réseaux ainsi que l'absorption d'eau par ces réseaux ont également été discutés. / In recent years, bio-based polymers derived from renewable resources have become increasingly important as sustainable and eco-efficient products which can replace the products based on petrochemical-derived stocks. The objective of our work was to develop novel bio-based reactive systems suitable for high performance composite materials especially epoxy systems. The most commonly used starting monomer to formulate epoxy networks is the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A, DGEBA, derived from bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin. Bio-based epichlorohydrin is commercially available. So the challenge to obtain a fully bio-based epoxy prepolymer is to replace bisphenol A by a bio-based precursor. Another interest for replacing bisphenol A by a bio-based precursor is that bisphenol A has been known to have estrogenic properties. In this study, we studied different bio-based epoxy systems and compared them to a classical DGEBA based system using, in a first step, isophorone diamine (IPD) as conventional curing agent. Bio-based epoxy prepolymers were derived from natural sugars, sorbitol and isosorbide respectively. Sorbitol polyglycidyl ether is available commercially, while isosorbide diglycidyl ether was synthesized either via conventional epoxidation (i.e. using epichlorohydrin) or via the diallyl isosorbide intermediate. Another bio-based epoxy prepolymer was derived from cardanol and is also a commercial product. Chemical structure of the bio-based epoxy prepolymers were analyzed by different analytical methods, gelation and crosslinking reactions were studied using rheological measurements and differential scanning calorimetry, respectively. Properties of the cured networks were evaluated using dynamic mechanical analysis and thermo gravimetric analysis. Influence of the bio-based epoxy prepolymer structure on the system properties as well as the influence of the crosslinking agent structure (either derived from renewable resources or bio-based ones) was discussed. Water absorption of the bio-based networks was also studied.

Cotutelle Québec-France. J'ai effectué une cotutelle de thèse entre l'Université de Montréal (Québec) et l'Université de Poitiers (France). / Les dérivés chlorés du Bisphénol A (ClxBPA) sont des polluants émergents qui possèdent des effets perturbateurs endocriniens. Lors du traitement de l’eau potable par chloration, le Bisphénol A (BPA) présent dans l’environnement peut réagir avec les molécules de chlore pour former des dérivés chlorés (ClBPA, Cl2BPA, Cl3BPA et Cl4BPA) ou ClxBPA. Ils sont présents dans divers milieux aquatiques tels que eaux usées et l’eau potable. Ces polluants émergents ont également été retrouvés chez l’humain, dans l’urine, le colostrum et le tissu placentaire. Dans une étude transversale, la présence de concentrations urinaires élevées de ClxBPA chez l’humain a été positivement associée au diabète de type 2. Les ClxBPA ont aussi été associés à l’obésité et à l’infarctus du myocarde. Dans la littérature, il n’existait que très peu de données sur la toxicocinétique des ClxBPA chez l’animal ou chez l’humain. Cette recherche doctorale vise à évaluer le risque lié à ces polluants émergents en déterminant les constantes métaboliques des ClxBPA, puis en élaborant une méthode analytique des métabolites du 3,3’-Cl2BPA par HPLC-MS/MS pour finalement valider un modèle pharmacocinétique à base physiologique (PBPK) chez l’animal. Dans un premier temps, les constantes métaboliques (Km, Vmax et la clairance intrinsèque) ont été déterminées à l’aide d’expérience in vitro avec des hépatocytes de rats et d’humain. Les essais ont révélé que les constantes métaboliques des ClxBPA peuvent varier considérablement en fonction des substances et des espèces. Ces expériences in vitro ont montré que la chloration avait un impact sur la clairance intrinsèque hépatique des ClxBPA chez les rats et les humains. Deuxièmement, nous avons développé une méthode analytique pour les métabolites du 3,3’-Cl2BPA par HPLC-MS/MS dans le plasma à l’Université de Poitiers. Nous avons pu valider cette méthode avec des échantillons de rats et d’humain. Les résultats ont montré que chez le rat Sprague-Dawley après administration i.v., le 3,3’-Cl2BPA-glucuronide est largement présent par rapport au 3,3’-Cl2BPA-sulfate. Pour l'humain, seul le 3,3’-Cl2BPA-G-d12 a été quantifié. Finalement, nous avons utilisé des méthodes in vitro (dialyse à l’équilibre) et in silico pour les paramètres physico-chimiques de chaque ClxBPA. Enfin, nous avons construit des modèles PBPK afin de simuler la pharmacocinétique i.v. chez le rat Sprague-Dawley pour chaque dérivé chloré. Deux modèles PBPK ont été développés : un avec le ClBPA, le Cl2BPA et le Cl3BPA versus le Cl4BPA avec un modèle à diffusion limitée. Il a été validé par une expérience in vivo sur 80 rats Sprague-Dawley. Le modèle calibré a prédit les concentrations mesurées des ClxBPA dans le plasma, le cerveau et les muscles après l’administration de 4 et 40 mg/kg pour ClBPA et Cl2BPA; 0,4 et 4 mg/kg pour Cl3BPA et Cl4BPA. Ce projet doctoral a contribué à 1) déterminer les constantes métaboliques (Km, Vmax, Clairance intrinsèque) des ClxBPA, 2) de développer et valider une méthode analytique par HPLC-MS/MS des métabolites du Cl2BPA dans le plasma animal et humain et 3) de valider deux modèles PBPK chez le rat afin de connaitre la distribution plasmatique et tissulaire des ClxBPA. / Chlorinated derivatives of Bisphenol A (ClxBPA) are emerging pollutants with endocrine disrupting effects. During the treatment of drinking water by chlorination, Bisphenol A (BPA) present in the environment can react with chlorine molecules to form chlorinated derivatives (ClBPA, Cl2BPA, Cl3BPA and Cl4BPA) or ClxBPA. They are present in various aquatic environments such as wastewater and drinking water. These emerging pollutants have also been found in humans, in urine, colostrum and placental tissue. In a cross-sectional study, high urinary ClxBPA levels in humans were positively associated with type 2 diabetes. ClxBPA has also been associated with obesity and myocardial infarction. In the literature, there was very limited data on the toxicokinetics of ClxBPA in animals or in humans. This doctoral research aims to assess the risk related to these emerging pollutants by determining the metabolic constants of ClxBPA and then developing an analytical method for 3,3'-Cl2BPA metabolites by HPLC-MS/MS to validate a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model in animals. First, metabolic constants (Km, Vmax, and intrinsic clearance) were determined using in vitro experiments with rat and human hepatocytes. The tests revealed that the metabolic constants of ClxBPA can vary considerably between substances and species. These in vitro experiments showed that chlorination impacted the intrinsic hepatic clearance of ClxBPA in rats and humans. Second, we developed an analytical method for 3,3'-Cl2BPA metabolites by HPLC-MS/MS in plasma at the University of Poitiers. We were able to validate this method with rat and human samples. The results demonstrated that in Sprague-Dawley rats after an i.v. administration, 3,3'-Cl2BPA-glucuronide is largely present compared to 3,3'-Cl2BPA-sulfate. For humans, only 3,3'-Cl2BPA-G-d12 was quantified. Finally, we used in vitro (equilibrium dialysis) and in silico methods for the physicochemical parameters of each ClxBPA. Finally, we constructed PBPK models to simulate the i.v. pharmacokinetics in Sprague-Dawley rats for each chlorinated derivative. Two PBPK models were developed: one with ClBPA, Cl2BPA and Cl3BPA versus Cl4BPA with a diffusion- limited model. It was validated by an in vivo experiment on 80 Sprague-Dawley rats. The calibrated model predicted measured ClxBPA concentrations in plasma, brain, and muscle after administration of 4 and 40 mg/kg for ClBPA and Cl2BPA: 0.4 and 4 mg/kg for Cl3BPA and Cl4BPA. This doctoral project contributed to 1) determine the metabolic constants (Km, Vmax, Intrinsic Clearance) of ClxBPA, 2) develop and validate an analytical method by HPLC-MS/MS of Cl2BPA metabolites in animal and human plasma and 3) validate two PBPK models in rats to understand the plasma and tissue distribution of ClxBPA.

A plethora of naturally-produced steroid hormones, or artificial homologues of them, are being introduced into the aquatic and terrestrial environments each year. Two examples of these are the natural oestrogen 17-oestradiol (E2) and the oestrogen receptor antagonist, Bisphenol A (BPA), both of which target the ribonucleoprotein telomerase through upregulation of its telomerase reverse transcriptase component, TERT. The main objectives of this study were firstly to isolate and characterize the actual mRNA sequence for the telomerase catalytic subuninit, Tert, in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (Walbaum, 1792) and European purple sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) (Lamarck, 1816), with the aim of developing qPCR assays for the amplification and quantification of Tert. Further objectives were to use these assays in controlled exposure studies to establish whether and to what extent the aforementioned chemicals regulate Tert transcription and by doing so further understand the mechanism of Telomerase gene expression and the extent to which environmental oestrogen can interfere. The initial step of sequence characterization and assay devlopment was successful in the case of rainbow trout where two possible splice variants of Tert mRNA are identified, omTertShort and omTertLong. Two qPCR assays were developed for the relative quantification of both of these splice variants in rainbow trout samples, the latter of these successfully amplifying its target in test samples. In order to demonstrate in vitro and in vivo modulation of telomerase activity and mRNA expression, early life-stages of rainbow trout and purple sea urchin, as well as rainbow trout hepatocytes, were exposed to a range of concentrations of E2 and BPA. Purple sea urchin embryos were exposed to 200, 20 and 2 ng E2/ml for 28 hours until they had reached the stage of pluteus larvaes. Rainbow trout embryos were exposed to 500, 20 and 0.1 ng E2/ml and 600 and 150 ng BPA/ml for 167 days from immediately after fertilization. Rainbow trout hepatocytes were exposed to 20 and 2 ng E2/ml for 48 hours. The results from this study show that telomerase activity as well as TERT mRNA expression can be significantly modulated by exposure to oestrogens and other oestrogenic chemicals. E2 concentrations as low as 20 ng/ml lead to an increase in telomerase activity early-life stages of purple sea urchin and upregulation in the transcription of Tert mRNA in unhatched rainbow trout embryos. BPA induced similar response (600 ng/ml) in hatched rainbow trout alevins larvae. Very high exposures to E2 (500 ng/ml) do however lead to downregulation of Tert mRNA in hatched alevins larvae. Differential regulatory response can be observed between different tissue types of 167 day old fry, with an upregulatory response observed at 0.1 ng E2/ml in liver and muscle tissues, but not in brain. Similarly, brain tissues were observed expressing significantly less mRNA than liver and muscle samples when exposed to BPA (150 ng/ml). It is evident that the previously observed link between environmental oestrogens and telomerase is also present in the two test species examined; purple sea urchin and rainbow trout.