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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

綠色物流專案之淨現值:太陽能板安裝之個案研究 / Net present value for green logistics projects: a case study on solar panels installation

林文龍, Pla, Adrien Unknown Date (has links)
The gravity of the Global Warming consequences force us to face the issue and try the best to mitigate its effects. Green Logistics practices, and especially the case of a Solar Panels Installation on a warehouse or plant’s roof, are studied in this article as solutions to reduce the economic, social and environmental casualties. The Net Present Value (NPV) Model in this paper and its results analysis show that project duration, Carbon Tax, initial energy price and its increasing rate are all positively related to the NPV Value. A high discount rate will, however, turn the NPV negative, thus raising the need of financing help for Green Logistics projects.
52

Energy Policies and Directed Technical Change : How Governments Incentivize Firms to Invests in Renewable Energy innovation / Energipolitik och riktad teknologisk utveckling : Hur Regeringar ger incitament till företag att investera i förnyelsebar energi-innovation

Roberts, Christopher January 2019 (has links)
Policies are regarded as the most important instrument in redirecting invention Policies are regarded as the most important instrument in redirecting invention investments away from fossil fuel technologies towards renewable energy technologies. Despite the importance and urgency in decarbonizing the economy, the literature on how different energy policies effect the development of renewable energy technologies is relatively scarce. A difficulty has been in justifying the operationalizing of policies in as both valid and reliable. This thesis tackles the operationalization difficulty and produces empirical evidence in how effective various policies are in incentivizing the development of renewable energy technologies (RET). The main findings are that government R&D expenditure increases firm innovation across all RET, demand-pull policies either increase the likelihood of firm inventions or has an insignificant effect and carbon taxation does not increase the likelihood of RET invention. / Politiska instrument är ansedda som de medel som kan ha störst inverkan att omdirigera innovation investeringar från fossila till förnyelsebara energier. Trots det angelägna och brådskande i att ekonomin blir fossilt oberoende finns det relativt lite litteratur på hur olika energipolitiska medel har för effekt på den tekniska utvecklingen av förnyelsebara energier. En svårighet har varit att berättiga operativiseringen av politiken vilken är både valid och tillförlitligt. Denna uppsats angriper svårigheten av att operativisera poliska instrument och producerar empiriska underlag för hur effektiva olika politiska medel är i att ge incitament till för att utveckla förnyelsebara energier (FE). De frästa resultaten är att statlig forskning och utveckling ökar sannolikheten att företags innovation inom alla FE, efterfråge-stimulerings politik antingen ökar eller har ingen påverkan på FE innovation och att koldioxidbeskattning inte ökar innovation inom FE.
53

Essays in environmental regulation and macroeconomics

Oumarou, Moudachirou 06 1900 (has links)
Cette thèse contribue à la compréhension des frictions liées aux politiques environnementales et à la manière dont ces frictions affectent la dynamique des industries polluantes ainsi que les agrégats macroéconomiques tels que la productivité. Elle examine également de manière critique comment différents aspects de ces politiques influencent la distribution des entreprises en termes d’emploi, de tailles et d’émissions. Dans le premier chapitre, j’examine les effets à long terme des politiques d’exemption basées sur des seuils dans la réglementation environnementale, qui consistent à exonérer les émetteurs en dessous d’un certain seuil d’émissions. En utilisant des données sur la pollution provenant de divers établissements participant au programme de plafonnement et d’échange de la Californie, j’ai découvert que 40% des entreprises bénéficient de cette exemption, avec une concentration notable autour du seuil, en particulier parmi les nouveaux entrants. Pour comprendre les implications plus larges, j’ai développé un modèle dynamique industriel qui prend en compte des entreprises hétérogènes et un système de tarification du carbone avec des exemptions spécifiques au seuil. En simulant le programme californien de plafonnement et d’échange, j’ai constaté que la suppression de l’exemption conduit à une augmentation de 0,05% de la production en raison du déplacement des ressources vers des entreprises plus productives. Pour mesurer l’impact de la politique d’exemption sur l’allocation des ressources, j’ai analysé la dispersion de la productivité totale des facteurs basée sur les revenus (TFPR) au niveau de l’entreprise. L’analyse a révélé que la volatilité de la TFPR est influencée par la dispersion entre les catégories d’entreprises. Les entreprises ayant une productivité intermédiaire et regroupées autour du seuil ont une moyenne et une dispersion de TFPR plus élevées comparées aux grandes entreprises productives qui supportent les coûts des émissions. Dans le deuxième chapitre, j’examine les implications macroéconomiques de l’utilisation complémentaire des instruments de tarification traditionnels avec les Crédits de Compensation (OCs), dont le prix est négocié par les entités couvertes auprès des entreprises non couvertes. Ce processus de négociation peut entraîner un coût marginal d’émission différent par rapport aux instruments de tarification traditionnels. En utilisant les données des entreprises sur les émissions et les modalités de conformité du programme de plafonnement et d’échange de la Californie, j’ai montré trois faits. Premièrement, l’utilisation des OCs augmente avec la taille des émissions des entreprises ; la proportion des entreprises se conformant aux OCs et la proportion des émissions compensées augmentent avec les groupes de quintiles d’émissions. Ainsi, les OCs agissent comme une réduction implicite de la taxe carbone pour les grands émetteurs. Deuxièment, les entreprises établies se conforment plus intensivement aux OCs par rapport aux nouveaux entrants et aux entreprises sortantes. Enfin, le taux de retrait des OCs disponibles diminue progressivement après la réglementation. Pour expliquer ces résultats, j’étends et calibre un modèle de dynamique industrielle incorporant un système de plafonnement et d’échange où les entreprises choisissent entre les permis traditionnels et les OCs, considérés comme des substituts parfaits, le prix de ces derniers étant obtenu par un protocole de négociation de Nash. Je montre quantitativement que compléter le plafonnement et l’échange (enchères) avec des OCs peut affecter positivement les résultats environnementaux et entraîner un gain de bien-être positif (0,021%), bien qu’à un coût léger pour les résultats économiques tels que la productivité totale des facteurs (0,002%). L’effet sur le bien-être lorsque la taxe carbone est combinée avec des OCs est plus faible (0,019%) et est accompagné d’une baisse plus importante du taux d’imposition moyen. Qualitativement, j’ai dérivé les conditions dans lesquelles les taux d’imposition au niveau des entreprises et en moyenne varient en fonction de trois allocations de permis : enchères, attribution gratuite et rabais basé sur la production, en lien avec la conformité aux OCs. Le troisième chapitre examine l’impact des incitations fiscales pour les investissements en dépollution sur la part du travail et l’investissement total en dépollution dans les industries manufacturières en Colombie. En utilisant des données au niveau microéconomique, je constate une forte corrélation négative entre l’investissement en dépollution et la part du travail. En revanche, il n’y a pas d’association significative entre l’investissement en capital et la part du travail. Pour comprendre ces observations, j’étends et calibre un cadre de dynamique industrielle incluant des entreprises hétérogènes investissant dans des mesures de contrôle de la pollution. Les expériences politiques montrent que le passage à des incitations pour le contrôle de la pollution avec une déduction fiscale de 20% réduit la part du travail dans l’industrie de 20% en raison de l’augmentation de la part de marché des entreprises intensives en capital. De plus, l’investissement en dépollution augmente de 45% en raison de l’effet d’équilibre général. Les changements dans les instruments fiscaux créent une corrélation négative entre la part du travail des entreprises et l’investissement en dépollution aux niveaux de l’entreprise et de l’agrégat. Une augmentation de la taxe carbone réduit la part du travail dans l’industrie mais augmente l’investissement total en dépollution, car la part de production des entreprises très intensives en facteurs de production augmente, tandis que les entreprises ayant une intensité de travail médiane perdent du terrain. À l’inverse, une augmentation de l’impôt sur les sociétés réduit l’investissement total en dépollution et augmente la part du travail dans l’industrie, reflétant les changements de distribution observés en l’absence de déduction fiscale. Cette étude met en lumière comment les incitations au contrôle de la pollution par des déductions fiscales influencent la distribution conjointe de la part de production et de l’intensité des facteurs des entreprises. Les résultats soulignent la nécessité de concevoir des incitations fiscales équilibrées pour atteindre les objectifs économiques et environnementaux. / This thesis contributes to the understanding of the frictions associated with environmental policies and how these frictions affect the dynamics of polluting industries and their impact on macroeconomic aggregates such as productivity. It also critically examines how different aspects of these policies influence the distribution of firms in terms of employment, firms size and emissions. In the first chapter, I examine the long run effects of threshold-based exemption policies in environmental regulation, which involve exempting emitters below a certain emission threshold. Using pollution data from various establishments under California’s Cap-and-Trade program, I found that 40% of firms benefit from this exemption, with many clustering around the threshold, particularly new entrants. To understand the broader implications, I developed an industry dynamic model that considers heterogeneous firms and a carbon pricing system with threshold-specific exemptions. When simulating California’s Cap-and-Trade, I found that removing the exemption leads to a 0.05% increase in output due to resources shifting towards more productive firms. To measure the impact of the exemption policy on resource allocation, I analyzed the dispersion of Total Factor Productivity Revenue-based (TFPR) at the firm level. The analysis revealed that TFPR volatility is influenced by the dispersion between firm categories, particularly those relative to the exemption threshold. Firms with intermediate productivity, clustered around the threshold, showed higher average and dispersion of TFPR compared to productive firms that bear emission costs. In the second chapter, I quantify the macroeconomic implications of complementing the use of traditional pricing instruments with Offset Credits (OCs), whose price is negotiated by covered entities from non-covered firms. This bargaining process may result in a different marginal emission cost compared to traditional pricing instruments. Using firm data on emissions and compliance modalities from California’s Cap-and-Trade program, I show three facts. First, OC usage increases with firm emission size; the proportion of firms complying with OCs and the proportion of emissions offset increase with emission quintile groups. Thus, OCs act as an implicit carbon tax reduction for large emitters. Second, incumbent firms comply more intensively with OCs compared to new entrants and exiting firms. Lastly, the retirement rate of available OCs drops gradually after the regulation. To explain these findings, I extend and calibrate an industry dynamics model incorporating a cap-and-trade system where firms choose between traditional permits and OCs, viewed as perfect substitutes with the price of the latter obtained through a Nash bargaining protocol. I quantitatively show that complementing cap-and-trade (auction) with OCs can positively affect environmental outcomes and yield a positive welfare gain (0.021%), albeit at a slight cost of total factor productivity (0.002%). The welfare effect when complementing a carbon tax with OCs is smaller (0.019%), accompanied by a larger average tax rate decrease compared to cap-and-trade. Qualitatively, I derived conditions under which firm-level and average tax rates vary depending on three permit allocations: auction, grandfathering, and output-based rebate, in line with the compliance with OCs. The third chapter investigates the impact of tax incentives for investment in abatement on the labor share and aggregate abatement investment in Colombia’s manufacturing industries. Using micro-level data, I find a strong negative correlation between abatement investment and labor share. However, there is no significant association between capital investment and labor share. To understand these facts, I extend and calibrate an industry dynamics framework that includes heterogeneous firms investing in pollution control investments. Policy experiments show that switching to pollution control incentives with a 20% income tax deduction reduces the industry labor share by 20% due to an increase in capital-intensive market share. Additionally, abatement investment rises by 45% due to the general equilibrium effect. Changes in tax instruments create a negative correlation between firms’ labor share and abatement investment at both firm and aggregate levels. An increase in carbon tax reduces the industry labor share but boosts aggregate abatement investment, as the output share of extremely factor-intensive firms grows, while firms around the median labor intensity lose share. Conversely, an increase in corporate tax reduces aggregate abatement investment and raises the industry labor share, mirroring the distribution changes seen with no income tax deduction. This study highlights how pollution control incentives through income tax deductions affect the joint distribution of firms’ output share and factor intensity. The findings emphasize the need for well-designed tax incentives to balance economic and environmental goals.
54

The Ethics of Carbon Pricing

Tank, Lukas 12 April 2022 (has links)
Die Bepreisung von Treibhausgasemissionen ist eine der am intensivsten diskutierten Strategien zur Mitigation des menschengemachten Klimawandels. Eine CO2-Steuer oder ein Emissionshandel nach dem „Cap and Trade“-Prinzip sind die prominentesten Vorschläge und stehen auch im Zentrum dieser Dissertation. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, näher zu beleuchten, was aus moralischer Sicht für und gegen die Bepreisung von Treibhausgasen spricht. Zu diesem Zweck werden in drei Kapiteln Argumente für die Bepreisung von Treibhausgasen untersucht und in drei weiteren Kapiteln Argumente gegen die Bepreisung von Treibhausgasen diskutiert. Hierbei baue ich auf der existierenden philosophischen Literatur zum Thema auf; bringe jedoch auch neue Argumente in die Debatte ein. Ich komme zu einem gemischten Fazit. Manche Argumente für die Bepreisung von Treibhausgasemissionen halten einer genaueren philosophischen Betrachtung nicht stand (Effizienz, Ausmaß der Freiheitseinschränkungen), aber auch nicht alle Argumente gegen die Bepreisung überzeugen (Kommodifizierung). Auf der anderen Seite ist festzuhalten, dass ein Argument für die Bepreisung schlüssig scheint (Effektivität) und zwei kritische Argumente zumindest in Teilen überzeugen (mangelnde Fairness, Auswirkung auf intrinsische Motivation). Die Dissertation soll wichtige Erkenntnisse für das aus moralischer Sicht optimale Design eines Preises auf Treibhausgasemissionen liefern. Eine endgültige Antwort auf die Frage, ob wir den Weg der Bepreisung von Treibhausgasemissionen relevanten Alternativen vorziehen sollten, kann nur nach einer interdisziplinären Debatte gegeben werden. Zu dieser soll die vorliegende Dissertation ein Beitrag sein. / Pricing greenhouse gas emissions is one of the most intensely discussed strategies to mitigate climate change. Implementing a carbon tax or a ‚cap and trade‘ emissions trading scheme are the two most prominent proposals and the ones that this doctoral thesis focuses upon. Its goal is to contribute to a better understanding of the moral reasons that speak for or against carbon pricing. The first three chapters deal with moral arguments in favor of carbon pricing and the last three chapters with moral arguments against carbon pricing. In doing so, I build on the existing literature, but also develop new arguments. Some of the arguments in favor of carbon pricing turn out to be unconvincing (Least Cost Argument, Liberty Argument), but the same is true for one argument against carbon pricing (Commodification Argument). One of the arguments in favor of carbon pricing proves to be sound (Effectiveness Argument), while two of the arguments against it have at least some credibility (Solidarity Objection, Carbon Pricing and Motivation). This doctoral thesis aims to provide some insights into how to price carbon, but a final answer to the question of whether we should price carbon can only be given after an interdisciplinary debate to which this work of moral philosophy is but one contribution.
55

Ecological taxation and South Africa's agricultural sector : international developments and local implications

Westraadt, Petrus 02 1900 (has links)
The study focussed on the research question namely: “How will the introduction of new ecological taxes impact the South African agricultural sector?” To answer the question, eight international eco-taxes were selected and further investigated. The nature and history of each eco-tax was examined. The effects or expected effects (where implementation have not yet taken place) of the eco-taxes on the agricultural sectors of the foreign countries, were then considered. The study continued by considering the possible impact on South African agriculture, should these taxes be implemented in South Africa. This was accomplished by extrapolating the foreign effects previously investigated. Mindful of findings, recommendations were then made of what eco-taxes could be implemented which will not impede South African agriculture. It was concluded that the British Climate Change Levy and Climate Change Agreement scheme, Australian Carbon Farming Initiative and Swedish meat consumption tax could be considered for implementation. / Financial Accounting / M. Phil (Accounting Science)
56

Intergrating environmental risk into bank credit processess : The south African banking context

Bimha, Alfred 09 1900 (has links)
The impact of climate change on the financial performance of companies is of concern to bank credit processes. The main objective of this research was to develop a South African contextualised credit process that incorporates environmental risk. The research methodology comprised of a mixed-method being content analysis – the qualitative portion and the Probability of Default prediction using a Merton Model and the Hoffmann and Busch (2008) carbon risk analysis model - the quantitative portion. A content analysis of the banks’ Annual Reports, Integrated Reports and Sustainability Reports showed that, while South African banks follow a qualitative approach to embedding environmental risk into their credit process, none of the four banks that formed part of the study divulged their quantitative approach to embedding environmental risk. The study used a proximity matrix method to examine the level of embedding. The second part of the study, which used prior studies as the benchmark, adopted the following: (1) a simulated carbon tax regime as a proxy for an environmental risk, and (2) the Hoffmann and Busch (2008) carbon risk analysis tool and the Merton Model (1974) as the bank credit process proxies. The second part of the study used a sample of 33 JSE-listed Carbon Disclosure Project reporting companies out of a population of 107. The carbon risk analysis showed that the companies in the materials and energy sector have a high carbon risk. However, the results from the Merton Model showed that the companies have enough profit to cushion the additional carbon tax liability, given the insignificant shift in probability of default between the three scenarios, where financial data had (1) no carbon tax, (2) was adjusted for a carbon tax with incentives, and (3) adjusted for carbon tax without incentives. Triangulation of the results from the content analysis, carbon risk analysis and the probability of default analysis confirms that South African banks do not fully integrate environmental risk across the credit value chain or process in the 2010 to 2017 period. However, the carbon risk analysis shows a heavy dependency on carbon sources for critical inputs into the South African companies’ production processes, which if not checked, will affect the credit portfolios of banks. / Finance, Risk Management and Banking / D. Phil (Management Studies)
57

Polarisation de l'opinion publique canadienne sur la question climatique : portrait de la dernière décennie

Dufour, Caroline 06 1900 (has links)
La littérature en science politique sur les changements climatiques identifie les clivages au sein de l’opinion publique comme contribuant à l’inaction des politiques sur la question climatique. Comprendre l’ampleur de cette polarisation et les axes sur lesquels elle se décline est une première étape essentielle pour adresser cette polarisation. Ce mémoire cherche à décrire comment se décline l’évolution de la polarisation de l’opinion publique au Canada autour des changements climatiques et comment elle a évolué pendant la dernière décennie. La revue de littérature identifie trois principaux axes de polarisation autour de la question climatique au Canada : le soutien pour un parti politique, l’idéologie politique et la région. Les données utilisées sont tirées d’une série de sondages menés tous les ans entre 2011 et 2021 à travers le Canada par le professeur Erick Lachapelle. Trois mesures de l’opinion sur la question climatique sont utilisées pour observer la polarisation : la croyance aux changements climatiques et en ses causes anthropogéniques, la perception d’une menace et le soutien pour une taxe carbone. L’analyse des résultats combine des analyses descriptives et des régressions linéaires multivariées. Ces analyses montrent une polarisation principalement partisane et idéologique, mais également régionale, qui oppose les provinces pétrolières au reste du Canada. L’opinion publique s’est de plus en plus polarisée pendant la dernière décennie, mais principalement autour du débat sur la taxe carbone. De plus, la polarisation partisane était particulièrement marquée lorsque les changements climatiques étaient saillants dans les débats politiques lors des élections fédérales de 2015 et 2019. / The political science literature on climate change identifies public opinion polarisation as significantly contributing to policy inaction on the climate issue. Understanding the extent of this polarization and the axes along which it occurs is an essential first step in addressing it. This paper seeks to describe how the polarization of public opinion in Canada around climate change has evolved over the past decade. The literature review identifies three main axes of polarization on the climate issue in Canada: support for a political party, political ideology and region. The data used is drawn from a series of surveys conducted annually between 2011 and 2021 across Canada by Professor Erick Lachapelle. Three measures of opinion on the climate issue are used to observe polarization: belief in climate change and its anthropogenic causes, threat perception and support for a carbon tax. The analysis of the results combines descriptive analyses and multivariate linear regressions. These analyses show a mainly partisan and ideological polarization, but also a regional polarization, which pits the oil-producing provinces against the rest of Canada. Public opinion has become increasingly polarized over the past decade, but mainly around the carbon tax debate. Moreover, partisan polarization was particularly pronounced when climate change is salient in the political debate during the 2015 and 2019 federal elections.
58

The carbon tax as a market-based enforcement mechanism to ensure compliance with environmental law and address pollution

Van der Merwe, Timothy David 04 December 2018 (has links)
This study emanates from the worldwide issue of climate change, as well as the need for all nations to make an effort to reduce their carbon emissions and move towards greener economies. It delves into South Africa's current command-and-control environmental enforcement regime and highlights the pitfalls that allow major air polluters to avoid sanction of any form in many instances. This poor environmental enforcement and compliance effectively means that South Africa is unlikely to be capable of meeting targets set under international agreements. The study confirms that environmental enforcement is inadequately addressed in South Africa. This is attributable to the inherent shortcomings of command-and-control approaches, including that they are inflexible and offer few incentives for firms to modify behaviour to reduce emissions. Poor enforcement of environmental legislation results in negative externalities caused by air pollution being borne by people who did not create such pollution. The study therefore advocates the use of market-based mechanisms as an alternative to traditional command-and-control approaches to environmental enforcement. In light of the South African government's recent publication of the Draft Carbon Tax Bill, carbon taxes as a subset of market-based environmental enforcement mechanisms have the potential to better enforce the polluter pays principle. Mexico, arguably the most forward-thinking developing nation in terms of climate change mitigation, has taken numerous steps towards meeting international commitments, including the implementation of a carbon tax. While South Africa's proposed carbon tax does differ from Mexico's in some respects, the basic premise remains the same and some comparisons can be made in this regard, with accompanying lessons to be learned. Such lessons include that it is imperative that the carbon tax must be set at a high enough rate to meet international commitments whilst at the same time avoiding adverse economic effects, maintaining social welfare and stabilising economic output levels. The proposed carbon tax, while unable to achieve this on its own, is a good place to start and should be utilised in conjunction with the Draft Climate Change Bill to effectively and efficaciously bring about the required change. The proposed carbon tax undoubtedly has the potential to better hold major air polluters responsible for their CO2 and other GHG emissions. / Private Law / LL. M.
59

Les Etats et la protection internationale de l'environnement : la question du changement climatique. / States and the international environmental protection : the climate change issue.

Ouro-Bodi, Ouro-Gnaou 24 November 2014 (has links)
Le changement climatique est devenu aujourd’hui le fléau environnemental qui préoccupe etmobilise le plus la communauté internationale. L’aboutissement de cette mobilisation générale reste sansdoute la mise en place du régime international de lutte contre le changement climatique dont la Conventioncadredes Nations Unies sur le changement climatique et le Protocole de Kyoto constituent les basesjuridiques. Ce régime innove en ce qu’il fixe des engagements quantifiés de réduction des émissions de gaz àeffet de serre pour les États pollueurs, mais aussi en ce qu’il instaure des mécanismes dits de « flexibilité »dont la mise en oeuvre est assortie d’un contrôle original basé sur un Comité dit de « l’observance ». Mais, endépit de toute cette production normative, il est regrettable de constater aujourd’hui que le régimeinternational du climat est un véritable échec. En effet, si la mobilisation des États ne fait aucun doute, enrevanche, les mêmes États qui ont volontairement accepté de s’engager refusent délibérément d’honorer leursengagements pour des raisons essentiellement politiques, économiques et stratégiques. Ce travail ambitionnedonc de lever le voile sur les causes de cet échec en dressant un bilan mitigé de la première périoded’engagement de Kyoto qui a pris fin en 2012, et propose des perspectives pour un régime juridique duclimat post-Kyoto efficient et efficace, en mesure d’être à la hauteur des enjeux. / Climate change has become the scourge environmental concern and mobilizes more theinternational community. The outcome of this mobilization remains probably the implementation ofinternational climate change regime for which the Climate Convention and the Kyoto Protocol are the legalbases. This system is innovative in that it sets quantified emission reduction commitments for greenhouse gasemissions (GHG) for polluters States, but also in that it establishes mechanisms known as of “flexibility”whose implementation is accompanied by a control based on a Committee known as of “compliance”. Butdespite all this normative production, it is regrettable that today the international climate regime is a realfailure. Indeed, if the mobilization of states is no doubt, however, the same states that have voluntarily agreedto engage deliberately refuse to honour their commitments for essentially political, economic and strategicreasons. This work therefore aims to shed light on the causes of this failure by developing a mixed record ofthe first Kyoto commitment ended period in 2012, and offers prospects for a legal regime of the post-Kyotoclimate and efficient, able to be up to the challenges.

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