This study examines how the Toronto Anti-Draft Programme (TADP) assisted American war resisters who came to Canada in response to the Vietnam War. It illustrates how the TADP responded to political decisions in Canada and in the United States and adapted its strategies to meet the changing needs of war resisters who fled to Canada. The main sources of material used for this research were the TADP’s archival records, newspaper accounts and secondary literature. This study traces the organization’s origins in the Canadian New Left before looking at how TADP released the Manual for Draft-Age Immigrants to Canada; a document that advised war resisters on how to successfully prepare for immigration. It will also explore how TADP provided immigration counselling, employment, housing services and emotional support to American war resisters. Some of the organization’s principal actors and its relationship with other Canadian aid organizations are also examined. As the number of draft resisters coming to Canada decreased during the war, the number of military resisters entering the country increased. This shift led to a change in the type of counselling the TADP provided, a reorientation that is also discussed here. As well, the unexpected numbers of African-Americans and women resisters who crossed the border presented a unique set of challenges to the TADP. Finally, this thesis examines the TADP’s attempts to aid American war resisters in Sweden, spread the word about the Canadian government’s liberalized immigration regulations in 1973, and address the issue of amnesty for resisters in America.

In the 1960s, Irene Spry served as the Federated Women's Institutes of Canada (FWIC) representative to the Associated Country Women of the World (ACWW). In 1967 she accepted an offer to be the ACWW deputy president, a post that she held until the mid-1970s. During this time, the ACWW and its member societies engaged in international development efforts around the world. This was a critical moment in the history of international development. The Canadian movement for development was propelled by domestic and global politics, as well as a changing society that embraced a sense of global citizenship. Arising out of this context and armoured with her own socialist politics, Spry carefully navigated the development efforts of the ACWW. These efforts straddled grassroots ideals and mainstream pressures from the United Nations (UN). As a women's Non-Governmental Organization (NGO), the ACWW was part of the initial force behind the global shift in the approach to development referred to as Women in Development (WID). Contemporary research, however, suggests that WID has not succeeded in addressing the concerns of women in "developing" countries. As a case study, this paper examines some of the historical roots of WID and identifies the historical continuities that persist in today's development discourse. Analyzing Spry's documents from the Library and Archives Canada through the lens of feminist postcolonial theory reveals the dominance of Eurocentric ideologies within the development practices of the ACWW. The impetus to reach out to help people in developing countries became socially and politically part of the Canadian identity and, as Spry's navigation through the discourses of the international agencies and ACWW members reveal, such sentiments of international benevolence were inherently neo-colonial. In much the same way that Himani Bannerji suggests that subjects are "invented," women involved in this movement intersected discourses of modernity and "race" with essentializing notions of gender, which contributed to a standardized practice of development. This case study ultimately demonstrates that good intentions were not enough to decolonize western women's efforts to "develop" parts of Africa in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

In the 1960s, Irene Spry served as the Federated Women's Institutes of Canada (FWIC) representative to the Associated Country Women of the World (ACWW). In 1967 she accepted an offer to be the ACWW deputy president, a post that she held until the mid-1970s. During this time, the ACWW and its member societies engaged in international development efforts around the world. This was a critical moment in the history of international development. The Canadian movement for development was propelled by domestic and global politics, as well as a changing society that embraced a sense of global citizenship. Arising out of this context and armoured with her own socialist politics, Spry carefully navigated the development efforts of the ACWW. These efforts straddled grassroots ideals and mainstream pressures from the United Nations (UN). As a women's Non-Governmental Organization (NGO), the ACWW was part of the initial force behind the global shift in the approach to development referred to as Women in Development (WID). Contemporary research, however, suggests that WID has not succeeded in addressing the concerns of women in "developing" countries. As a case study, this paper examines some of the historical roots of WID and identifies the historical continuities that persist in today's development discourse. Analyzing Spry's documents from the Library and Archives Canada through the lens of feminist postcolonial theory reveals the dominance of Eurocentric ideologies within the development practices of the ACWW. The impetus to reach out to help people in developing countries became socially and politically part of the Canadian identity and, as Spry's navigation through the discourses of the international agencies and ACWW members reveal, such sentiments of international benevolence were inherently neo-colonial. In much the same way that Himani Bannerji suggests that subjects are "invented," women involved in this movement intersected discourses of modernity and "race" with essentializing notions of gender, which contributed to a standardized practice of development. This case study ultimately demonstrates that good intentions were not enough to decolonize western women's efforts to "develop" parts of Africa in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

O objetivo desta dissertação é discutir o contraste entre voz e silêncio, assim como as formas pelas quais o pós-colonialismo se manifesta nos romances autobiográficos Obasan, de Joy Kogawa, e Chorus of Mushrooms, de Hiromi Goto, utilizando as relações familiares como tema central de minha investigação. Ambos os romances tratam de famílias nipo-canadenses, sendo a primeira, no romance de Joy Kogawa, uma família de segunda geração de japoneses no Canadá (Issei), e a segunda, no livro de Hiromi Goto, uma família de terceira geração (Sansei). Em Obasan, Naomi, a personagem central, é uma mulher de trinta e cinco anos que, em conseqüência da morte de seu tio, inicia uma jornada em busca de seu passado e de sua família. As lembranças de Naomi estão relacionadas à Segunda Guerra Mundial e ao processo de deslocamento de imigrantes japoneses e de seus descendentes para campos de concentração que se seguiu. O livro é uma mistura de narrativa pessoal, cartas oficiais e sonhos. Em Chorus of Mushrooms, Murasaki, a personagem central, conta a seu amante as lembranças que tem de sua infância em Alberta, onde viveu com seus pais e sua avó em uma fazenda de cogumelos. As histórias estão divididas entre três vozes: a da Murasaki adulta, a de Murasaki no passado, e a de Naoe, sua avó. São histórias dentro de histórias, em uma mistura de tradição oral, romance e autobiografia. Hiromi Goto lida com hibridismo e assimilação, e tenta criar pontes entre as culturas japonesa e canadense através de elementos que vão desde a linguagem até a comida. Este livro também é uma coleção de memórias. O principal foco do romance é a relação entre três mulheres, três gerações da família Tonkatsu: Naoe, Keiko e Murasaki. Os dois romances têm em comum mulheres fortes, sendo a principal diferença as formas de comunicação usadas para mostrar tal força. Obasan e Chorus of Mushrooms falam sobre como negociar um lugar entre culturas, e como fazer as pazes consigo mesma e com o passado.

O objetivo desta dissertação é discutir o contraste entre voz e silêncio, assim como as formas pelas quais o pós-colonialismo se manifesta nos romances autobiográficos Obasan, de Joy Kogawa, e Chorus of Mushrooms, de Hiromi Goto, utilizando as relações familiares como tema central de minha investigação. Ambos os romances tratam de famílias nipo-canadenses, sendo a primeira, no romance de Joy Kogawa, uma família de segunda geração de japoneses no Canadá (Issei), e a segunda, no livro de Hiromi Goto, uma família de terceira geração (Sansei). Em Obasan, Naomi, a personagem central, é uma mulher de trinta e cinco anos que, em conseqüência da morte de seu tio, inicia uma jornada em busca de seu passado e de sua família. As lembranças de Naomi estão relacionadas à Segunda Guerra Mundial e ao processo de deslocamento de imigrantes japoneses e de seus descendentes para campos de concentração que se seguiu. O livro é uma mistura de narrativa pessoal, cartas oficiais e sonhos. Em Chorus of Mushrooms, Murasaki, a personagem central, conta a seu amante as lembranças que tem de sua infância em Alberta, onde viveu com seus pais e sua avó em uma fazenda de cogumelos. As histórias estão divididas entre três vozes: a da Murasaki adulta, a de Murasaki no passado, e a de Naoe, sua avó. São histórias dentro de histórias, em uma mistura de tradição oral, romance e autobiografia. Hiromi Goto lida com hibridismo e assimilação, e tenta criar pontes entre as culturas japonesa e canadense através de elementos que vão desde a linguagem até a comida. Este livro também é uma coleção de memórias. O principal foco do romance é a relação entre três mulheres, três gerações da família Tonkatsu: Naoe, Keiko e Murasaki. Os dois romances têm em comum mulheres fortes, sendo a principal diferença as formas de comunicação usadas para mostrar tal força. Obasan e Chorus of Mushrooms falam sobre como negociar um lugar entre culturas, e como fazer as pazes consigo mesma e com o passado.

In the 1960s, Irene Spry served as the Federated Women's Institutes of Canada (FWIC) representative to the Associated Country Women of the World (ACWW). In 1967 she accepted an offer to be the ACWW deputy president, a post that she held until the mid-1970s. During this time, the ACWW and its member societies engaged in international development efforts around the world. This was a critical moment in the history of international development. The Canadian movement for development was propelled by domestic and global politics, as well as a changing society that embraced a sense of global citizenship. Arising out of this context and armoured with her own socialist politics, Spry carefully navigated the development efforts of the ACWW. These efforts straddled grassroots ideals and mainstream pressures from the United Nations (UN). As a women's Non-Governmental Organization (NGO), the ACWW was part of the initial force behind the global shift in the approach to development referred to as Women in Development (WID). Contemporary research, however, suggests that WID has not succeeded in addressing the concerns of women in "developing" countries. As a case study, this paper examines some of the historical roots of WID and identifies the historical continuities that persist in today's development discourse. Analyzing Spry's documents from the Library and Archives Canada through the lens of feminist postcolonial theory reveals the dominance of Eurocentric ideologies within the development practices of the ACWW. The impetus to reach out to help people in developing countries became socially and politically part of the Canadian identity and, as Spry's navigation through the discourses of the international agencies and ACWW members reveal, such sentiments of international benevolence were inherently neo-colonial. In much the same way that Himani Bannerji suggests that subjects are "invented," women involved in this movement intersected discourses of modernity and "race" with essentializing notions of gender, which contributed to a standardized practice of development. This case study ultimately demonstrates that good intentions were not enough to decolonize western women's efforts to "develop" parts of Africa in the late 1960s and early 1970s. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

La guerre de course européenne connaît son apogée au XVIIIe siècle, en particulier durant la guerre de Succession d’Espagne (1701-1713). Cette activité a des répercussions jusque dans les colonies, qui sont éventuellement dotées des institutions nécessaires au jugement des prises ramenées par les corsaires, les amirautés. Le fonctionnement de ces dernières est géré par l’Ordonnance de la Marine de 1681, autant en France que dans les colonies françaises. Alors que le jugement des prises en métropole a été l’objet d’étude de quelques auteurs, il n’y a pas d’étude qui explore en détail ce sujet dans les colonies. Ce mémoire pose alors la question suivante : comment se déroule le jugement des prises dans les amirautés coloniales au XVIIIe siècle, plus précisément de 1690 à 1760 dans les ports de Plaisance, Québec et Louisbourg ? Pour répondre à cette question, les réponses de l’Amiral de la sous-série G5 ont permis la construction d’un portrait statistique préliminaire pour commencer à faire ressortir les éléments qui caractérisent les procédures des amirautés coloniales (chapitre 1). Ensuite, les procès-verbaux du port de Plaisance ont servi à reconstituer en détail ces procédures et à identifier les similarités et les différences avec les procédures menées dans la métropole (chapitre 2). Finalement, on a voulu chiffrer l’importance des jugements relatifs à la course dans la charge des amirautés dans son ensemble. Pour cela, on s’est appuyé sur le fonds de l’amirauté de Québec et de Louisbourg et le fonds d’archives notariés de Plaisance. Cette analyse nous a permis de voir le rôle de l’amirauté dans chaque port, un rôle fortement influencé par le caractère socio-économique et géographique du port (chapitre 3). Ce qui ressort de l’étude, c’est la similarité des procédures suivies dans les amirautés coloniales par rapport à leurs homologues métropolitains ainsi que l’adaptation de certaines caractéristiques au contexte colonial. / Privateering was at its all-time high in the eighteenth century, specifically during the War of Spanish Succession (1701-1713). The increase in this activity had particular consequences in the colonies and, in fact, precipitated the foundation of the first admiralty in French North America, at Plaisance. Colonial admiralties were to follow the instructions of the Ordonnance de la Marine of 1681, just like their French counterparts. While there are a few studies of the judgement of prizes in metropolitan admiralties, there are no studies that examine in detail how this procedure unfolded in colonial admiralties. This thesis asks, therefore, the following question: how did the colonial admiralties judge prizes in the eighteenth century, specifically from 1690 to 1760, in the ports of Plaisance, Québec and Louisbourg? To answer this question, the responses of the Admiral of France in the subseries G5 were used to make a preliminary statistical portrait to illuminate the main characteristics of captured prizes and their adjudication in the colonies (chapter 1). Then, records of proceedings of the Admiralty of Plaisance from the subseries G5 were used to reconstitute the judgement of prizes in detail and to identify the similarities and differences between colonial and metropolitan adjudication. Finally, in order to better understand the place of privateering in the admiralty’s overall activity, we examined how the volume of these cases compared to that of other types before the same institution. To do so, we consulted the fonds de l’amirauté de Québec and the fonds de l’amirauté de Louisbourg, with the notarized records of Plaisance. This analysis allowed us to see the particular role played by the admiralty in each port, a role shaped by the latter’s socioeconomic and geographic character (chapter 3). Main findings of the study include the similarity in procedures in metropolitan and colonial admiralties as well as the specific adaptations that were made to the colonial context.

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This thesis examines the relationship between French female Catholicism during the 17th century and representations of Huron women’s spirituality in Relations des Jésuites. I argue that the nuances of French dévote culture highlight the elevated status of women in Huron indigenous society. These portraits of Huron women by the Jesuits inspired French women to breach the cloister and become missionaries, resulting in newfound religious freedoms for dévotes achieved through imperialistic efforts against the Huron nation.