Lieu d'innovation sociale, le milieu communautaire représente quelque 60 000 emplois, dont 3 à 5 % syndiqués. Quoique le milieu soit confronté à d'importants enjeux de main-d'oeuvre, la question du travail et de son organisation dans le communautaire demeure peu documentée sur le plan des connaissances aussi bien que du point de vue syndical. L'alliance de ces deux mouvements sociaux ne se fait pas sans heurts, malgré des champs communs d'action, et souligne le défi de l'agencement de deux interfaces démocratiques. Nous nous intéressons donc aux effets de la syndicalisation dans un organisme à but non lucratif (OBNL) à partir d'une étude de cas exploratoire portant sur les transformations possibles des pratiques de gouvernance démocratique. Le cas étudié est celui d'une Corporation de développement économique communautaire (CDEC) de Montréal dont les employées sont syndiquées depuis 2000. Privilégiant le point de vue des acteurs, nous employons une méthodologie mixte supposant une collecte de données multisource par des entrevues individuelles, entrevue de groupe, questionnaire, et documentation. À partir de l'analyse stratégique selon Crozier et Friedberg et de la notion de gouvernance démocratique, nous utiliserons les processus décisionnels d'ordre politique, stratégique et opérationnel - envisagés comme mécanismes de régulation - pour observer les transformations possibles des rapports et relations entre acteurs. Les résultats suggèrent que les acteurs acquièrent de nouvelles capacités collectives par l'expérimentation de nouveaux espaces démocratiques, renforçant l'engagement à la mission dans un objectif de syndicalisme de transformation sociale. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Syndicalisation, Syndicalisme, Gouvernance démocratique, Mouvement communautaire, Organisme communautaire, Tiers secteur, Corporation de développement économique communautaire (CDEC), Étude de cas, Analyse stratégique, Rapport au travail, Relations de pouvoir.

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Density of fecal coliforms (FC) such as Escherichia coli is the most commonly used indicator of fecal pathogen content of biosolids. When biosolids are disposed off or used for soil amendment, they pose public health risks. So far anaerobic digesters have been considered to be an effective treatment option for pathogen and FC reduction in biosolids. However, recent studies revealed that there is a significant re-growth and reactivation of indicator organisms in biosolids upon dewatering by centrifugation. Although the exact mechanism of FC reactivation is yet to be understood, a few extensive recent studies strongly suggest that FC go into a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state during anaerobic digestion. Therefore, quantitative detection of live cells among the total in biosolids samples, without using culturing-based approaches, is highly critical from a public health risk assessment perspective. Since recent investigations proved the significant re-growth and reactivation of indicator organisms. Persistence of DNA in the environment after cell death in the range of days to weeks limits the application of DNA-based approaches for the detection of live bacteria. Using selective nucleic acid intercalating dyes such as ethidium monoazide (EMA) and propidium monoazide (PMA) is one of the alternative approaches to detect and quantify the viable cells by quantitative PCR. These compounds have the ability to penetrate only into dead cells with compromised membrane integrity. They intercalate in the DNA via photo-inducible azide groups and in turn inhibit DNA amplification during PCR reactions. PMA has been successfully used in different studies and microorganisms but it has not been evaluated sufficiently for the complex environmental samples such as biosolids. In this study Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and uidA gene were used as model organism and as target sequence respectively in absolute quantification method with real-time PCR. Experiments with the known quantities of live and dead cell mixtures showed that PMA treatment inhibits PCR amplification from dead cells with over 99% efficiency. The results of this study conclusively demonstrated that PMA-modified PCR could be successfully applied to the biosolids when total suspended solid (TSS) concentration is 2000 mg/L or below.

No description available.

Cette étude exploratoire vise essentiellement à identifier les principaux facteurs psychologiques des gardiens de but au hockey ayant connu du succès. Plus précisément, cette étude nous a permis d’approfondir le sujet à l’aide d’entrevues individuelles semi-dirigées menées auprès de sept gardiens de but et huit entraîneurs des gardiens de but issus de la Ligue de hockey junior majeur du Québec (LHJMQ). Nous avons ensuite comparé les réponses de ces deux groupes d’experts dans le domaine afin de dresser un portrait précis de l’aspect mental entourant cette position au hockey. Nos résultats démontrent que les mêmes facteurs psychologiques majeurs ressortent du discours des gardiens de but et de celui de leurs entraîneurs. Il a ainsi été possible d’identifier neuf attributs psychologiques prédominants provenant des discours de chacune des parties. Plus précisément, ces neuf facteurs psychologiques reliés à l’atteinte d’une performance athlétique hors pair seraient les traits de personnalité, la résilience, le niveau de confiance, la passion, l’état d’esprit optimal, l’éthique au quotidien, un niveau de concentration optimal, la relativisation des événements et le contrôle des émotions. De manière générale, nos résultats vont dans le même sens que les conclusions tirées des autres études sur les différents aspects mentaux des athlètes de niveau élite. Toutefois, on observe un manque de données scientifiques en ce qui a trait à la psychologie du sport chez les gardiens de but au hockey. Cette étude constitue donc un premier développement dans l’identification des atouts psychologiques influençant la performance des gardiens de but au hockey. / The purpose of this exploratory study was to identify the major mental skills used by successful hockey goaltenders. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven goaltenders and eight goaltender coaches from the Quebec Major Hockey League (QMJHL) to be able to get a better knowledge on the topic. Afterwards, we were able to compare the data from the goaltenders and their coaches in order to get a precise picture of the mental characteristics associated with goaltenders in hockey. Our results demonstrate that the same major psychological factors would be identified by the selected athletes and their coaches. It was therefore possible to identify nine psychological attributes from the answers of both parties. More precisely, the nine psychological attributes related to hockey goaltender’s performance are personality traits, resiliency, confidence level, passion, mental readiness, work ethic, optimal concentration level, put into perspective events and emotion control. From a general perspective, our results are consistent with results from other research on the mental aspects of elite athletes. On a more narrow perspective though, we can clearly observe a lack of scientific evidences on the topic of sport psychology related to hockey goaltenders. This study therefore becomes an important first step in the identification of the performance psychological attributes related to the position of goaltending in hockey.

La situation d’un patient trop malade pour une transplantation et qui est maintenu à long terme aux soins intensifs (SI) avec l’aide d’un dispositif d'assistance ventriculaire (DAV) peut évoluer de multiples façons. Malheureusement, plusieurs soignants vivent un malaise lorsque ce patient survit avec des complications, sans possibilité de transplantation cardiaque ni de retour à domicile. Par conséquent, différents buts thérapeutiques sont poursuivis au sein de l’équipe soignante. L’étude avait pour objectifs de cerner les buts poursuivis par les professionnels de la santé œuvrant auprès de ce type de patient, de clarifier les facteurs influençant les buts poursuivis et de mieux connaître les difficultés éprouvées par l’équipe soignante dans l’élaboration d’un but commun. La phénoménologie a été utilisée comme méthodologie de définition de la problématique. L’échantillon comprenait 12 participants représentant les infirmières, médecins et perfusionnistes d'une unité de SI, travaillant auprès de ce type de patient. Chacun des participants a fait l’objet d’une entrevue individuelle, semi-dirigée et enregistrée sur appareil audio. Il leur a d’abord été présenté une vignette à partir de laquelle ont été posées un certain nombre de questions identiques pour tous. Dans leurs réponses à ces questions, les participants ont eu la possibilité de s’exprimer autant sur leur expérience que sur le contexte du phénomène. Une seconde rencontre a été nécessaire afin de valider ou de corriger l’interprétation de ce que chacun avait exprimé durant l’entrevue. L'analyse des données témoigne d’un manque d’harmonie quant au but à poursuivre à l’égard du patient en question. Environ la moitié des participants visent la transplantation, alors que les autres poursuivent d’autres buts comme la sortie des SI, la limitation des traitements ou les soins palliatifs. Les participants sont influencés majoritairement par les volontés du patient, l'absence de mécanisme formel de communication entre eux et les facteurs professionnels tels que : les valeurs, les pratiques et l’environnement, sans oublier les rapports de pouvoir. Un certain nombre de barrières empêchent l’équipe de déterminer un but commun. Pour vaincre ces obstacles et s’entendre sur les buts à poursuivre en équipe, le développement de la communication multidisciplinaire s’impose. Pour y arriver, deux prérequis doivent être développés : l’intention éthique et l’engagement. / A non eligible transplant patient on long term ventricular assist device (VAD) support in intensive care unit (ICU), can evolve in multiple ways. Alot of health care professionnals live a malaise when the patient surves with complications without neither possibility of cardiaque transplantation nor return home. In consequence, defferent goals of care are pursued in the health care team. This is why, the researcher maintained all along the study, the objectives to understand the goals pursued by the health care professionnals working towards the particular patient, to clarify the factors influensing these pursued goals and to learn more on the health care team difficulties to elaborate a common goal. Phenomenology has been the method used to define the problem. Twelve participants working in ICU were included in the reasearch sample representing the nurses, physicians and perfusionists working towards the concerned patient. Each of the participants had collaborated to an individual, semi structured and audio recorded interview. First, the researcher presented a vignette with which she asked everyone a certain number of identical questions. The questions permitted the participants to express as much on there experience than on the context of the phenomenon. A second meeting has been necessary to validate or correct the interpretation of what has been expressed by each participant during the interview. The data analyisis testify a lack of continuity concerning the goal to pursue with the patient in question. Almost half of the participants aim for a transplantation when the rest of them pursue other goals like discharge of ICU, treatment limitation or paliative care. By a majority, the participants are influenced by the patient’s will, the absence of formal communication mecanism, profesionnal factors such as : values, practices and environment and power differential. Thus, health care profesionnals that would want to pursue a common team goal are facing a certain number of barriers. The resercher realises that to overcome these barriers, multidisciplinary communication has do be the driving force of team goal- setting. Although, to acheave this, two pre-requisits have to be developed: the ethical intention and the engagement.

Les dons effectués par les entreprises privées auprès d’organismes communautaires à but non lucratif semblent avoir des effets à long terme sur ces derniers. Ces entreprises cherchent à la fois à semer le bien dans les communautés dans lesquelles elles interviennent, mais également à améliorer leur image au sein de celles-ci. Les organismes communautaires oscillent donc entre le devoir de servir leurs usagers du mieux qu’ils le peuvent, en respectant leur mission avec la plus grande diligence, et les nombreuses conditions qui se rattachent aux dons reçus. Ils doivent travailler avec un financement octroyé à court terme, de nombreuses mesures évaluatives ainsi que les volontés de donateurs parfois indiscrets. Il en résulte une identité qui se rapproche de plus en plus de celle des entreprises privées. L’étude dans ce mémoire tente d’évaluer si les usagers des quatre universités principales de Montréal adoptent une identité mercantiliste et comment ils évaluent leur rôle au sein de leurs établissements d’enseignement. Ces étudiants assumeraient un rôle davantage engagé envers les entreprises donatrices, à la fois au sein de leur institution et dans la société en général. Ils revêtiraient une identité conforme à ce qu’attend une entreprise qui effectue un don de manière intéressée en consommant de leurs biens et services. / Donations made by private companies seem to have long term effects on the different receiving non profit organizations. Those companies that want to do what’s best in the communities they support also want to improve their image in those very same communities. Non profit organizations have to juggle between serving the populations while being accounted for their actions before them at the same time they have to conform to certain conditions that accompany corporate donations. They have to work in an environment that involves short term financing, numerous accountability measures imposed by donating companies and far from discreet donators. This results in a business-like identity in non profit organizations that is blurred with corporate discourse, motives and actions. This study tries to evaluate the impact of corporate donations of students from the four main universities in Montreal. These students are likely to buy from donating companies as well as working for them. They also consider themselves more as consumers of university products and services than participants in the development of their institutions. Therefore, they seem to take on an identity that companies want from them because they are getting a financial return on their donations.

Written exams, which are intended to examine students on the course goals, can sometimes be passed without any conceptual knowledge by memorizing procedures or facts. Because future courses depend on the students’ understanding of concepts in the required courses, not knowing the concepts could be a major issue for the student, for the teacher and for the program board. Here, we focus on developing conceptual multiple-choice questions and the algorithms for understanding the answers to the questions. The goal is to be able to answer questions such as “For how long do the students remember the key concepts?” and “Which concepts do the courses have any positive (or negative) effect on?”. To do that, a courses-concepts matrix was created and the most central concepts were identified. Multiple-choice questions were written on those concepts and the questions were imported into the test creator Respondus. Feedback was added to the questions, they were grouped by concept and exported to a quiz bank in the educational platform Blackboard. A set of answers from a survey on report writing was obtained and statistics were written to answer the second question that was posed. An issue with the probability function is that it only considers whether the student had a setback or an improvement, not how significant it was. The next step would be to use the slopes more effectively by considering the magnitude of the improvement or setback. / Developing Concept Inventory Tests for Electrical Engineering

Bacteriophages are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. The bactericidal nature of lytic bacteriophages has been exploited by scientists for decades with the hope to utilise them in the fight against bacterial infections and antibiotic resistant bacteria in medical settings. More recently, the potential applications of bacteriophages for biocontrol in the agrifood and environmental sectors have been investigated in an attempt to develop ‘natural’ antimicrobial products. Bacteriophages have a couple of decisive advantages over conventional methods of controlling pathogenic bacteria, such as high host specificity, the ability to self-replicate, and the ability to evolve with their hosts. However, more research is needed to optimise the parameters for phage applications, including the impact of environmental conditions on lysis efficiency, multiplicity of infection, and to significantly minimise the emergence of bacterial resistance to phages. Temperature plays a key role in every biological activity in nature. It is also assumed that temperature has an effect on phage lysis efficiency. A comprehensive study of it and how it affects both the host cells and their corresponding phages is crucial to ensure the efficient removal of bacterial pathogens. In this thesis, temperature (as selected parameter) was investigated to determine its influence on the lysis effectiveness of the three different phages belonging to the family of the Myoviridea that were isolated and purified from a single water sample taken from a brook receiving treated wastewater. We used the multiplicity of infection of 1 in all of our study in this project. Temperature was found to have a significant impact on phage-mediated lysis efficiency. Both the temperature of incubation of the phage-bacteria mixture (incubation temperature) and the temperature history of bacterial hosts were found to have profound effects on plaque sizes as well as plaque numbers. Plaque size and number decreased with increasing temperature. For the phages examined, bacterial lysis was more efficient at 20°C compared to 30 or 37°C. Phages were suggested to be well adapted to the environment where they were isolated from with general implications for use in biological disinfection. Furthermore, the temperature history of the bacteria (prior to phage encounter) was found to have a modulating effect on their susceptibility to lysis. A second part of this study compared the performance of the three phages in regard to bacterial resistance. The emergence of bacterial resistance is a major obstacle to the success of bacteriophages applications. The use of multiple phages is typically recommended and has proven better than the use of a single phage. However, the bestway to perform phage treatment is still very unclear. This study therefore compared simultaneous addition of multiple phages (in form of a cocktail) with the sequential addition of the individual phages at different time points in trying to delay the emergence of bacterial resistance. The data obtained from this work suggest that lysis effectiveness can be adjusted to optimize any treatment goal. For fast initial bacterial clearance the use of a single phage with short time maximal lysis efficiency proved most efficient, while the simultaneous addition of phages in the form of a cocktail was most successful strategy in our study. Addition of selected phages sequentially can be normalized in such a way that is just as effective as a cocktail. A third part of this thesis looked into the susceptibility of bacteria that had undergone sublethal disinfection. We addressed the question whether bacteria subjected to sublethal doses of chlorine and UV are still susceptible to phage-mediated lysis. The chlorine treatments indicated the development of a phage-insensitive phenotype for a critical chlorine dose in the transition zone between live and dead. The remaining live (and culturable) bacteria were shown insensitive to the selected phage. The lowest UV exposure at 2.8 mJ/cm2 eliminated bacteria susceptibility to the phages. This phage- resistant phenotype may have serious consequences for the application of phages on foods or water that have previously undergone a weak disinfection regime.

La firme transnationale, présentée comme modèle d’organisation pour faire face à la mondialisation et à la globalisation au début des années 90, par Bartlett & Ghoshal (1989), a inspiré plusieurs chercheurs. A travers cette recherche, nous avons voulu apporter un éclairage nouveau en intégrant des facteurs de contingence afin de voir si le modèle est universel, ou contingent. La problématique de cette thèse cherche à vérifier si : « la structure transnationale est une organisation réservée aux firmes ? ».A l’aide d’une étude de cas appliquée à une structure en réseau l’Université Catholique de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (UCAO) et en s’appuyant sur les théories existantes en matière de gestion et de gouvernance des entreprises multinationales, nos travaux empiriques portent sur un terrain de recherche expérimental, en contexte africain. Ce terrain, est illustré par une organisation à but non lucratif, d’inspiration ou d’obédience religieuse.Les résultats ont permis de se rendre compte que le modèle transnational peut être implanté dans ce genre d’organisation, mais il faut procéder par étapes pour arriver à une intégration globale de toutes ses activités opérationnelles et fonctionnelles, en commençant par celles qui sont jugées les plus pertinentes. L’impact de la religion et de l’organisation à but non lucratif (OBNL) a été mis en exergue en tant que facteurs jouant un rôle positif dans le cas étudié. / Presented as an organization model to face globalization in the early 90’s by Bartlett & Ghoshal, The transnational has inspired lot of researchers.The problematic of this thesis aims to verify whether the transnational structure is an organization which fits firms only.With the help of a case study applied to a network structure “The catholic University of West Africa” and based on existing Theories in management and multinational governance, our work will attempt to test this hypothesis in an experimental research field in an African Context. This field is illustrated by a non-profit religious organization.The results allowed us to realize that the transnational model can be implemented in this kind of organization, but one should proceed step by step to achieve a global integration of all the operational and functional activities, starting by those alleged to be more relevant. The impact of religion and non-profit organization has been highlighted as factors playing a positive role in the studied cases.