Journalists´ role in society has traditionally been of representative nature with a task to distribute news and scrutinize those in power. But technological changes have created a new publishing world outside the traditional media institutions. In today’s redactional society anyone can become a publisher in a blog or through other channels on online. This process can be seen as contributing to increased democratization giving everyone the opportunity to publish. However for those used to having monopoly on distributing news and scrutinizing society these changes are forcing journalists to adapt to a new competitive environment.   There have been several previous studies of how this new digital milieu is affecting journalism from societal, organizational and news room perspectives. Little or no focus has been on how journalists themselves experience their changing professional status as a result of this new media world. Journalists employed by the public service broadcasters have got the most specified and explicitly expressed task with their responsibilities for contributing to a democratic society and an active citizenship, as stipulated by the government. How do these journalists deal with citizens now challenging the journalists´ previous well-guarded access to publishing?   This essay examines the affect of these changes on journalists within two public service organizations in Sweden, asking journalists to reflect on the impact on their professional roles. The study is based on ten interviews with regional journalists employed by the Swedish public service radio and television corporations: Sveriges Radio and Sveriges Television. The analyze is based on theories on public service, professionalism and boundary maintenance. The study shows that the interviewed journalists identify more strongly with being a part of a public service ethos than being a journalist as such. They value the relationship with the audience and express a wish for even more contact with listeners and viewers. At the same time they want to continue to keep the in-house control over the journalistic process where they are the producers of the content. It is clear that the journalists appreciate publishing initiative allowing the general public to ‘be journalists’ but they warn against mixing the citizen reports with journalism. Citizen contribution in terms of user generated content or citizen journalism, is considered as something to satisfy people’s “creativity and wish to express themselves” – not a valuable contribution to journalism. Boundary maintenance mechanisms can be clearly observed among the journalists in an attempt to keep their journalistic authority and the arguments used refer to the “other´s” lack of credibility, accountability and impartiality. A similar role hierarchy can also be identified within the occupational group, where some characteristics and qualities are considered to contribute to a more “genuine” journalism than other. Nevertheless, a journalistic “us” always appears when boundaries are marked against what is looked on as non-journalism, for example user generated content and grass root journalism.

Cette thèse examine le travail des cadres intermédiaires, leur expérience subjective du travail et leur construction de réalité(s) organisationnelle(s). Le matériau empirique provient d’un travail de terrain ethnographique réalisé sur plusieurs sites au sein d’une entreprise Brésilienne d’audit et de consulting de taille moyenne. Le cœur de cette thèse est constitué de trois articles indépendants. Le premier de ces articles conceptualise l’émergence et la nature du travail-frontière des cadres intermédiaires comme un moyen de favoriser le travail collaboratif entre des acteurs organisationnels multiples, aux perspectives et intérêts souvent divergents. Le travail-frontière est à la fois un transfert de connaissances, une traduction d’interprétations et une transformation d’intérêts au départ incompatibles entre différents groupes organisationnels. Un cadre conceptuel – composé de huit conditions structurelles, sept types de travail-frontière des cadres intermédiaires et neuf conséquences structurelles – est proposé et mobilisé, illustrant par ses implications pratiques et théoriques la compréhension de l’effort de stimulation de la collaboration trans-fonctionnelle réalisé par le cadre intermédiaire. Le deuxième article de cette thèse étudie l’expérience subjective des cadres intermédiaires lorsqu’ils ont à réaliser un tel travail-frontière d’adaptation mutuelle de différents groupes organisationnels. Nous réalisons cette étude en nous appuyant sur le concept de « sujet-frontière » proposé par Huzzard et al. (2010), lequel intègre les responsabilités professionnelles des cadres intermédiaires, et nous montrons les répercussions ambivalentes de la situation d’entre-deux du travail des cadres intermédiaires dans leur expérience subjective du travail. Le troisième article se penche sur la plus importante des branches de l’entreprise observée afin d’étudier comment les travailleurs intermédiaires de cette branches se détournent des directives du siège. Nous avons recours au concept Baudrillardien (1983) de simulacre afin de mettre en évidence trois pratiques de simulation mises en œuvre dans cette branche, chacune d’entre elles appartenant à un ordre dont le degré de prise de distance est toujours plus élevé relativement aux pratiques du siège auxquelles elles se réfèrent. Cet article met en lumière les rôles et les buts des cadres intermédiaires dans la création et le maintien de pratiques simulées, et avance que le management simultané de « réalités » alternatives peut fournir aux cadres intermédiaires un moyen d’augmenter leur champ d’influence, à la fois symboliquement et matériellement. / This dissertation investigates middle-managers’ work, experience of work, and construction of organizational reality. It draws its empirical material upon a seven month multi-site ethnographic fieldwork within a medium-sized Brazilian auditing and consulting firm. The core of this dissertation is constituted of three independent papers. The first of these papers sets out a conceptualization of the emergence and nature of middle-managers’ boundary work as a means of fostering collaborative work among distinct, and often divergent, organizational actors. Boundary work consists of the transference of knowledge, the translation of understandings, and the transformation of interests that are mismatched across organizational groups. A conceptual framework composed of eight structural conditions, seven types of middle-managerial boundary work and nine structural consequences is advanced and mobilized, illustrating its theoretical and practical implications for understanding middle-managers’ work of fostering cross-functional collaboration. The second paper of this dissertation studies the subjective experience of middle-managers while performing such a boundary work of interfacing different organizational groups. This is done by building upon the concept of ‘boundary subjects’ proposed by Huzzard et al. (2010), which encapsulates such work responsibilities, and by demonstrating the ambivalent repercussions of the in-betweenness of middle-managers’ work in their subjective experience of performing this work. The third paper focus on the most important of BAMA’s branches to study how the middle-managers from this branch deviate from headquarters directives. The Baudrillardian (1983) concept of the simulacrum is drawn upon to structure the demonstration of three distinct simulated practices engaged in at the branch, each pertaining to an order defined by an increasingly distance from the corresponding headquarters practices. This paper highlights middle-managers’ roles and purposes in creating and maintaining simulated practices, and posits that the simultaneous management of alternative ‘realities’ may provide a way for middle-managers to expand their power, in both symbolic and material terms.

This study investigates the interface between science and law with reference to models of science described by members of New Zealand's Environment Court. The aim of the research is to identify differences and consistencies between the members of the Court in the way that they articulate their understanding of science and of scientific evidence. This research also aims to locate those individual models of science within a wider philosophical discourse concerning the nature of science. The research adopts a qualitative and interpretive approach that focuses on understanding the detail of contextual interactions arising from interviews with eight Environment Judges and 13 Commissioners. The interview group comprised all of the judges of the Court during the research period (1999 - 2000) and all but one permanent Commissioner. The analysis of interviews show a wide range of views concerning the scope and nature of science. Criteria significant to each individual's model of science have been identified as a series of micro themes. Those micro themes differ between individuals as to the combinations of criteria significant when locating the boundary between science and non-science. The analysis of interviews also identifies three macro themes that describe whether and how individuals differentiate science, technology and expertise. That analysis identifies a group of interviewees, comprising both judges and commissioners, that equates science with expertise without distinction as to any knowledge component or process considerations. The analysis of interview responses adopts a boundary-work approach that identifies how individuals locate the boundary between science and non-science through their articulation of the micro themes significant to their model of science. The study contributes to the discourse concerning the relationship of science and law within modern society. That discourse commonly addresses the appropriate legal framework to assess questions involving scientific expertise and invariably describes the legal process and the role of expert and decision maker within that process. However, that discourse rarely articulates the meaning of the terms science, scientist, or technology, assuming that science is a self-evident concept, its meaning having universal application and acceptance. This research challenges that approach and identifies wide differences in the models of science held by individual decision makers and differences in their expectations of evidence from expert witnesses. Aside from the implications of the research results for the discourse concerning the relationship of science and law, this research also has practical implications for the evaluation of expert scientific evidence within an adversarial system of law, and for expert evidence before the Environment Court. Suggestions to improve communication both within the Court and between the Court and parties appearing before it are made with a view to identifying consistent and fair expectations of experts and their evidence.

<p>Journalists´ role in society has traditionally been of representative nature with a task to distribute news and scrutinize those in power. But technological changes have created a new publishing world outside the traditional media institutions. In today’s redactional society anyone can become a publisher in a blog or through other channels on online. This process can be seen as contributing to increased democratization giving everyone the opportunity to publish. However for those used to having monopoly on distributing news and scrutinizing society these changes are forcing journalists to adapt to a new competitive environment.</p><p> </p><p>There have been several previous studies of how this new digital milieu is affecting journalism from societal, organizational and news room perspectives. Little or no focus has been on how journalists themselves experience their changing professional status as a result of this new media world. Journalists employed by the public service broadcasters have got the most specified and explicitly expressed task with their responsibilities for contributing to a democratic society and an active citizenship, as stipulated by the government. How do these journalists deal with citizens now challenging the journalists´ previous well-guarded access to publishing?</p><p> </p><p>This essay examines the affect of these changes on journalists within two public service organizations in Sweden, asking journalists to reflect on the impact on their professional roles. The study is based on ten interviews with regional journalists employed by the Swedish public service radio and television corporations: Sveriges Radio and Sveriges Television. The analyze is based on theories on public service, professionalism and boundary maintenance.</p><p>The study shows that the interviewed journalists identify more strongly with being a part of a public service ethos than being a journalist as such. They value the relationship with the audience and express a wish for even more contact with listeners and viewers. At the same time they want to continue to keep the in-house control over the journalistic process where they are the producers of the content. It is clear that the journalists appreciate publishing initiative allowing the general public to ‘be journalists’ but they warn against mixing the citizen reports with journalism. Citizen contribution in terms of user generated content or citizen journalism, is considered as something to satisfy people’s “creativity and wish to express themselves” – not a valuable contribution to journalism.</p><p>Boundary maintenance mechanisms can be clearly observed among the journalists in an attempt to keep their journalistic authority and the arguments used refer to the “other´s” lack of credibility, accountability and impartiality. A similar role hierarchy can also be identified within the occupational group, where some characteristics and qualities are considered to contribute to a more “genuine” journalism than other. Nevertheless, a journalistic “us” always appears when boundaries are marked against what is looked on as non-journalism, for example user generated content and grass root journalism.</p>

Cell phones and the Internet have become cornerstones in the daily lives of most Americans. Researchers have rigorously studied numerous dimensions of electronically mediated communication (EMC). Yet, very little research has explored the context and consequences of negotiating multiple forms of EMC within everyday life. The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of everyday forms of electronically mediated communication (EvEMC) – cell phone talk, text messages, instant messages, and email – on self-work, particularly within personal relationships. Results of OLS regression analyses of survey data collected from 617 college students and qualitative data analysis of three subsequent focus groups suggested that negotiating personal relationships with and within EvEMC produces a sense of interstitial copresence, which is an awareness of the convergence of perpetual copresence within a digital environment and presence or copresence within a physical environment. The findings suggested that interstitial copresence is inherently Janus-faced. EvEMC provided people with a strong sense of freedom and control. However, negotiating personal relationships within interstitial copresence resulted in dissolution of relational boundaries. Consequently, deceptive tactics were commonly used to negotiate self-presentation within interstitial copresence, which had consequences for people’s self-appraisals as well. Since important others were expected to be accessible virtually anytime and anywhere, people with a strong sense of interstitial copresence often had an adverse emotional reaction when important others did not answer their calls or quickly reply to their messages or call or send messages regularly. As personal relationships negotiated within interstitial copresence move toward totality, the consequences for both the self and the relationships become more pronounced. Ultimately, the study concludes that self-work with and within interstitial copresence produces an interstitial self – a relational self that is, at all times, situated within a physical environment and a digital environment, yet never completely in either environment.

Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka utbildning och forskning inom fysik- och teknikämnena vid Uppsala universitet mellan åren 1955 och 1975. Här studeras dels växelverkan mellan två olika verksamheter; utbildning och forskning, och dels den lokala utvecklingen av, och gränsdragningsarbetet mellan, två vetenskapliga discipliner; fysik och teknik. Förändringarna tolkas som resultat av interaktion mellan forskning och utbildning å ena sidan, och utbildning och andra samhälleliga arenor å andra. Uppsatsen diskuterar Thomas Gieryns teori om att epistemisk auktoritet hos en vetenskap uppkommer nedströms, i en samhällelig arena utanför forskningen där den uppkom. I uppsatsen drivs tesen att lärogång inte enbart kan räknas som nedströms i relation till forskning utan som uppströms, nedströms och mer därtill. Teknikämnet i Uppsala fick sin epistemiska auktoritet vid inrättandet av universitetsingenjörsutbildningen snarare än i samband med den forskningsverksamhet som följde. Gieryn hävdar också att vetenskap definieras och förstås genom att avgränsas från sådant som det inte är. Fysik och teknik har exempelvis länge ställts mot varandra och jämförts i egenskap av skilda discipliner. Undersökningen visar dock att lärogången i fysik inte entydigt speglade distinkta fysikvetenskapliga områden, utan medvetet inkorporerade övning i både ingenjörskap och undervisning. Den tekniska utbildningen drog å andra sidan nytta av den befintliga lärogången i fysik. Detta utmanade de vetenskapliga gränserna för skolämnena fysik och teknik.

My research uses participants' understandings to look at how people define and use the identities and categories of "vegetarian" and "meat-eater." My research examines what it means to be vegetarian, how ideals and moral hierarchies are understood, and how issues of identity importance, social support, and boundary work are components of vegetarian identity construction processes. My research highlights the unmarked character of the meat-eating identity and investigates the variations and complexities of eating behaviors and identities. Learning more about how both vegetarians and meat-eaters construct vegetarian identities contributes to our understanding of identities and how, despite ambiguities, people experience identities. I further previous work by focusing more on the boundaries and interactions that become meaningful when supporting ones identity. Through one-on-one in-depth interviews, I draw out perspectives and understandings of vegetarian and meat-eating meaning-making processes.This research demonstrates how, despite numerous variations within and between groups, people develop more or less socially shared ideas of what it means to be vegetarian, what vegetarian ideals are, and what moral meanings are produced by various eating behaviors. These ideas run through issues of vegetarian identity, including: identity importance, social support, and boundary work. Vegetarians and meat-eaters' interactions involve cognitive processing, self-presentations, and negotiations that are not as oppositional as stereotypical social ideas suggest. Meat-eaters play an active role throughout many of these vegetarian identity construction processes and provide a more balanced picture of them. Meat-eaters at times engage with vegetarians in the issues of vegetarian ideals, moral hierarchies, identity importance, social support, and boundary work.

As institutional and professional journalism faces increasing uncertainty about its financial security and social influence, it is also being challenged by emerging forms of networked journalism that rely on open, network-based flows of information. In 2010, one of those networked groups, WikiLeaks, rose to prominence through a series of large, high-profile leaks of government information. Drawing on the concepts of paradigm repair and professional boundary work, this study examined the way numerous professional news organizations portrayed WikiLeaks as being beyond the bounds of professional journalism. Through a textual analysis of discourse about WikiLeaks from the group’s inception in 2006 through early 2011, the study found that the American professional news media depicted WikiLeaks as unreliable, unstable deviants who maliciously and indiscriminately released information rather than properly performing journalism. The discourse portrayed WikiLeaks as being outside journalism’s professional norms in four primary areas: institutionality, reporter-source relationships, original reporting, and objectivity. In doing so, professional journalists defended those domains against WikiLeaks’ networked alternative, reasserting their own social value and authority by arguing for the superiority of their professional journalistic model. Discourse from professional media criticism, conservative and liberal alternative news media, and European journalism was also examined, using the response to WikiLeaks to help form a a map of several areas of the journalistic sphere in terms of their adherence to the paradigmatic tenets of professional journalism. The WikiLeaks case provides a useful guide for evaluating future interactions between professional and networked journalism, particularly professional journalism’s evolving self-definition vis-à-vis its emerging networked counterpart. / text

In 1929, the Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory was established in Chicago–the first of its kind in the United States. The purpose was to engage in practical use of scientific methods in the detection of crime. In 1930, the institute published its own periodical called The American Journal of Police Science. Applying the theory of boundary-work, this essay analyses how the novelty institute argued its legitimacy as a scientific establishment through the expansion of Police Science as a collective field of knowledge. The boundaries of Police Science expanded through certain patterns: the need for, and success of, science in solving crimes; its connection to the Northwestern University, engaging in education and research; by relating contested fields of knowledge to established sciences; through technological artefacts; by language demarcating “pseudo-science” from “real science”; and as an activity based on structure. Through professionalization, higher education and official accreditation the expert became science-by-proxy representing his field of knowledge in the court of law. Exclusion of pseudo-scientists was imperative to maintain and establish epistemological and scientific authority. Influenced by the “Progressives”, Police Science included reforms such as basic education for police officers; the removal of illegal and unscientific, but institutionalised, practices such as “third-degree” to regain the public‟s trust. In the conflict between the old-school and the new generation, Sherlock Holmes became a symbol used by both sides to discredit the opponent.

In this thesis I study how geneticist and racebiologist Gunnar Dahlberg, through his own writings and participation in the UNESCO statements on ”race”, came to define the concepts of ”race” and ”science”. Dahlberg was a stark opponent of the ”Nazi race doctrine”. He was also in a unique position as head of the State Institute for Human Genetics and Race Biology, during the period here examined. Questions have recently been raised as to how to understand scientists like Dahlberg when he, as well as many other antiracists of his time, did not deny the existence of visible and scientifically provable ”races”. One conlusion I draw is that Dahlberg, nevertheless, in many ways sought to replace the ”race” concepts in his time, for the biological concept of ”isolates”. I also state, in accordance with what other historians of scientific racism has shown, especially when dealing with the UNESCO statements, that the furthering of biological notions was upheld by other scientific areas, such as anthropology. The case was also vice versa, making ”race” at its core biological, but to its exterior a question of social environment. Relying on Thomas F. Gieryns theories of Boundary-work, I want to further our knowledge of how this was made possible. The aim is to show how Dahlberg, rethorically, drew boundaries for the ”scientific truth” about ”race”. I also intend to shed some light on how these contests for authority where percieved and related to by others. In this respect, one conclusion is that concepts of ”modernity”, and different uses of history where employed as demarcations. I will also show how, in dealing with the criticism of the statements, UNESCO produced a pluralist concept of science. Withall, this is a history that raises important questions about science, politics, and the work – consensuses and contests – that foregoes the categories later used to describe and, or, divide human beings.