Under de senaste åren har intresset för att positionera objekt inomhus ökat tack vare den tilltagande trenden kring Internet of Things (IOT). I den tekniska världen återfinns ett flertal begrepp för inomhuspositionering, däribland Real Time Locating System (RTLS). RTLS främsta egenskap är att identifiera och lokalisera objekt inomhus, kvalitetssäkra processer, informationsutbyte mellan aktörer, alarmera om objekt rör sig utanför vissa gränser. Gemensamt är att det ska effektivisera processer i flödet. En verkstadsindustri, som Scania CV AB, karaktäriseras av maskiner, rörelse, buller, personal och material. Materialet som återfinns på Scania kan påverka RTLSteknologin. Det finns idag inte en dominerande teknik för inomhuspositionering därav att det har genererat i flertalet tekniker däribland UWB, RFID, IR, BLE, Wi-Fi. Rapportens frågeställningar är vilka utvärderingskriterier som styr valet av RTLSsystem och vilka av de här kriterierna är mer kritiska än andra? samt vilka tekniker kan användas i en verkstadsindustrin idag? För att besvara rapportens frågeställningar har ett kvalitativt förhållningssätt använts. Rapporten har använt fallstudie för att kunna svara på studiens frågeställningar. En kvalitativ ansats har använts med intervjuer och observationer som genomförande på produktionsenheterna. Tidigare forskning har legat till grund för utformningen av utvärderingskriterierna. Utvärderingskriterierna har i rapportens analysdel vägts in mot teknikens förutsättningar, omgivningens preferenser och mot det specifika behovet. Slutsatsen är att behovet och omgivningen är de två viktigaste elementen att beakta vid ett beslutsfattande av RTLS-system. I ett beslutsfattande är vissa kriterier mer kritiska än andra. Då behovet styr valet av teknik blir således samtliga tekniker användbara i en verkstadsindustri. Det finns dock ingen teknik som passar samtliga behov varför det således blir viktigt att välja en leverantör med bred produktportfölj som har möjlighet att erbjuda hybrider. / During the recent years the interest of positioning has increased due to the growing trend of Internet of Things (IoT). In the technical world there are several concepts for indoor positioning, among them Real Time Locating System (RTLS). RTLS main feature is to identify and locate objects indoors, to insure the quality of processes, to exchange information between stakeholder and to alert if items move beyond certain limits. Common is that it will streamline working processes. A engineering industry, such as Scania CV AB, is characterized by objects such as machines, motions, noise, personnel and materials. These objects found in Scania may affect the RTLS technology. There is currently no dominant indoor positioning technology on the market, thus there are many different technologies including UWB, RFID, IR, BLE and Wi-Fi. The problem definition of the thesis is therefore “What evaluation criteria are affecting the decision-making process when choosing RTLS and what criteria is more critical than the other?” and “Which technologies can be used in a engineering industry today?” To answer these problem definitions a qualitative research has been issued structured by a case study. Interviews and observations has been carried out as methods at the production units. The evaluation criteria are based on previous research. The criteria have been weighed against the technical conditions, the preferences of the environment and the specific use case. The conclusion is that the use case and the environment are the two most important elements to consider when deciding on a RTLS technology. In decision-making some criteria are more critical than others. As use case directs what technology should be used, all technologies are considered to be useful in a engineering industry. However there is no technology that fits all applications, thus it is important to choose a vendor that has a comprehensive product portfolio and one that enables hybrid solutions.

<p>El siguiente estudio tiene como finalidad revelar la presencia de la cosmovisión mapuche de lo onírico en la poesía etnocultural escrita por mujeres. La propuesta es que la función que los sueños cumplen dentro de la cultura y religiosidad mapuche está claramente reflejada en el dis-curso poético de las autoras investigadas. Las teorías que sustentan esta hipótesis defienden la estrecha relación que existe entre el texto litera-rio y la cultura en que éste ha sido generado. El estudio pretende, ade-más, identificar las distintas funciones de los sueños en la cultura pre-sentes en el corpus seleccionado, y de tal manera poder plasmar esta correspondencia.</p>

In this project, I have developed and built a new prototype of the ColoroPhone visual aid. This new prototype has sensors to measure the distance to objects in front of the wearer, which then communicates with a mobile application that generates sounds depending on the distance to the object. The user will hear this sound through bone-conducting headphones This addition to the ColoroPhone is intended to further enhance the assistance the device can offer. The current prototype is a functioning version and will be used in further research done by a group of psychologists, which will study how such devices affect users both on a biological and social level. They will also evaluate how to approach user training. The prototype in its current state have several segments that have considerable room for improvement in further development of the platform. Some of these improvements can be in form of better Bluetooth implementation, better or more sensors, or improvements in the current set of sensors regarding noise handling and data processing. This type of device can have large impact on the daily life for a large and growing amount of people across the world, as independence is a large factor in a persons feel of self-worth and long term psychological health.

El siguiente estudio tiene como finalidad revelar la presencia de la cosmovisión mapuche de lo onírico en la poesía etnocultural escrita por mujeres. La propuesta es que la función que los sueños cumplen dentro de la cultura y religiosidad mapuche está claramente reflejada en el dis-curso poético de las autoras investigadas. Las teorías que sustentan esta hipótesis defienden la estrecha relación que existe entre el texto litera-rio y la cultura en que éste ha sido generado. El estudio pretende, ade-más, identificar las distintas funciones de los sueños en la cultura pre-sentes en el corpus seleccionado, y de tal manera poder plasmar esta correspondencia.

The goal of the thesis was an analysis of IoT communication protocols, their vulnerabilities and the creation of a suitable anomaly detector. It must be possible to run the detector on routers with the OpenWRT system. To create the final solution, it was necessary to analyze the communication protocols BLE and Z-Wave with a focus on their security and vulnerabilities. Furthermore, it was necessary to analyze the possibilities of anomaly detection, design and implement the detection system. The result is a modular detection system based on the NEMEA framework. The detection system is able to detect re-pairing of BLE devices representing a potential pairing attack. The system allows interception of Z-Wave communication using SDR, detection of Z-Wave network scanning and several attacks on network routing. The system extends the existing detector over IoT statistical data with more detailed statistics with a broader view of the network. The original solution had only Z-Wave statistics with a limited view of the network obtained from the Z-Wave controller. The modular solution of the system provides deployment flexibility and easy system scalability. The functionality of the solution was verified by experiments and a set of automated tests. The system was also successfully tested on a router with OpenWRT and in the real world enviroment. The results of the thesis were used within the SIoT project.

I Sverige upphandlar den offentliga sektorn produkter och tjänster för ungefär 680 miljarder kronor varje år. År 2016 genererade detta utsläpp av 12,3 miljoner ton koldioxidekvivalenter vilket kan jämföras med Sveriges totala mängd utsläpp år 2018 som var 51,8 miljoner ton koldioxidekvivalenter. Offentliga upphandlingar bör bidra till hållbar utveckling genom att analysera inköpsprocessen på flera nivåer. Ansvarig myndighet för upphandlingar inom det offentliga är Upphandlingsmyndigheten som både har verktyg och metoder för att minska inköps- och upphandlingsprocessen miljöpåverkan. Då kunskap inom detta område är mycket begränsad var syftet med denna studie att belysa frågan gällande de utmaningar som finns med att ställa miljökrav inom kommunala upphandlingar. Studien genomfördes som en flerfallstudie med fem falldeltagare. Den datainsamling som krävts för att besvara studiens frågeställning har skett genom intervjuer med de deltagande kommunerna. Intervjuerna som genomfördes var av semistrukturerad karaktär och i varierande utförande. De deltagande kommunerna i studien menade samtliga att utmaningarna i olika utsträckning handlar om bristen på kunskap, engagemang och resurser och att utmaningarna kan variera mellan olika kommuner. Samtliga deltagande kommuner menade att miljökrav skall ställas i ett tidigt skede och att uppföljning är en mycket viktig del i arbetet med miljökrav. Deltagarna menade att storleken på kommunen kan ha en betydelse för dess möjlighet att ställa miljökrav, bland annat på grund av tillgången till resurser. Gällande lagstiftning menade de flesta kommunerna att denna inte påverkade deras möjligheter att ställa miljökrav. De övergripande förändringar som kommunerna menade skulle kunna underlätta arbetet med miljökrav inom upphandlingarna var att få tillgång till en stödfunktion vilken i sak också kunde variera beroende på kommun. Sammanfattningsvis visade denna studie att alla deltagande kommuner fann utmaningar inom arbetet med att ställa miljökrav inom upphandlingar och att det krävs förändring för att prestera bättre ur ett miljömässigt perspektiv. Detta bland annat genom det övergripande behovet av en miljövetande stödfunktion för att i längden kunna utföra dessa uppgifter utan att urholka den egna verksamhetens grundläggande arbete. / In Sweden, the public sector procures products and services for approximately SEK 680 billion each year. In 2016, this generated emissions of 12.3 million tons of CO2 eq. In year 2018 Sweden's total amount of emissions was 51.8 million tons of CO2 eq. Public procurement should contribute to sustainable development by analyzing the purchasing process on several levels. The responsible authority for public procurement is Upphandlingsmyndigheten, which has both tools and methods for influencing the procurement process to have less environmental impact. Since knowledge in this area is very limited, the purpose of this study was to shed light on the challenges of setting environmental requirements in municipal procurement. The study was conducted as a case study with several case participants. The data collection required to answer the research question was conducted through interviews with the participating municipalities. The interviews conducted were of a semi-structured nature and varied in approach. Participating municipalities in this study all claimed that the challenges to different extent were about the lack of knowledge, commitment, and resources and that all of these could vary depending on the municipalities. All participating municipalities claimed that environmental requirements should be set at an early stage and that follow-up is a very important part of the process of environmental requirements. The participants claimed that the size of the municipality may have a bearing on its ability to set environmental requirements, partly because of the availability of resources. In current legislation, most municipalities claimed that this did not affect their ability to set environmental requirements. The overall changes that the municipalities claimed would make the process of environmental requirements easier to use in the procurement process would be to add a supporting function which would vary depending on the municipalities needs. In summary, this study showed that all participating municipalities deal with different challenges in the process of using environmental requirements in procurement and that change is required to perform better from an environmental perspective. This is partly due to the overall need for an environmentally aware support function that can carry out the environmental requirement process in the long term without eroding the core purpose of the organization.

Bluetooth Mesh networks have gained popularity across various industries, showcasing their significant impact on network solutions. This technology is particularly notable for its low power consumption, making it a preferred choice for efficient and sustainable network development.  The objective of this study investigates the behavior of Bluetooth Mesh networks in various environments, aiming to improve network performance and provide guidance for optimal network design. This was achieved by performing experiments in multiple environments.  Data collection and regression analysis along with comparative visualization were employed to understand the relationship between these variables, including distance, number of packets sent, environment, latency, and packet loss ratio.   The results showed a significant relationship between distance and latency in the office and forest environments, as well as between distance and packet loss ratio in all environments. The number of packets sent has impact on latency and packet loss ratio.  The findings contribute to the development of more reliable and efficient communication systems for Internet of Things applications, as well as providing insights into the performance characteristics of the Bluetooth Mesh network in various scenarios.

This paper studies the effects of the Firmware Over-The-Air update process done through Bluetooth Low Energy using a compression-based update solution compared to a non-compressed update solution.   The method that is used in this study is an experimental method using a Nordic semiconductor board as an IoT device. To this, a firmware was sent Over-The-Air and energy consumption along with time was measured using a measuring tool. The firmware was sent compressed and uncompressed. The compression algorithm that was used in the experiment was LZ4. Different sizes of firmware were tested and decompressed through the update process, and by using the measuring tool, the time taken, and average current were measured to get the results of the study.    The result of this study is that time taken increases as firmware gets larger on both compressed and non-compressed firmware, and the increase in firmware file sizes had no effect on the average current. At the same time, including decompression into the FOTA solution increases the average current and time taken, which led to the conclusion that a compressed FOTA update has a higher total time and average current on the hardware setup tested on. It was also concluded that an embedded system with a faster processor, in conjunction with a higher compression ratio, would be needed to reach a threshold value where a compression based FOTA process is preferable.

Sensors have been an integral part of our life since a long time. Traditionally, the transmit information to a data collection center through a physical wire. However, with the introduction of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) communication protocol, more research is being done into the field of wireless sensor networks (WSN). BLE was introduced to target low power applications. The CC2650 Launchpad designed by Texas Instruments (TI) can lead to a bulky final product. The aim was to design hardware for the CC2650 micro-controller with the aim of making it more compact for use in WSNs. A top-down approach was used wherein the available product is studied to identify the redundant and reverse engineer it to design a new product. A 2 layer printed circuit board (PCB) was designed which resulted in a 64 percent decrease in size compared to the Launchpad. Also, experiments were performed to test the proof of concept.

Denna rapport omfattar konstruktionen av ett fristående drivkort med tillhörande mobilapplikation för styrning och konfiguration av ett hydraulsystem. Projektets syfte var att på beställaren Bosch Rexroth ABs begäran undersöka om pump control module (PCM) - en del ur det existerande Spider 3 styrsystemet - kunde användas som en fristående modul. Hårdvara med en Bluetoothmodul skapades och kopplades mot PCM för att möjliggöra kommunikation via Bluetooth. En mobilapplikation utvecklades i Android studio för att tillåta konfiguration från en mobil enhet. Mjukvaran i PCM modifierades för att kommunicera med Bluetooth-hårdvaran över CAN och även för att tillåta analog styrning av pumpen via en strömstyrd ingång. De grundläggande kraven för systemet uppfylldes och en fungerande prototyp kunde uppvisas vid projektets slut. Prototypen visade stor potential men saknade dock viss funktionalitet som vore önskvärd hos en kommersiell produkt. / This report encompasses the development of a standalone drive card with an accompanying mobile application for control and configuration of a hydraulic system. The purpose of the project was to - according to an inquiry from the client Bosch Rexroth - investigate whether the pump control module (PCM) from the existing Spider 3 control system could be used as a standalone module. Hardware including a Bluetooth module was assembled and connected to the PCM to allow communication over Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). A mobile application where developed in Android Studio to allow configuration from a mobile device. The software of the PCM were modified to communicate with the Bluetooth hardware over CAN and also for allowing analog control of the hydraulic pump through a current controlled input.The basic demands for the system were met and a working prototype could be demonstrated at the end of the project. The prototype did show large potential but was lacking some functionality which would be desirable for a commercial product.