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Sammanfattning Titel: “Personlighetsegenskaper och dess koppling till utbrändhet” Nivå: Examensarbete på Grundnivå (kandidatexamen) i företagsekonomi C Författare: Hampus Häggström och Cornelia Wiklund Handledare: Dr. Jonas Kågström och biträdande handledare Martin Ahlenius Datum: Juni 2022 Syfte: Syftet med denna undersökning är att kartlägga och analysera utbrändhet hos fastighetsmäklare genom Maslach burnout inventory utifrån Big fives personlighetsegenskaper. Metod: Denna studie är utformad ur en kvantitativ metod med ett deduktivt synsätt. Datainsamlingen utgick från en webbaserad enkätundersökning som skickades ut till 3126 verksamma fastighetsmäklare i Europa. Analysen av datan utfördes i statistikprogrammet “JASP”, där primärt bivariata korrelationsanalyser utfördes för att finna signifikanta samband mellan de olika variablerna. Denna information kunde sedan användas för att redovisa och tolka resultatet. Resultat & slutsats: Utifrån den analyserade datan visade undersökningen att fastighetsmäklarnas personlighetsegenskaper påverkade individens nivå av utbrändhet. Det anträffade positiva signifikanta samband mellan egenskapen neuroticism och utbrändhet. Personlighetsegenskaperna extraversion och conscientiousness visade däremot negativa samband med utbrändhetssyndromen. Undersökningen visade dessutom att det inte endast var personlighetsegenskaperna som påverkade välmående. Trivseln på arbetsplatsen hade även det en stor betydelse för den enskilde individens välmående. Examensarbetets bidrag: Denna studie bidrar teoretiskt med en klarare uppfattning kring utbrändhetsdimensionerna utifrån personlighetsegenskaperna inom Big five. Likaså sambandet till välmående, arbetstillfredsställelse och individens tanke om att lämna arbetsplatsen. Detta praktiska bidrag kan hjälpa individen att förstå dess sårbarhet och utmaningar för att i praktiken kunna förebygga utbrändhetssyndrom. Det hjälper dessutom chefer och ledare som bedriver fastighetsmäklarkontor i Europa att få en inblick i vilka anställda som föreligger större risk att utsättas för utbrändhetssyndrom samt är i behov av extra stöttning. Cheferna och ledarna kan därmed anpassa arbetsmiljön och förhållandena efter individens behov för att bidra till ett bättre välmående på arbetsplatsen och minska personalomsättningen. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Denna studies population omfattar fastighetsmäklare i Europa. Ett intressant bidrag till forskningen hade varit att undersöka andra specifika demografiska områden för att sedan jämföra dessa mot varandra för att se om arbetssättet i de olika områdena skulle vara bättre eller sämre ur ett utbrändhetsperspektiv. / Title: “Personality traits and its connection to burnout” Level: Student thesis, final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Authors: Hampus Häggström and Cornelia Wiklund Supervisors: Dr. Jonas Kågström and assistant Martin Ahlenius Date: June 2022 Aim: The purpose of this study is to map and analyze burnout among real estate agents through Maslach burnout inventory based on Big fives personality traits. Method: This study is designed from a quantitative method with a deductive approach. The data collection is based on a web-based survey that was sent out to 3126 active real estate agents in Europe. The analysis of the data was performed in a statistics program named “JASP”, where primarily bivariate correlation analysis was performed to find significant correlations between the various variables. This information could then be used to report and interpret the results. Result & Conclusion: Based on the analyzed data, the study showed that the real estate agents personality traits affected how exposed the individual was to burnout. There were strongly positive significant associations between the trait neuroticism and burnout, while the personality traits extraversion and conscientiousness showed negative associations with burnout syndrome. The study also showed that it was not only the personality traits that affected the well-being of the individual. The comfort of the workplace, however, also has agreat importance for well-being. Contribution of the thesis: This study theoretically contributes with a clearer understanding of the dimensions of burnout based on the personality traits through Big five. Likewise, the connection to well-being, job satisfaction and the individual's thoughts of leaving the workplace. This practical contribution can help the individual to understand its vulnerability and challenges in order to be able to prevent burnout syndrome in practice. It can also help leaders and managers who run real estate agencies in Europe, to gain an insight into which employees are at greater risk of being exposed to burnout syndrome and the employees that are in need of extra support. The leaders and managers can thus adapt the work environmentand conditions to the individual's needs in order to contribute to a better workplace and reduce turnover intention. Suggestions for further research: The population of this study includes real estate agents in Europe. An interesting contribution to science would have been to examine other specific demographic areas and then compare these against each other in order to see if the working methods in the different areas would be better or worse from a burnout perspective.

South African Tertiary Education Institutions (TEIs) are now faced with issues of globalisation, broadening access to higher education, changes in language policies, changes in government funding, an increased emphasis on technology, transformation, mergers, changing student profiles, high levels of student enrolment and increased competition (Wiese, van Heerden, & Jordaan, 2010; Higher Education South Africa, 2011). The increased workload necessitated by the increase of students within South African TEIs, in conjunction with the current financial situation of universities, is compounded by factors such as low staff morale, uncertainty among staff members and large-scale resignations (Maree, 2010). These challenges can be seen as increasing the demands and decreasing the resources of university staff, and as explained by the Job Demands-Resource Model of organisational wellbeing (JD-R) (Demerouti, Bakker, Nachreiner, & Schaufeli, 2001), could impact negatively on the wellbeing of the employees. These changes and the demands placed on the TEIs will inevitably have an impact on the levels of burnout as well as levels of engagement of employees (Coetzee, 2004). Stressful work situations (characterised by high job demands and lack of job resources), could lead to burnout, poor individual health and wellbeing of employees (Sonnentag, 2001). Burnout can lead to serious consequences, especially for university staff members, who form part of the human services industry (Adekola, 2010). The aim of this study was to establish the effectiveness of a physical activity and psychological intervention on burnout and engagement at a tertiary education institution. A longitudinal design was utilised where self-report as well as physical measures were used to evaluate the effect of the intervention. The convenience sample consisted of staff at a tertiary education institution (n(Time 1)=50, n(Time 2)=26; n(Time 3)=19). Burnout and engagement were measured using The South African Employee Health and Wellness Survey and physical measurement focused on: blood pressure values, fasting blood glucose levels, lipid profile Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), percentage body fat (%BF) and Lean Body Mass (LBM). The sample group was divided into two groups. In the first phase, the first group underwent a four-week physical activity intervention focusing on resistance training as well as cardiovascular fitness. The second group underwent a 4 week personal development plan focusing on increasing personal resources as well as social support. The groups were reassessed after the first four weeks and then switched interventions. After completion of both interventions, participants were once again assessed. MANOVAs were used to determine whether group differences occurred for more than one dependable variable (Salkind, 2009). ANOVAs (a one-way analysis of variance) were used to determine which intervention groups had been affected most with regard to the various constructs measured. Crichton (2009) explains that the Wilks’ Lambda test is used in MANOVA’ to test whether there are differences between the means of identified groups of subjects on a combination of dependent variables. Although there were no statistically significant movements observed for burnout and engagement scores, there are still indications of the effect the interventions showed. The psychological intervention increased engagement, and the scheduling of first a psychological intervention, and then a physical activity intervention, is suggested as more beneficial. None of the interventions were effective at alleviating burnout. Recommendations were made for future research. / MCom (Industrial Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

South African Tertiary Education Institutions (TEIs) are now faced with issues of globalisation, broadening access to higher education, changes in language policies, changes in government funding, an increased emphasis on technology, transformation, mergers, changing student profiles, high levels of student enrolment and increased competition (Wiese, van Heerden, & Jordaan, 2010; Higher Education South Africa, 2011). The increased workload necessitated by the increase of students within South African TEIs, in conjunction with the current financial situation of universities, is compounded by factors such as low staff morale, uncertainty among staff members and large-scale resignations (Maree, 2010). These challenges can be seen as increasing the demands and decreasing the resources of university staff, and as explained by the Job Demands-Resource Model of organisational wellbeing (JD-R) (Demerouti, Bakker, Nachreiner, & Schaufeli, 2001), could impact negatively on the wellbeing of the employees. These changes and the demands placed on the TEIs will inevitably have an impact on the levels of burnout as well as levels of engagement of employees (Coetzee, 2004). Stressful work situations (characterised by high job demands and lack of job resources), could lead to burnout, poor individual health and wellbeing of employees (Sonnentag, 2001). Burnout can lead to serious consequences, especially for university staff members, who form part of the human services industry (Adekola, 2010). The aim of this study was to establish the effectiveness of a physical activity and psychological intervention on burnout and engagement at a tertiary education institution. A longitudinal design was utilised where self-report as well as physical measures were used to evaluate the effect of the intervention. The convenience sample consisted of staff at a tertiary education institution (n(Time 1)=50, n(Time 2)=26; n(Time 3)=19). Burnout and engagement were measured using The South African Employee Health and Wellness Survey and physical measurement focused on: blood pressure values, fasting blood glucose levels, lipid profile Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), percentage body fat (%BF) and Lean Body Mass (LBM). The sample group was divided into two groups. In the first phase, the first group underwent a four-week physical activity intervention focusing on resistance training as well as cardiovascular fitness. The second group underwent a 4 week personal development plan focusing on increasing personal resources as well as social support. The groups were reassessed after the first four weeks and then switched interventions. After completion of both interventions, participants were once again assessed. MANOVAs were used to determine whether group differences occurred for more than one dependable variable (Salkind, 2009). ANOVAs (a one-way analysis of variance) were used to determine which intervention groups had been affected most with regard to the various constructs measured. Crichton (2009) explains that the Wilks’ Lambda test is used in MANOVA’ to test whether there are differences between the means of identified groups of subjects on a combination of dependent variables. Although there were no statistically significant movements observed for burnout and engagement scores, there are still indications of the effect the interventions showed. The psychological intervention increased engagement, and the scheduling of first a psychological intervention, and then a physical activity intervention, is suggested as more beneficial. None of the interventions were effective at alleviating burnout. Recommendations were made for future research. / MCom (Industrial Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Este estudio busca medir el síndrome de Burnout en los colaboradores del Banco de Crédito del Perú, Sucursal Balta - Chiclayo, que cuentan con título profesional y que mantienen un contacto con los clientes y por consiguiente tienen una carga laboral significativa. Se evaluó con la finalidad de saber si existe un nivel significativo del síndrome de Burnout en cada una de sus tres dimensiones y de desempeño en los trabajadores de dicha entidad bancaria, asimismo para buscar la existencia de una relación entre estas dos variables. Se puede observar que el síndrome de Burnout tiene una marcada influencia en la dimensión “agotamiento emocional” con un 67.6%, resultado que –cotejando con la investigación de Ávila Gómez Hernández, Montiel Salgado, (2010)- indican que dicha dimensión tiene un 45.5% de afectados; y que la dimensión más afectada es la despersonalización, alcanzando el 60.6% de los trabajadores. Sánchez Silva, Bárbara (2009), describe que no existe relación entre la dimensión agotamiento emocional y los componentes relación con la autoridad, desempeño de tareas y desarrollo personal, resultados que no se reflejan en la investigación, ya que existe una relación inversamente proporcional significativa de grado medio entre esas dimensiones en los trabajadores profesionales del Banco de Crédito del Perú - Chiclayo, sucursal Balta.

Dans les milieux hospitaliers, une personne sur deux vit un niveau élevé de détresse psychologique et, parmi les employés en épuisement professionnel réinsérés au travail, le taux de rechute au cours de la première année atteint à 23 % (Sun Life Canada, 1999). En outre, l'ampleur de ce problème se reflète bien dans les statistiques d'absentéisme où les problèmes de santé psychologiques constituent 39 % du total des absences. À ce jour, la littérature ne rapporte aucune recherche décrivant le mode de traitement de l'épuisement professionnel et mesurant son efficacité auprès des travailleurs de la santé et des services sociaux. Afin d'évaluer une démarche thérapeutique efficace et préventive, nous offrons une thérapie brève - environ 6 séances en individuel - à des travailleurs présentant les symptômes de l'épuisement professionnel et toujours présents au travail (groupe traitement). Des mesures sont prises avant le début de la thérapie, immédiatement après la dernière séance et six mois plus tard à l'aide des quatre tests suivants : le Maslach Bumout Inventory (MBI), le Rosenberg (estime de soi), l'Inventaire de Beck (dépression) et l'Analyse de l'estime de soi sans l'aspect culturel. Les participants au groupe traitement sont comparés à ceux d'un groupe témoin constitué de travailleurs du réseau de la santé qui présentent aussi les symptômes de l'épuisement professionnel, tout en étant présents au travail au moment de l'étude. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la thérapie brève diminue significativement les symptômes de l'épuisement professionnel et augmente l'estime de soi. Ils confirment en outre que cette amélioration se maintient après six mois de la fin du traitement. Enfin, le groupe traitement présente moins de jours d'absence. En conclusion, cette étude permet d'identifier des moyens thérapeutiques concrets et efficaces pour aider les travailleurs du réseau de la santé en épuisement professionnel.

Nurses are at increased risk for job burnout, which can lead to psychological and physical problems, decreased quality of care, and premature exit from the profession. Studies have found common predictors of burnout in multiple service occupations, but there are important differences across settings. The current study used embedded mixed-method analyses to explore burnout in a sample of nurses that work with patients with chronic abdominal pain. Thirty-two nurses participated in focus groups and data analyses revealed the following six themes: negative pain beliefs, barriers to effective pain management, nurse empathy/compassion, moral distress, coping methods, and burnout. These themes were evaluated with proposed theoretical frameworks and the extant literature to build the Pediatric Chronic Pain Nurse Burnout model. The constructs in this model were then evaluated quantitatively via measures completed by 41 nurses. Analyses provided partial support for the model and highlighted areas for further evaluation of burnout in nursing.

Medical residency is characterized by sleep deprivation, stress, and heavy workload. The impact of these pressures on physician-patient communication has not been fully explored. The aim of the current study was to investigate how contextual demands, stress, and burnout impact empathy and provision of patient-centered communication among internal medicine residents in two hospitals. The long-call shift was studied, as it is known to be particularly taxing and is a primary feature of medical residency. Assessments were obtained both prior to and at the conclusion of residents' shifts. Cognitive complexity was examined as a potential mediator of the relationship between stress and burnout, and burnout and empathy. Results revealed that there was a significant decline in physician empathy from the beginning to the end of the long-call shift and that this decline in empathy predicted less patient-centered communication from physicians. Stress, burnout, and decline in empathy were all positively associated, indicating that resident physicians who were more stressed and burned out were at increased risk for declines in empathy over the course of their shift. Cognitive complexity was not found to be a significant mediator of any associations between study variables, though it was associated with several key variables in unexpected ways. These findings highlight the importance of identifying and addressing barriers to patient-centered communication, as a number of these barriers may be routinely present in the demanding environment of medical residency.

The issue of occupational stress in nurses is significant because it has been associated with absenteeism, burnout and turnover among nurses. This study was an attempt to illuminate the occupational stress experience of workers in general with a focus upon nurses as subjects. Consequently, this research evaluated multiple contributory components to this stress process. Further, consideration of the fit between this stress-coping-depression model and General Systems Theory was another major focus of this study. The independent variables of daily hassles, occupational stress, primary stress appraisal, coping strategies, social support, repression and extraversion were measured in an attempt to determine their combined and singular influence upon the dependent variable of professional depression. These variables were measured by means of a paper-and-pencil self-report inventory of questionnaires mailed to a random sample of six hundred registered nurses in the state of Arizona. Analyses of returned questionnaires consisted of regression analyses of a causal model of the above noted variables. The findings indicate that emotion-focused coping strategies, especially escape avoidance and distancing strategies, demonstrated the most consistently significant effect upon depression for the total sample as well as for all of the demographic subgroups. The next most significant variable measured in this study was that of social support. This variable demonstrated an inverse relationship to depression and thereby appears to provide protection from depression when an individual is exposed to external stressors. External stressors, especially the daily hassles subscales of work, and time pressures, were also significantly related to increased depression in most of the analyses. Occupational stress, on the other hand, as measured revealed a statistically significant relationship to depression for only two subsamples of the study population, charge nurse/clinical specialists and nurses who had worked in nursing longer than 20 years. In regard to stress appraisal, the aspects of threat and stressfulness both revealed significant relationships. The appraisal of threat was significantly related to depression while stressfulness revealed influences upon both external stressors of daily hassles and occupational stress as well as upon depression.