A presente tese de doutorado apresenta um estudo sociológico comparativo de culturas democráticas e do funcionamento judiciário, baseado em tipos ideais, com enfoque nas culturas cívicas, jurídicas e judiciais dos Estados Unidos, do Brasil e da França. O objetivo principal é compreender o funcionamento do Poder Judiciário no Brasil, a partir de sua cultura democrático-constitucional oficial, problematizando-a em face da hipótese da persistência de habitus patrimonialistas subjacentes à forma jurídica. O primeiro capítulo constrói e compara os tipos ideais da cultura democrática (aspectos sociais e políticos) nos Estados Unidos, na França e no Brasil. Os pensamentos e valores marcantes em torno das coisas públicas e privadas são organizados na forma dos tipos comparáveis do individualista liberal, do coletivista social e do patrimonialista pessoal. As elites típicas são esboçadas em torno das noções de um advogado burguês, um nobre de Estado e um burocrata estamental. Por último, o problema dos mitos fundantes das democracias é elaborado através do contraponto dos racionalismos contratualistas (pragmático nos Estados Unidos e utópico na França) com o ranço pré-moderno das raízes culturais brasileiras. O segundo capítulo constrói e compara os arranjos institucionais e o funcionamento do poder judiciário nos três países. Descreve-se e sistematiza-se, para utilização eficaz, a ferramenta conceitual das magistraturas “burocráticas” e “profissionais”, tal como já “pré-concebida” por Garapon, Guarnieri e Pederzoli. O aspecto burocrático bloqué, excessivamente apegado ao Código, da magistratura judicial francesa, é explicado pelo temor do retorno da barbárie e do arbítrio pessoal, que são como memórias reprimidas, do Ancien Régime e da Revolução, no inconsciente cultural francês. A formação da alta magistratura administrativa como uma forma de noblesse d’État é explicada como a modernização, pela legitimação escolar, das reminiscências cortesãs latentes de uma sociedade afeita à distinção social. Por sua vez, o ativismo judicial característico do judiciário americano é explicado pela retumbante interpenetração entre o direito e a política em sua cultura; imbricamento este que explica os métodos de recrutamento que privilegiam a accountability em detrimento da independência judicial; bem como a licenciosidade com que os juízes americanos se imiscuem no universo das ideologias políticas, inclusive as partidárias. Por último, o fato de os magistrados brasileiros pensarem-se como grupo distinto e superior, com ares de nobreza, é explicado através da ideia de “nobreza concursada”, como sendo a feição contemporânea do estamento burocrático. O desembaraço de seu jogo duplo, em ora apresentarem-se como medalhões, que dão carteiraços, ora como técnicos (ou paladinos) da ordem jurídica democrática, é explicado pela ambiguidade essencial da modernização da cultura brasileira: o ethos patrimonialista contemporâneo é interpretado como modernização da cordialidade idílica; o “indivíduo contratualista”, formal e burocrata, e a “pessoa estamental”, favorita do paço, encontram sua síntese perfeita no magistrado-concursado-medalhão contemporâneo. / This PhD dissertation presents a comparative sociological study of the democratic cultures and the judicial functioning, based on ideal types; focusing on the civic, legal, judicial cultures of the United States, Brazil and France. The main goal is to understand the functioning of the Judiciary in Brazil, from its official constitutional democratic culture, rendering it problematic before the hypothesis of a steady habitus of patrimonialism, underlying the legal formalities. The first chapter constructs and compares the ideal types of the democratic culture (social and political features) in the United States, in France and in Brazil. The remarkable thoughts and the values, on public and private issues, are shaped as comparable types, like the “liberal individualist”, the “social collectivist”, the “person of the patrimonialism”. Typical elites are drafted based on the notions of the bourgeois-lawyer, the State noble, and the status-group-bureaucrat. Finally, the issue of the democratic founding myths is constructed by opposing the contractual rationalisms (pragmatic in the US and utopic in France) and the pre-modern rancidity of Brazilian cultural roots. The second chapter constructs and compares the judicial institutional setting and its functioning in the three countries. It effectively describes and systematizes the conceptual tool of “bureaucratic” and “professional” magistracies, first conceived by Garapon, Guarnieri and Pederzoli. The character of bureaucratie bloquée, obsessed by the Code of the French judicial magistracy, is explained by the fear of the French people of facing backlashes of barbarism and tyrannies, reminding the time of the Old Regime and the Revolution, based on unconscious repressed cultural memories. The making of the high administrative magistracy, shaped as a noblesse d’État, is explained as a modernization of courtier reminiscence, by means of scholar legitimization, which are latent in a society with taste for social distinctiveness. In turn, the characteristic judicial activism of the American judiciary is explained by the sounding interpenetration between law and politics in their culture. This imbrication explains the methods of recruitment that privilege accountability rather than judicial independence. This also explains the cultural permissiveness for American judges to meddle with the universe of political, even partisan ideologies. At last, the fact that the Brazilian magistrates think of themselves as a distinct and superior group, with their ways of nobility, is explained by the idea of "examined nobility", meaning the contemporary feature of the bureaucratic status group. They play double-games with resourcefulness, sometimes playing the role of big-wigs, throwing their weights around; other times playing the technicians (or the warriors) of the democratic legal system. This is explained by the essential ambiguity in the modernization of the Brazilian culture: the ethos of a contemporary patrimonialism is interpreted as the modernization of the idyllic cordiality. The contemporary “examined big-wig” is the perfect synthesis of the associative formal-bureaucratic individual and the status-group person, “favorite of the prince”.

Group of specialized cells that form cardiac conduction system is responsible for generation and coordinated propagation of the electrical impulse in the heart. Changes in its development can be connected with arrhythmias; therefore, a good level of knowledge is necessary and relevant for basic science and clinical practice. For correct development of the conduction system are important genes coding gap junctions proteins, ion channels, transcription factors and other molecules involved in signaling cascades (endothelin, neuregulin). Development of conduction system is determined in addition to genetic factors also by epigenetics and environmental factors. This thesis with its individual papers on which it is based is addressing different aspects of conduction system development, which appears to be a complex process. Another feature which is linking all papers together, is the methodological approach enabling us to study function of the conduction system - optical mapping. In the first publication we studied by the means of in vitro organ culture the impact of work load without interfering hemodynamics on the conduction system maturation in the chick embryonic heart. The phenotype observed during experiments was developmental regression of conduction system maturation together with changes in...

The aim of the thesis was to assess options and methods suitable for intercompany comparison, their application to a specific company and an analysis of the said company within the branch of industry. The analysis was carried out in the Dura Automotive, k. s. company for 2003, 2004 and 2005. Data for calculation of indexes, used as a source, were taken from basic financial statements of the company. Several ratio indexes, bankruptcy and site models, the Spider analysis and the economic value added index were selected to be used for comparison purposes. Values of indexes were compared with averages in the branch of industry. For calculation of the economic value added index, the Evalent computer program, and the INFA method in particular, were used.

Este trabalho apresenta proposta de modelo matemático para o problema de expansão do sistema de transmissão baseado no fluxo de carga CC considerando a utilização de links CC e FACTS resolvido através de metodologia de solução que considera a primeira e a segunda lei de Kirchhoff em processo enumerativo de branch-and-bound adaptado. A abordagem possui dois pontos em destaque: i) apresenta uma proposta de modelo matemático com possibilidade da utilização direta em problemas de expansão de linhas de transmissão que possuem tanto linhas de transmissão CA, transformadores, links CC e dispositivos FACTS e ii) é um método exato de solução do problema que garante a otimalidade da resposta e traz uma contribuição ao tradicional método branch-and-bound por incluir relaxações adicionais. O método aplicado aos sistemas de 6 barras de Garver e sistema Sul sudeste Brasileiro de 46 barras apresenta respostas adequadas e o modelo matemático testado em um sistema Garver modificado apresenta novas configurações possíveis com redução do custo total do investimento. / This work proposes a mathematical model to the transmission expansion system problem based on the DC power flow model considering the use of DC links and FACTS that is solved using a solution method considering the first and second Kirchhoff’s Law in an enumerative adapted branch-and-bound process. It is possible to highlight two key aspects of the proposed approach: i) presents a mathematical model that can be directly used on expansion transmission systems problems that have AC transmission lines, transformers, DC links and FACTS and ii) is an exact solution method that guarantees the optimum problems’s solutions and contributes to the traditional branch-and-bound method bringing additional relaxations. The solution method applied to Garver’s six-bus network and southeast Brazilian 46 bus network provides correct answers and the mathematical model tested on a modified Garver’s six-bus network presents new possible configurations that enables overall cost reduction to the problem.

Presence of left bundle branch block (LBBB), regardless of evidence of heart disease, increases cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Isolated LBBB induces ventricular septal asynchrony, it can cause repercussions in left ventricular (LV) function and diameter, which may evolve into ventricular remodeling and heart failure. Cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) is a noninvasive diagnostic method and physiological, that simultaneously evaluates cardiovascular and respiratory functions, fundamental to understanding the mechanisms of exercise limitation.. This study sought to evaluate the implications of isolated LBBB to cardiovascular performance in patients with preserved LV systolic function and absence of myocardial ischemia. This is an observational, cross-sectional analysis, which evaluated 02 groups: LBBB (26 patients) and control (23 patients). All patients showed LV systolic function > 50% and myocardial ischemia was excluded through the physical stress echocardiography. They underwent CPET. At statistical analysis, we chose the general linear model, specifically multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) in which the dependent variables were the parameters of CPET and fixed factors were the LBBB and sedentary lifestyle. The results showed that the percentage of predicted peak oxygen pulse (O2P) in the LBBB group was 98.6 ± 18.6% versus 109.9 ± 13.5% (p = 0.02); the percentage of predicted peak oxygen consumption (VO2) in patients with LBBB was 87.2 ± 15.0% versus 105.0 ± 15.6% (p <0.0001); the percentage of predicted anaerobic threshold VO2 in LBBB group was 67.9 ± 13.6 % versus 70.2 ± 12.8% (p = 0.55); in the LBBB group, ΔVO2/Δwork rate was 15.5 ± 5.5 ml.min-1.watts-1 versus 20.7 ± 7.3 ml.min-1.watts-1 (p = 0.006); the VE/VCO2 slope in LBBB group was 29.8 ± 2.9 versus 26.2 ± 2.9 (p = 0.0001) and T1/2 VO2 was the LBBB group of 85.2 ± 11.8 seconds versus 71.5 ± 11.0 seconds (p = 0.0001). By MANCOVA, adjusting the intervention of sedentary lifestyle and covariates, it was showed that patients with LBBB with preserved left systolic function and absence of myocardial ischemia, showed increase in the VE/VCO2 slope, but the LBBB did not affect aerobic performance. Further studies are needed to elucidate whether the VE/VCO2 slope will be an earlier marker of ventricular dysfunction in patients with LBBB. / A presença de bloqueio do ramo esquerdo (BRE), independente da evidência de cardiopatia, está associado ao aumento da mortalidade e morbidade cardiovascular. O BRE isolado provoca assincronia do septo interventricular, causando repercussões nos diâmetros e na função do ventrículo esquerdo (VE), que podem progredir para o remodelamento ventricular e insuficiência cardíaca. O teste de esforço cardiopulmonar (TECP) é um método diagnóstico não invasivo e fisiológico, avalia simultaneamente as funções cardiovascular e pulmonar, permitindo entender melhor as causas da limitação ao exercício. O presente estudo buscou avaliar as implicações do BRE isolado no desempenho cardiovascular de pacientes com função sistólica do VE preservada e na ausência de isquemia miocárdica. Trata-se de um estudo observacional, transversal e analítico, que avaliou 02 grupos: BRE (26 pacientes) e controle (23 pacientes). Todos os pacientes apresentavam fração de ejeção do VE (FEVE) > 50%, pelo método Simpson e a pesquisa de isquemia do miocárdio foi realizada por meio da ecocardiografia sob estresse físico. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao TECP. Na análise estatística, optou-se pelo modelo linear geral, particularmente análise multivariada de covariância (MANCOVA), em que as variáveis dependentes foram os parâmetros do TECP e os fatores fixos foram o BRE e o sedentarismo. Os resultados revelaram que a percentagem atingida do pulso de oxigênio (PO2) pico predito no grupo BRE foi de 98,6 ± 18,6% versus 109,9 ± 13,5%, (p = 0,02); a percentagem do consumo de oxigênio (VO2) pico predito nos portadores de BRE foi de 87,2 ± 15,0% versus 105,0 ± 15,6% (p < 0,0001); a percentagem do VO2 predito limiar anaeróbico no grupo BRE foi de 67,9 ± 13,6 % versus 70,2 ± 12,8% (p = 0,55); o ΔVO2/Δcarga no grupo BRE foi de 15,5 ± 5,5 ml.min-1.watts-1 versus 20,7 ± 7,3 ml.min-1.watts-1(p = 0,006); a relação Ve/VCO2 slope no grupo BRE foi de 29,8 ± 2,9 versus 26,2 ± 2,9 (p = 0,0001) e o T1/2 VO2 no grupo BRE foi de 85,2 ± 11,8 segundos versus 71,5 ± 11,0 segundos (p = 0,0001). Através da MANCOVA, ajustando-se a intervenção do sedentarismo e das co-variáveis, mostrou-se que os portadores de BRE, com FEVE preservada e na ausência de isquemia miocárdica, apresentaram aumento do Ve/VCO2 slope, porém o BRE não provocou alteração da capacidade aeróbica. Novos estudos serão necessários para elucidar se o Ve/VCO2 slope será marcador precoce de disfunção ventricular nos portadores de BRE.

Submitted by Priscilla Araujo (priscilla@ibict.br) on 2016-10-13T18:12:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese Ana Celeste.pdf: 1819216 bytes, checksum: 7bd315342da15424effc24f0d3cebcc7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-13T18:12:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese Ana Celeste.pdf: 1819216 bytes, checksum: 7bd315342da15424effc24f0d3cebcc7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-04 / Examina as dimensões política e técnico-científica da avaliação de documentos de arquivo. O estudo analisa a atuação das Comissões Permanentes de Avaliação de Documentos dos órgãos e entidades do Poder Executivo Federal, no período de 2004 a 2012. Contextualiza o conceito de informação na Ciência da Informação e na Arquivologia. Identifica as características da informação pública e da informação governamental. Apresenta o surgimento do conceito de gestão de documentos e os princípios que norteiam o processo de avaliação de documentos de arquivo. Destaca na produção do conhecimento arquivístico as correntes de pensamento acerca do processo de avaliação, desde os clássicos até os pós-modernos. Adota um quadro conceitual sobre o Estado como campo informacional e sobre as políticas públicas arquivísticas. Apresenta os marcos legais sobre arquivos e acesso à informação no Brasil. Descreve os marcos institucionais da política arquivística do Governo Federal. Analisa a atuação do Arquivo Nacional na orientação técnica aos órgãos integrantes do SIGA. Entrevista os Presidentes das Comissões Permanentes de Avaliação de Documentos de órgãos integrantes do SIGA, sediados em Brasília e no Rio de Janeiro. Verifica a adoção dos instrumentos de classificação e avaliação de documentos pelos órgãos e entidades que constituem o universo da pesquisa. Expõe e analisa os depoimentos dos servidores públicos entrevistados para verificar como se desenvolve o processo de avaliação de documentos nos órgãos e entidades do Poder Executivo Federal. / This thesis analyzes the political and technical-scientific dimensions of the archival appraisal. The study analyzes the performance of the Permanent Commissions of Archival Appraisal of the Brazilian Federal Executive Branch, between 2004 and 2012. It presents the context in the Information Science and in the Archival Science of the concept of information. It identifies the characteristics of the public information and of the governmental information. It presents the concept of records management and the principles for the archival appraisal. It highlights in the archival theory the intellectual origins of knowledge about appraisal process, from the classic origins to the postmodernism ones. It adopts a conceptual vision on the State as an informational field and on the archival public policy. It presents the legal benchmarks on archives and information access in Brazil. It describes the institutional benchmarks of the Federal Government's archival public policy. It analyzes the performance of the Arquivo Nacional of Brazil in the technical orientation to the agencies of Federal Executive Branch. It presents interviews with presidents of the Permanent Commissions of Archival Appraisal of the agencies of Federal Executive Branch. It verifies the adoption of filing plans and records schedules by the entities that constitute the universe of the research. It exposes and it analyzes the declarations of the public employees interviewed in order of verifying how the appraisal process is developed in the Brazilian Federal Executive Branch.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2016-06-09T18:00:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rebeca Freitas Vasconcelos - 2014.pdf: 2286500 bytes, checksum: 175252a3e36474a01ded5d6943e2492f (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-06-10T12:34:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rebeca Freitas Vasconcelos - 2014.pdf: 2286500 bytes, checksum: 175252a3e36474a01ded5d6943e2492f (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-10T12:34:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rebeca Freitas Vasconcelos - 2014.pdf: 2286500 bytes, checksum: 175252a3e36474a01ded5d6943e2492f (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work presents the application of optimization techniques for the design of hollow core slabs and beams with precast and prestressed straight cable, considering the calculation of both the immediate losses as the time-dependent. For the slabs formulation allows the designer to obtain the optimal dimensions of the height of the panel, the diameters of the cables and the alveoli, and the number of cables. The beams are obtained beam height, diameter and the number of cables. Are still subject to the conditions of service for bending stresses, constructive limitations and failure conditions. Illustrative examples are presented using the Branch and Bound algorithm and Lingo (PLS), further comparison is made between the weight and the cost of the panel, and from the results of the algorithm and sizing Munte tables that follow Brazilian standards. We conclude that the optimal design has many advantages compared to conventional design, methods of discrete variation that best characterize the optimal variables of the problem, restrictions on the normal stresses ELS are crucial in obtaining the optimal dimensions of the structures and lower panels weight does not necessarily represent the lowest cost. / Este trabalho apresenta a aplicação de técnicas de otimização para o dimensionamento de lajes alveolares e vigas com cabo reto pré-moldadas e protendidas, considerando o cálculo tanto das perdas imediatas quanto das dependentes do tempo. Para as lajes, a formulação permite que o projetista obtenha as dimensões ótimas da altura do painel, dos diâmetros dos alvéolos e dos cabos, e do número de cabos. Nas vigas, são obtidas a altura da viga, o diâmetro e o número dos cabos. São, ainda, observadas as condições de serviço para esforços de flexão, limitações construtivas e condições de falha. Exemplos ilustrativos são apresentados usando o algoritmo de Branch and Bounde o Lingo(PLS). São feitos, ainda, comparativos entre o peso e o custo do painel e entre os resultados obtidos pelo algoritmo e tabelas de dimensionamento encontradas na literatura que seguem normas brasileiras. Conclui-se que o projeto ótimo apresenta inúmeras vantagens se comparado ao projeto convencional, que os métodos de variação discreta caracterizam melhor as variáveis ótimas do problema, que as restrições relativas às tensões normais do ELS são determinantes na obtenção das dimensões ótimas das estruturas e que painéis de menor peso não necessariamente representam o menor custo.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-09-28T13:49:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação_Geniane_Lopes_Carvalho.pdf: 819405 bytes, checksum: f22f88ad943127cecb020f19b9495b8a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-09-28T18:55:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação_Geniane_Lopes_Carvalho.pdf: 819405 bytes, checksum: f22f88ad943127cecb020f19b9495b8a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-28T18:55:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação_Geniane_Lopes_Carvalho.pdf: 819405 bytes, checksum: f22f88ad943127cecb020f19b9495b8a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-03 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a propagação de mudas clonadas de pitangueira preta, oriundas da técnica de miniestaquia, sendo realizados três experimentos, organizados em três artigos. O primeiro artigo aborda o enraizamento de miniestacas de seleção de pitangueira preta obtidas na Embrapa Clima Temperado, com diferentes concentrações de ácido indolbutírico (0, 1000, 2000 mg.L-1) associado a dois tipos de ramos (miniestacas herbáceas e lenhosas). Foi avaliada a porcentagem de sobrevivência e enraizamento, número de raízes, comprimento de raízes, número de brotações e comprimento das brotações. Foi observado influência positiva do regulador de crescimento no enraizamento das miniestacas, sendo a concentração de 2000 mg L-1 a mais eficiente com o material herbáceo. Quanto ao segundo artigo, foi testado na concentração pré-definida do primeiro capítulo, com ramos herbáceos com e sem a presença do ápice, com delineamento de cinco repetições de 30 miniestacas cada. Foram avaliadas a porcentagem de sobrevivência, enraizamento, número de raízes, comprimento de raízes, número de brotações e comprimento das brotações. Foi observada diferença significativa nas miniestacas apicais que apresentaram maior porcentagem de enraizamento, com médias entre 80 e 100%. No terceiro artigo, foi testada a dinâmica de enraizamento de miniestacas de pitangueira, no período de dois meses, a partir de 20 miniestacas avaliadas semanalmente, sendo as variáveis analisadas: número de miniestacas com primórdios radiculares (intumescência e pontos brancos na lesão realizada na base); porcentagem de enraizamento; número de raízes; comprimento de raízes; e raízes com mais de um centímetro. As miniestacas demonstraram um aumento gradativo do enraizamento de acordo com o tempo de cultivo. Conclui-se, que com sete semanas as miniestacas estão aptas ao transplante. / The present experiment was to study some aspects related to the propagation and growth of seedlings pitangueira, from cuttings. For this, there were three chapters. The first article discusses the rooting of cuttings selection Cherry Surinam black courtesy Embrapa Clima Temperado, with different concentrations of indole butyric acid (IBA) (0, 1000, 2000 mg.L1) associated with two kinds of branches (cuttings and herbaceous woody). It was evaluated the survival and rooting percentage, number of roots, root length, number of shoots and shoot length. It was observed positive influence of growth regulators on rooting, and the concentration of 2000 mg L-1 to more efficient with herbaceous material. The second article was tested at a concentration of predefined first chapter, herbaceous branches with and without the presence of the apex, design with five replicates of 30 cuttings each. It was evaluated the survival and rooting percentage, number of roots, root length, number of shoots and shoot length. Significant difference in apical cuttings that had higher rooting percentage, average between 80 and 100%. In the third article, was tested to determine the optimization time of rooting of cuttings of Surinam cherry, within two months, 20 cuttings were evaluated throughout the week and the variables analyzed were number of cuttings to root primordia (swelling and white spots on injury held at the base), rooting percentage, number of roots, length of roots and roots with more than an centimeters. In general, the cuttings have shown a gradual increase in growth according to the cultivation time. It was concluded that seven weeks the cuttings were able to transplant in plastic bags forming a seedling quality.

Dans cette thèse, nous étudions différents modèles, déterministes et stochastiques, pour les problèmes de dimensionnement de réseaux. Nous examinons également le problème du sac-à-dos stochastique ainsi que, plus généralement, les contraintes de capacité en probabilité.<p>\ / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Dans ce travail, nous présentons trois nouveaux algorithmes pour le problème de la clique de poids maximum. Les trois algorithmes dépendent d'un ordre initial des sommets. Deux ordres sont considérés, l'un en fonction de la pondération des sommets et l'autre en fonction de la taille voisinage des sommets. Le premier algorithme, que nous avons appelé BITCLIQUE, est une algorithme de séparation et évaluation. Il réunit efficacement plusieurs idées déjà utilisées avec succès pour résoudre le problème, comme l'utilisation d'une heuristique de coloration pondérée en nombres entiers pour l'évaluation ; et l'utilisation de vecteurs de bits pour simplifier les opérations sur le graphe. L'algorithme proposé surpasse les algorithmes par séparation et évaluation de l'état de l'art sur la plupart des instances considérées en terme de nombre de sous-problèmes énumérés ainsi que en terme de temps d'exécution. La seconde version est un algorithme des poupées russes, BITRDS, qui intègre une stratégie d'évaluation et de ramification de noeuds basée sur la coloration pondérée. Les simulations montrent que BITRDS réduit à la fois le nombre de sous-problèmes traités et le temps d'exécution par rapport à l'algorithme de l'état de l'art basée sur les poupées russes sur les graphes aléatoires avec une densité supérieure à 50%. Cette différence augmente à la mesure que la densité du graphe augmente. D'ailleurs, BITRDS est compétitif avec BITCLIQUE avec une meilleure performance sur les instances de graphes aléatoires avec une densité comprise entre 50% et 80%. Enfin, nous présentons une coopération entre la méthode poupées russes et la méthode de ``Resolution Search''. L'algorithme proposé, appelé BITBR, utilise au même temps la coloration pondérée et les limites supérieures donnés par les poupées pour trouver un ``nogood''. L'algorithme hybride réduit le nombre d'appels aux heuristiques de coloration pondérée, atteignant jusqu'à 1 ordre de grandeur par rapport à BITRDS. Plusieurs simulations sont réalisées avec la algorithmes proposés et les algorithmes de l'état de l'art. Les résultats des simulations sont rapportés pour chaque algorithme en utilisant les principaux instances disponibles dans la littérature. Enfin, les orientations futures de la recherche sont discutées. / In this work, we present three new exact algorithms for the maximum weight clique problem. The three algorithms depend on an initial ordering of the vertices. Two ordering are considered, as a function of the weights of the vertices or the weights of the neighborhoods of the vertices. This leads to two versions of each algorithm. The first one, called BITCLIQUE, is a combinatorial Branch & Bound algorithm. It effectively combines adaptations of several ideas already successfully employed to solve the problem, such as the use of a weighted integer coloring heuristic for pruning and branching, and the use of bitmap for simplifying the operations on the graph. The proposed algorithm outperforms state-of-the-art Branch & Bound algorithms in most instances of the considered in terms of the number of enumerated subproblems as well in terms of computational time The second one is a Russian Dolls, called BITRDS, which incorporates the pruning and branching strategies based on weighted coloring. Computational tests show that BITRDS reduces both the number of enumerated subproblems and execution time when compared to the previous state-of-art Russian Dolls algorithm for the problem in random graph instances with density above 50%. As graph density increases, this difference increases. Besides, BITRDS is competitive with BITCLIQUE with better performance in random graph instances with density between 50% and 80%. Finally, we present a cooperation between the Russian Dolls method and the Resolution Search method. The proposed algorithm, called BITBR, uses both the weighted coloring and upper bounds given by the dolls to find a nogood. The hybrid algorithm reduces the number of coloring heuristic calls, reaching up to 1 order of magnitude when compared with BITRDS. However, this reduction decreases the execution time only in a few instances. Several computational experiments are carried out with the proposed and state-of-the-art algorithms. Computational results are reported for each algorithm using the main instances available in the literature. Finally, future directions of research are discussed.