L’imagerie optique est actuellement en train de révolutionner le diagnostic pré-clinique et le développement des médicaments. Dans ce contexte, la société QUIDD développe des sondes intelligentes capables de mettre en évidence des processus biologiques impliqués dans les maladies. Ainsi, cette thèse a pour objectif le développement d’une méthode générale pour la synthèse de sondes luminescentes visant la détection de peptidases. Pour cela, des sondes composées d’un substrat peptidique et d’une espèce luminescente phénolique reliés entre eux par un bras réactif auto-immolables ont été développées. Deux approches ont été envisagées : une stratégie utilisant des pro-fluorophores à phénol dont l’émission de fluorescence est éteinte lorsque leur fonction phénol est substituée. Une autre stratégie a consisté en l’utilisation de 1,2-dioxétanes dont la libération dans le milieu engendre une émission spontanée de lumière. Cette thèse présente tout d’abord la validation de cette stratégie, notamment pour la détection de la caspase-3, une enzyme fortement impliquée dans le processus apoptotique. La deuxième partie de ce travail relate les efforts effectués afin de permettre l’utilisation de ces sondes en imagerie in vivo. / Optical imaging is currently revolutionizing pre-clinic diagnosis and drug development. In that context, QUIDD develops smart probes able to follow biological events involved in biological disorders. The aim of this PhD work was to provide a general method for the synthesis of luminescent probes able to detect proteases. For that purpose, probes composed of a peptide substrate and a phenolic luminescent moiety connected by a self-immolative linker were developed. Two strategies were investigated: a first strategy involved phenolic pro-fluorophores, whose fluorescence is quenched when their phenol functionality is substituted. A second strategy took advantage of 1,2-dioxetanes whose liberation in the medium results in a spontaneous light emission. The first objective of this work was to provide a proof of concept of these strategies, especially for the detection of caspase-3, a key enzyme involved in the apoptotic process. The second part of this work was devoted to the extension of the strategy to in vivo imaging.

Les bras polyarticulés portables ont progressivement évolué et sont de plus en plus utilisés dans l’industrie. Cependant, à l’heure actuelle, la traçabilité de ces dispositifs est difficile à effectuer et les incertitudes de mesures relatives à l’utilisation de ces appareils ne sont pas quantifiées. Le travail mené consiste à mettre en place une méthodologie pour la détermination des incertitudes d’un processus de mesure utilisant un bras polyarticulé portable. Les travaux visant à élaborer un modèle d’incertitude de mesure, sont basés sur la méthode de Monte Carlo du supplément 1 du Guide pour l'expression de l'incertitude de mesure.La simulation de Monte Carlo mise en place est constituée de plusieurs niveaux :- Niveau 1 : Caractérisation du bras polyarticulé portable en trois étapes : détermination de la dispersion de la mesure des coordonnées cartésiennes d’un point, détermination des dispersions des paramètres géométriques, évaluation des incertitudes sur les coordonnées cartésiennes d’un point.- Niveau 2: Evaluation globale de l’incertitude de mesure d’un mesurande donné utilisant un bras polyarticulé portable, en associant les incertitudes liées à la pièce mesurée. / Pas de résumé en anglais.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

De récentes études dans le champ du contrôle des mouvements humains ont montré que les signaux vestibulaires étaient impliqués dans les ajustements des mouvements du bras lorsqu'un déplacement imprévisible du corps survenait au cours d'un mouvement d'atteinte manuelle. L'objectif de nos travaux de doctorat était de préciser le rôle et l'utilisation des signaux vestibulaires dans le contrôle de la motricité brachiale, en tentant de mettre en évidence les bénéfices d'une intégration vestibulaire, la faible dépendance cognitive du contrôle vestibulo-brachial et le mode de combinaison des signaux vestibulaires avec les signaux visuo-oculomoteurs. Cela a été réalisé par des études comportementales chez l’homme sain ou pathologique (patient désafférenté) et par modélisation biomécanique. Nous avons ainsi montré que les signaux vestibulaires étaient intégrés au sein de modèles internes qui permettent de générer une commande motrice du bras qui compense les conséquences (cinétiques et cinématiques) du déplacement de l'individu, et ce en adéquation avec la tâche. L'information vestibulaire est traitée avec de faibles latences et sous une faible influence cognitive, ce qui lui confère un caractère de relative automaticité. Enfin la combinaison des signaux vestibulaires et oculomoteurs se fait selon un modèle fonctionnel dans lequel les signaux vestibulaires influencent l'aspect temporel de la poursuite manuelle alors que les signaux visuo-oculomoteurs permettent la production de la cinématique attendue. Nos résultats approfondissent ainsi les connaissances de la fonction vestibulaire puisqu’ils suggèrent l’existence d’un principe général régissant la contribution des signaux vestibulaires au contrôle du mouvement. Mots clés : Mouvements du bras, Rotation du corps, Intégration vestibulaire, Intégration multisensorielle, Modélisation biomécanique, Patient désafférenté. / Recent studies in human motor control have shown that vestibular signals can be used to control goal directed arm movements when an unexpected body displacement occurs during the movement. In this thesis, we investigated the specific functions of the vestibular signals to this control, and the mechanisms that are involved. This was done through behavioural studies performed with healthy human subjects and one deafferented patient, and biomechanical modelling. Our results highlight the remarkable computationnal capabilities of the brain which can process vestibular information to predict the consequences of body rotation on reaching movements. The vestibular control of arm movement i) is characterised by short latencies, ii) operates efficiently in darkness, iii) is largely automatic and iv) defines the temporal aspect of the movement. The control of the arm through vestibular information has therefore common characteristics with the vestibular control of ocular, cephalic and postural movements. Our findings bring important new insights about the functions of the vestibular because they suggest that there is a general principle underlying the contribution of vestibular signal to motor control. Keywords: Arm movements, Body rotation, Vestibular information, Multisensorial integration, Biomechanical modelling, Deafferentation.

No description available.

Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 8 mai 2023) / Plusieurs personnes sont atteintes par une certaine forme d'incapacité au quotidien. Au Canada, 13.7% de la population est limitée au quotidien par une incapacité [1], tandis que ce nombre est de 20% aux États-Unis [2]. Une solution pour augmenter leur autonomie est l'utilisation de technologies d'assistance. Plus spécifiquement, les bras d'assistance robotisés permettent d'aider au quotidien les personnes vivant avec des incapacités aux membres supérieurs [3; 4]. Ces robots permettent de réaliser certaines tâches de la vie quotidienne comme de déplacer des objets, de manger, de boire, d'ouvrir ou de fermer des portes. Bien qu'ils soient utiles, ces bras d'assistance sont difficiles d'accès à cause de leur coût élevé [3; 5]. Ce mémoire présente la conception mécanique d'un bras robotisé d'assistance et d'une main robotisée pour assister les personnes ayant des incapacités aux membres supérieurs en fauteuil roulant. Le concept présenté se démarque des autres solutions disponibles sur le marché puisqu'elle est abordable, environ 5000 $. Le concept est donc plus facilement accessible par la population visée. Le bras d'assistance robotisé peut se fixer sur le côté d'un fauteuil roulant ou sur le coin d'une table. Le bras possède six degrés de liberté. Le bras peut déplacer son effecteur à la bouche de l'utilisateur pour manger ou atteindre le sol pour y prendre un objet. Le bras est en mesure d'atteindre n'importe quelle orientation grâce à un poignet sphérique à son extrémité. Une main robotisée est développée pour être fixée à l'extrémité du bras robotisé. La main robotisée possède deux doigts à deux phalanges sous-actionnés par un seul moteur. La main est en mesure de réaliser des prises parallèles et des prises englobantes. La transition entre ces deux prises est entièrement passive et possible grâce à un mécanisme constitué de barres et de ressorts dans chaque doigt. / Many people are affected by some form of disability on a daily basis. In Canada, 13.7% of the population is limited on a daily basis by a disability [1], while this number is 20% in the United States [2]. A solution to increase their autonomy is the use of assistive technologies. More specifically, assistive robotic arms provide daily assistance to people living with upper body disabilities [3; 4]. These robots make it possible to perform certain tasks of daily life such as moving objects, eating, drinking, opening or closing doors. Although use ful, these assistive robotic arms are difficult to access because of their high cost [3; 5]. This thesis presents the mechanical design of an assistive robotic arm and a robotic hand to assist people with upper limb disabilities in wheelchairs. The concept presented stands out from other solutions available on the market since it is affordable, around 5000 $. The concept is therefore more easily accessible by the target population. The robotic arm can be attached to the side of a wheelchair or the corner of a table. The arm has six degrees of freedom. The arm can bring its effector to the mouth of the user to eat or reach the ground to pick up an object. The arm is able to orient the effector in any orientation thanks to a spherical wrist at its end. A robotic hand has been developed to be attached to the end of the robotic arm. The robotic hand has two fingers with two phalanges under actuated by a single motor. The hand is able to perform parallel en compassing grasps. The transition between these two grasps is entirely passive and possible thanks to a mechanism made up of bars and springs in each finger.

Este trabalho trata dos temas da proficiência em português como língua adicional e da detecção de padrões lexicais e coesivos a partir de um enfoque computacional, situando o tema em meio à descrição de textos produzidos no contexto do exame de proficiência Celpe- Bras de 2006-1. Fazendo uso de pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da Linguística de Corpus, da Linguística Textual e do Processamento de Língua Natural, investigou-se a hipótese de que seria possível classificar, de modo automático, textos submetidos ao exame conforme níveis de proficiência pré-estabelecidos. Por meio do processamento de 177 textos previamente avaliados por corretores humanos em seis níveis (Iniciante, Básico, Intermediário, Intermediário Superior, Avançado e Avançado Superior), usou-se o Aprendizado de Máquina (AM) supervisionado para cotejar padrões lexicais e coesivos capazes de distinguir os níveis sob estudo. Para o cotejo dos padrões, a ferramenta Coh-Metrix-Port – que calcula parâmetros de coesão, coerência e inteligibilidade textual – foi utilizada. Cada um dos textos foi processado na ferramenta; para o AM, os resultados da ferramenta Coh-Metrix-Port foram usados como atributos, os níveis de proficiência como classes e os textos como instâncias. As etapas de processamento do corpus foram: 1) digitação do corpus; 2) processamento individual dos textos na ferramenta Coh-Metrix-Port; 3) análise usando AM – Algoritmo J48 – e os seis níveis de proficiência; 4) nova análise usando AM e duas novas classes: textos sem certificação (Iniciante e Básico) e com certificação (Intermediário, Intermediário Superior, Avançado e Avançado Superior). Avançado e Avançado Superior). Apesar do tamanho reduzido do corpus, foi possível identificar os seguintes atributos distintivos entre os textos da amostra: número de palavras, medida de riqueza lexical, número de parágrafos, incidência de conectivos negativos, incidência de adjetivos e Índice Flesch. Chegou-se a um classificador capaz de separar dois conjuntos de texto (SEM e COM CERTIFICAÇÃO) através das métricas utilizadas (fmeasure de 70%). / This research analyzes Portuguese proficiency from a computational perspective, studying texts submitted to the Brazilian Portuguese proficiency exam Celpe-Bras (Certificate of Proficiency in Portuguese for Foreigners). The study was based on Corpus Linguistics, Textual Linguistics, and Natural Language Processing. We investigated the hypothesis that it would be possible to predict second language proficiency using Machine Learning (ML), measures given by a NLP tool (Coh-Metrix-Port), and a corpus of texts previously classified by human raters. The texts (177) were previously classified as Beginner, Elementary, Intermediate, Upper Intermediate, Advanced, and Upper Advanced. After preparation, they were processed by Coh-Metrix-Port, a tool that calculates cohesion, coherence, and textual readability at different linguistic levels. The output of this tool provided 48 measures that were used as attributes, the proficiency levels given by raters were considered classes, and the 177 were considered instances for ML purposes. The algorithm J48 was used with this set of texts, providing a Decision Tree that classified the six levels of proficiency. The results for this analysis were not conclusive; because of that, we performed a new analysis with a new set of texts: two classes, one with texts that did not receive certificate (Beginner and Elementary) and the other with texts that did receive the certificate (Intermediate, Upper Intermediate, Advanced, and Upper Advanced). Despite the small size of the corpus, we were able to identify the following distinguishing attributes: number of words, type token ratio, number of paragraphs, incidence of negative connectives, incidence of adjectives, and Flesch Index. The classifier was able to separate these two last sets of texts with a F-measure of 70%.

The topic of this dissertation focuses on the functioning of the sense of Brazilianness in the CELPE-Bras exam. We try to understand the movement of senses produced in the relationship among official certification, Brazilian culture and the circulation of brazilian portuguese abroad. We first observe how and why Brazil joins some regional and local blocs for economical or linguistic reasons, such as the case of its entry into MERCOSUL in 1991 or CPLP (Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa) in 1996. We understand that CELPE-Bras plays an essential role in the context in which all these subjects are related. From this presupposition, we try to recall the senses on which the discourse of Brazilianness (ORLANDI, 1998) is based, as well as understand what legitimates CELPE-Bras to take these senses as a representation of Brazil and Brazilians, to spread them abroad. We intend to investigate what the place of CELPE-Bras is in this representation. We retake the periodization established by Guimarães (1996) for the process of grammatization of portuguese in Brazil, dividing it into four phases, besides the fifth period defined by Zoppi-Fontana (2007) from the reformulation of the notion of space of enunciation . We understand that this exam has a special place in the History of Linguistic Ideas (HLI) because it integrates the process of Brazilian instrumentalization by the diffusion of brazilian portuguese to transnational spaces. Last, we consider these assumptions to analyze two pieces of audio of the Collective Test of CELPE-Bras from 2010/1 and 2009/1. Moreover, we have taken the perspective of the Semântica do Acontecimento which consider historicity in the composition of senses and thus to pay attention to the marks of Brazilianness that integrate these textualities, such as beans and rice and cachaça . We analyze these considering their rewriting (GUIMARÃES, 2002b) which, under different views, promotes the derivation of senses of these names. The reconstruction of the different moments of this work allowed us to see that these marks of Brazilianness, which characterize Brazil and Brazilians, perpetuate a vision of brazilian portuguese and rewrite a version of the Brazilian history legitimized and spread abroad by CELPE-Bras. / A temática desta dissertação centra-se sobre o funcionamento do sentido sobre a brasilidade no exame CELPE-Bras. Assim, buscamos compreender o movimento de sentidos produzido na relação entre certificação oficial, cultura brasileira e circulação no exterior. Dessa forma, primeiramente, observamos como e porque o Brasil integra alguns blocos regionais ou globais, que obedecem a motivações políticas, econômicas ou linguísticas, como, por exemplo, sua entrada no MERCOSUL em 1991 ou na CPLP (Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa) em 1996. Compreendemos que o CELPE-Bras cumpre uma função fundamental nesse contexto em que todas essas questões estão imbricadas. A partir desse pressuposto, buscamos rememorar os sentidos que fundam o discurso da brasilidade (ORLANDI, 1998), bem como, compreender o que legitima o CELPEBras a tomá-los como representação do Brasil e do brasileiro, para então difundi-los no exterior. Assim, procuramos investigar qual o papel do CELPE-Bras nessa representação. Para isso, retomamos a periodização estabelecida por Guimarães (1996) para o processo de gramatização do português no Brasil, dividindo-o em quatro fases, assim como, o quinto período de gramatização do português no Brasil , definido por Zoppi-Fontana (2007), a partir da reformulação da noção de espaço de enunciação . Compreendemos, então, que esse exame ocupa um lugar especial na História das Ideias Linguísticas (HIL), pois integra o processo de instrumentalização brasileira pela difusão do português do Brasil para espaços transnacionais . Por fim, consideramos esses pressupostos ao analisar dois áudios da Prova Coletiva do CELPE-Bras de 2010/1 e de 2009/1. Além disso, assumimos a perspectiva da Semântica do Acontecimento, que considera a historicidade na constituição dos sentidos, sendo que, atentamos às marcas da brasilidade das textualidades: feijão com arroz e cachaça . E as analisamos considerando sua reescrituração (GUIMARÃES, 2002b), que, sob diferentes recortes, promove a deriva de sentidos desses nomes. A reconstrução dos diferentes momentos deste trabalho nos permite observar que essas marcas de brasilidade, que significam o Brasil e o brasileiro, perpetuam uma visão do português brasileiro, e assim, reescrevem uma versão da história brasileira legitimada e difundida no exterior pelo CELPE-Bras.

Este trabalho trata dos temas da proficiência em português como língua adicional e da detecção de padrões lexicais e coesivos a partir de um enfoque computacional, situando o tema em meio à descrição de textos produzidos no contexto do exame de proficiência Celpe- Bras de 2006-1. Fazendo uso de pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da Linguística de Corpus, da Linguística Textual e do Processamento de Língua Natural, investigou-se a hipótese de que seria possível classificar, de modo automático, textos submetidos ao exame conforme níveis de proficiência pré-estabelecidos. Por meio do processamento de 177 textos previamente avaliados por corretores humanos em seis níveis (Iniciante, Básico, Intermediário, Intermediário Superior, Avançado e Avançado Superior), usou-se o Aprendizado de Máquina (AM) supervisionado para cotejar padrões lexicais e coesivos capazes de distinguir os níveis sob estudo. Para o cotejo dos padrões, a ferramenta Coh-Metrix-Port – que calcula parâmetros de coesão, coerência e inteligibilidade textual – foi utilizada. Cada um dos textos foi processado na ferramenta; para o AM, os resultados da ferramenta Coh-Metrix-Port foram usados como atributos, os níveis de proficiência como classes e os textos como instâncias. As etapas de processamento do corpus foram: 1) digitação do corpus; 2) processamento individual dos textos na ferramenta Coh-Metrix-Port; 3) análise usando AM – Algoritmo J48 – e os seis níveis de proficiência; 4) nova análise usando AM e duas novas classes: textos sem certificação (Iniciante e Básico) e com certificação (Intermediário, Intermediário Superior, Avançado e Avançado Superior). Avançado e Avançado Superior). Apesar do tamanho reduzido do corpus, foi possível identificar os seguintes atributos distintivos entre os textos da amostra: número de palavras, medida de riqueza lexical, número de parágrafos, incidência de conectivos negativos, incidência de adjetivos e Índice Flesch. Chegou-se a um classificador capaz de separar dois conjuntos de texto (SEM e COM CERTIFICAÇÃO) através das métricas utilizadas (fmeasure de 70%). / This research analyzes Portuguese proficiency from a computational perspective, studying texts submitted to the Brazilian Portuguese proficiency exam Celpe-Bras (Certificate of Proficiency in Portuguese for Foreigners). The study was based on Corpus Linguistics, Textual Linguistics, and Natural Language Processing. We investigated the hypothesis that it would be possible to predict second language proficiency using Machine Learning (ML), measures given by a NLP tool (Coh-Metrix-Port), and a corpus of texts previously classified by human raters. The texts (177) were previously classified as Beginner, Elementary, Intermediate, Upper Intermediate, Advanced, and Upper Advanced. After preparation, they were processed by Coh-Metrix-Port, a tool that calculates cohesion, coherence, and textual readability at different linguistic levels. The output of this tool provided 48 measures that were used as attributes, the proficiency levels given by raters were considered classes, and the 177 were considered instances for ML purposes. The algorithm J48 was used with this set of texts, providing a Decision Tree that classified the six levels of proficiency. The results for this analysis were not conclusive; because of that, we performed a new analysis with a new set of texts: two classes, one with texts that did not receive certificate (Beginner and Elementary) and the other with texts that did receive the certificate (Intermediate, Upper Intermediate, Advanced, and Upper Advanced). Despite the small size of the corpus, we were able to identify the following distinguishing attributes: number of words, type token ratio, number of paragraphs, incidence of negative connectives, incidence of adjectives, and Flesch Index. The classifier was able to separate these two last sets of texts with a F-measure of 70%.