Abstract Due to the variation of industrial structure and the downing of economical prosperity, the issues and news of ¡umid-age unemployment¡v were continuous spread widely by medium and spoken communication recently. ¡uunemployment¡vwas not the monopoly for mid-age worker, but the influence of mid-age unemployment will be the ¡uproblem of problems¡v. Normally mid-age worker got ten or twenty more years work experience, his or her work contents and habitual behavior were deep rooted. It¡¦s not easy to get with the variation of external environment within a day. Because of the fast moving of science and technology with each passing day, a kind of new work mould was forming. It¡¦s e-work mould. To the mid-age worker, the e-work mould was totally different from the traditional work mould. The influence it brings was appeared, it¡¦s¡uthe career of uncertain¡v. How will the mid-age worker face the possibility of unemployment, uncertain career, getting with the work mould transition, even the entire alter of work career form, and this will affect individual¡¦s living and destiny. In this research, we will learn the viewpoint of mid-age worker of their career status¡Bplanning¡Bdevelopment and the career transition or changing. And how they treat the career variation and how they adjust the way they get with it. Most of all we would like to find out the result of how attitude of career rated in organizational commitment and professional commitment of mid-age worker comparatively. And offer suggestion to who need to be advised. The result of this research were¡G 1. Unmarried¡Bsuperintendent¡Band college-educated level were rated in low traditional and high prospective attitude of career comparatively. Subordinate was rated in high traditional and low prospective attitude of career comparatively. 2. Married¡Byounger children to raise¡Bhigh school educated¡Bsenior worker¡Bpublic officer and without unemployment experience worker were rated in high organizational commitment comparatively. 3. Older children to raise¡Btechnical worker, and few of family members who got job to do were rated in high professional commitment comparatively. 4. High traditional low future attitude of career were rated in less confidence, lower self-awake ness and highly organizational commitment comparatively.

The aim of this thesis is to extend sport career transition knowledge by developing and evaluating a psycho-educational curriculum for sport career transition practitioners. Study 1 provides an extensive overview of organisational intervention programmes for sport career transition, as well as of training and development programmes for sport career transition practitioners from 19 countries worldwide. The purpose of Study 1 was to examine the following five features of sport career transition organisational intervention programmes and training and development programmes for sport career transition practitioners: 1) At the government level, which organisation is responsible for the delivery of sport career transition organisational intervention programmes? 2) What is the typical strategy of sport career transition organisational intervention programmes? 3) Which activities and events are included in sport career transition organisational intervention programmes? 4) Who is responsible for the delivery of sport career transition organisational intervention programmes? and 5) Do sporting organisations have training and development programmes for sport career transition practitioners? Findings from Study 1 were used to inform Study 2 and to supplement the literature review. According to the literature, training and development programmes for sport career transition practitioners remain scarce, while the number of sport career transition organisational intervention programmes is gradually increasing. The purpose of Study 2 was to develop and evaluate a novel psycho-educational curriculum for sport career transition practitioners. There were three stages of development and evaluation: (1) content development, (2) curriculum design and (3) curriculum evaluation. To achieve the goal of Study 2, a focus group and a two-round Delphi method were implemented. The final version of the psycho-educational curriculum is presented in Chapter 5. The purpose of Study 3 was to test a key aspect of the psycho-educational curriculum developed in Study 2 concerning 38 competences of sport career transition practitioners. A curriculum package consisting in the key parts from the overall curriculum was developed for Study 3. The findings revealed that the curriculum package positively affected the confidence of the study participants in 38 competences concerning sport career transition. This demonstrates that the curriculum is effective for the development of sport career transition practitioners, as the study participants exhibited greater confidence on all four factorsDual Career Transition Management, Skill Transfer, Social Support, and Career Planningwhen completing the curriculum package. The discussion in Chapter 7 focuses on both the theoretical and practical implications of the research, limitations and future research directions. In conclusion, the findings presented here deepen the knowledge of sport career transition in the areas of organisational intervention programmes for high performance athletes and training and development programmes for sport career transition practitioners. In addition, a novel psycho-educational curriculum for sport career transition practitioners is developed and evaluated.

The concepts of Athletic Identity (Brewer, Van Raalte, & Linder,1993) and identity (Erikson, 1950, 1968) both carry notions of having a clear sense of self definition. Applied practitioners in elite professional football settings (e.g. Holt & Dunn, 2004; Harwood, 2008; Nesti & Littlewood, 2010; Nesti, 2013) have championed the notion that individuals who possess a clear sense of self, (generally) cope with the demanding nature of first team football, and the daily challenges that arise from their chosen profession (i.e., injury, de-selection). Conversely, a small number of researchers have consistently argued that professional football club culture may not support the development of a clear sense of identity in (young) players, as it has been described as espousing notions of power, dominance, authority and insecurity (see e.g. Parker, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2001; Roderick, 2006, 2006a). The present thesis explores the role of identity, the impact of football club culture on its formation, and its importance in the career trajectory of youth team footballers. Across three distinct studies, this thesis explores the concepts of Athletic Identity, identity, and the creation of club culture within youth and professional football. Study one used a cross sectional approach, within and across levels of play along with distinct situational, demographic variables to assess any differentiating factors in Athletic Identity in 168 (N = 168) youth team footballers. Football club explained 30% of the variance in exclusivity among players (p = .022). Mean social identity was significantly higher for those players in the first year of their apprenticeship compared to the second year (p = .025). The range of variance for exclusivity amongst players suggested it was the cultural climate created at each individual football club that impacted this subscale of Athletic Identity. Study Two used a qualitative approach with the aim of critically exploring the perceptions of practitioners in relation to; ideal player characteristics, working practices, organisational culture and environmental conditions. These facets are influenced by practitioners within youth development programmes, all of which contribute to shaping a player’s identity (Erikson, 1968). A total of 19 youth development practitioners were interviewed during data collection. Practitioners provided an explicit and clear blueprint of the ideal player characteristics required for successful upward transition, including, self belief, dedication and self awareness, which are synonymous with notions of identity. Finally, Study three used a case study approach to critically examine how players’ experiences of a professional football environment and culture served to shape their identity and allows them to cope with critical moments. A Championship football club served as the case study in which 4 players were interviewed 3 times over the course of one season. Findings were represented as narrative stories of each player. Findings suggested that having a clear sense of identity provided players with a platform for resilience and perseverance throughout a range of critical moments. In summary, it is vital that appropriate internal (club) and external (affiliated organisations) strategies are developed and integrated into practice to ensure that players develop a clear sense of identity and meaning. It is essential that this transcends the professional football domain for players to have the best possible platform for career progression and career termination.

SammanfattningEftersom övergången från junior till senior inom sport har visat sig vara ett kritiskt steg, där många idrottare misslyckas, är det viktigt att öka kunskapen kring denna process. Syftet med denna studie var att, i ett framåtblickande perspektiv, undersöka vilka krav och barriärer golfjuniorer upplever under övergången till seniornivå med spel på golfcollege i USA. Syftet var också att studera vilka resurser och copingstrategier som juniorerna planerade att använda för att lyckas med övergången. Utvecklingsperspektiv på idrottskarriärens övergångar (Wylleman & Lavallee, 2004), Den analytiska karriärmodellen (Stambulova, 1994) och Modellen över idrottskarriärens övergångar (Stambulova, 1997; 2003) användes som teoretiskt ramverk. Studien utfördes genom intervjuer med nio golfspelare i åldern 18-20 år. Under intervjuerna användes en semistrukturerad intervjuguide bestående av två huvudteman; förväntade generella förändringar/utmaningar i vardagslivet och förväntade förändringar/utmaningar inom golfen. Tidigare forskning har visat på fem olika dimensioner av stress förknippat med övergången till seniornivå: personliga relationer, att vara iväg hemifrån, akademiska krav, höga prestationsförväntningar och hög träningsintensitet. Alla dessa faktorer nämndes av golfjuniorerna som möjliga barriärer under övergången. Resultatet av studien visade att deltagarna inte förutsåg några drastiska förändringar i sitt vardagsliv eller större problem i sina relationer med familj och vänner. Hemlängtan nämndes dock av nästan alla spelare som den största utmaningen när det gällde vardagslivet. Spelarna trodde även att det skulle bli svårt att studera på college i USA. Många av dem uppgav att de skulle spendera mer tid på skolarbete, men sa samtidigt att de prioriterade golfen framför skolan. Den största anledningen till att åka till USA var att lyckas med golfen, inte att studera. Tuffare klimat och ökad rivalitet inom laget och på tävlingar var något som alla spelarna förväntade. De trodde också att collegetränaren skulle ha en annan ledarskapsstil och uttryckte en oro över ledarnas golfkunskaper. Många av spelarna uppgav att de skulle fortsätta att ha mycket kontakt med sina tidigare tränare i Sverige. Golfjuniorerna uppgav att de hade bra externt stöd från olika personer med kunskaper kring golfcollege, liksom från familj och vänner. Den negativa sidan av detta stöd är dock att många av dem finns i Sverige, på långt avstånd från spelarnas nya hemort. Golfjuniorerna nämnde också interna resurser, såsom sina golfkunskaper och personliga egenskaper, t.ex. att de var sociala, positiva, kreativa och målinriktade, som viktiga faktorer för att lyckas med övergången. Många av spelarna berättade om mål och strategier kopplade till golfen, men få av dem nämnde några förberedelser när det gällde det vardagliga livet. / AbstractSince the transition from junior to senior level within sport has been shown to be a crucial step, where many athletes fail, it is important to get more knowledge about this process. The objective of this study was to prospectively investigate perceived demands and barriers for golf juniors in their transition from junior to senior level, with college golf in USA. The purpose was also to find out what resources and coping strategies the juniors planned to use in order to succeed with the transition. The developmental model (Wylleman & Lavallee, 2004), The analytical career model (Stambulova, 1994) and The athletic career transitions model (Stambulova, 1997; 2003) were used as a theoretical framework. The study was conducted through interviews with nine junior golf players at the age of 18 to 20 years. A semi-structured interview guide was used consisting of two main themes: Expected general life changes/challenges and expected changes/challenges within golf. Prior research has revealed five dimensions of stress during the transition to senior sport: interpersonal relationships, being away from home, academics, high performance expectations and training intensity. All of these factors were mention by the golf juniors as possible barriers during the transition. The result showed that the participants didn’t predict any drastic changes in their everyday life and didn’t expect any major problems in their relationships to family and friends. Homesickness was mentioned by almost all of the players though as one of the biggest changes/challenges connected to the everyday life. The players also expected it to be difficult and hard to study at college in USA. Many stated that they would spend more time and focus on school, but at the same time, said that they would prioritize golf before school. Their main reason for going to USA was to succeed at golf, not to study. Harder climate and bigger rivalry among team players and on competitions were something that all of the players predicted. They also expected the college coaches to have a different leadership style and expressed concerns about the college coaches’ golf knowledge. Many of the players stated that they would continue to have a lot of contact with their old trainer in Sweden. The golf juniors reported of good external support from different persons with knowledge about golf college as well as from family and friends. The negative aspect of this support is that many of them are located in Sweden, far away from where the players will live. The golf juniors also mentioned internal resources such as different golf skills and personal characteristics, e.g., being social, positive, creative and goal-orientated as things that would be important for them during the transition. Many of the participants reported about goals and strategies concerning their golf play, but only a few of them mentioned preparations regarding their everyday life.

The purpose of the study was to examine former men's elite hockey players' experiences of the transition from sports to careers afterwards. All participants have played in the Swedish Hockey League (SHL) which is the highest hockey league in Sweden. Eleven interviewees participated in the survey, only men aged 35-53 (M = 43, SD = 5.29). The study used a semi-structured interview guide to conduct the interviews and it was produced using the holistic career development model (Wylleman, 2019) and the athletic career transition model (Stambulova, 2009). The results showed that all participants experienced challenges in making the career transition from elite hockey players to civilian life. The biggest challenges were an uncertainty about the future in the form of not knowing what to do after their elite career. The participants felt that the support from family, friends and the club were important resources during the transition. Barriers that emerged were unpredictable transitions in the form of injuries, many participants focused only on sports, did not see that there is a life after the career and that one day there will be an end to the sports career. The coping strategies that the participants highlighted were to use a double career by studying sports or working when given the opportunity, to be aware of the career after elite hockey in the form of preparations for working life. / Syftet med studien var att undersöka före detta herr elithockeyspelares upplevelser av övergången från idrott till karriären efteråt. Samtliga deltagare har spelat i den Svenska Hockeyligan (SHL) vilket är den högsta hockeyligan i Sverige. I undersökningen deltog elva intervjupersoner, enbart män i åldrarna 35–53 (M=43, SD=5.29). I studien användes en semistrukturerad intervjuguide för att genomföra intervjuerna och den togs fram med hjälp av holistiska karriärutvecklingsmodellen (Wylleman, 2019) och karriärutvecklingsmodellen (Stambulova, 2009). Resultatet presenteras utefter studiens frågeställningar som består av utmaningar, resurser, barriärer och copingstrategier vid karriärövergången. Resultatet påvisade att samtliga deltagare upplevde utmaningar med att göra karriärövergången från elithockeyspelare till civila livet. De största utmaningarna var en osäkerhet på framtiden i form av att de inte vet vad de ska göra efter elitkarriären. Deltagarna upplevde att stödet från familj, vänner och förening var viktiga resurser under övergången. Barriärer som framkom var oförutsägbar övergång i form av skador, många deltagare fokuserade endast på idrotten, såg inte att det finns ett liv efter karriären och att det en dag kommer ett avslut på idrottskarriären. De copingstrategier som deltagarna lyfte fram var att använda sig av en dubbel karriär genom att studera upptill idrotten eller att arbeta när tillfälle gavs, att vara medveten om karriären efter elithockeyn i form av förberedelser inför arbetslivet.

The aim of this thesis is to produce a substantive grounded theory of junior-to-senior transition and as a result of this work, to provide knowledge and guidance for coaches, sport psychologists and other personnel supporting young aspirant athletes. Underpinned by a social constructionist philosophy, the research programme was designed to capture and interpret the social world of the participants and to interpret the perceptions derived from their own lived experience of the transition. The thesis consists of three studies which, in a concatenated programme of research, are predicated one upon another. In order that understanding in social research can be advanced, the development of theory requires several rounds of fieldwork, analysis and publication (Stebbins, 1992,2006). Thus the building of theory took place over the initial two studies, the first of which involved the in-depth interviewing of nine participants from individual sports (M age = 24.5 years, S. D. = 4.3 years). As a consequence of this exercise, rich data were collected, depicting the participants' experiences of the juniorsenior transition. Grounded in these data, a preliminary model of junior-to-senior transition was constructed using Strauss and Corbin's (1998) guidelines for grounded theory analysis. More specifically, the resultant model revealed a cyclical process: of learning, identity development and progress at transition. Inception of the process is characterised by immersion in the post-transition environment during the pre-transition phase, in which significant observational learning occurs via the use of more senior role models. This process leads to the identification of discrepancies between the actual (or junior) and ideal (or senior) self. This promotes a period of adjustment in which the behaviours relevant to senior status are incorporated within the self, bringing about a sense of readiness, or ability to cope with the transition. In essence, the athletes had sought to structure their pre-transition environment to represent that which they would encounter post-transition, thereby generating stability for their self-identity. The modification of identity, through the adjustment of behaviours and roles, predicted a competitive breakthrough, at which point the athletes began to think about the subsequent step at senior level, and hence the cycle of immersion, learning and adjustment continued. (Continues...).

Nesta pesquisa o esporte é abordado como prática cultural capaz de mobilizar a subjetivação dos seus praticantes. Desta forma, jovens atletas considerando suas experiências vividas, principalmente no esporte, se orientam existencialmente, ou seja, eles se valem das experiências no esporte para tomar decisões que nortearão o decorrer de sua vida. A partir disso, o presente estudo almeja explorar o horizonte de experiências vivenciadas por esportistas adolescentes buscando a compreensão de como eles passam por momentos decisivos, sendo inteira e publicamente envolvidos por suas atividades esportivas. Ou seja, o propósito deste estudo é identificar e compreender o horizonte de experiências vividas contextualizadas na prática esportiva de jovens atletas pertencentes a categorias de base de quatro modalidades esportivas (futebol, basquete, atletismo e tênis). Adota-se, para isso, uma atitude investigativa que contemple essa temática enquanto processo cultural, buscando ir além dos conceitos e fatores já pré-estabelecidos. Com efeito, o método fenomenológico na perspectiva clássica atinge, como resultado, um caráter descritivo-estrutural, em decorrência de um processo rigoroso de coleta e análise dos dados. Esse processo perpassa por procedimentos conhecidos como Entrevista Fenomenológica e Cruzamento Intencional. Estes consistem em um percurso que tem, em um primeiro momento, a intenção de apreender a experiência singular de cada sujeito, por relato guiado, em primeira pessoa; em seguida, contrastar estes relatos experienciais numa análise que explicite os elementos intencionais que estruturem a experiência vivida em questão. Por conseguinte, foram efetuadas e transcritas 24 entrevistas, com atletas pertencentes a categorias de base das modalidades citadas. Os resultados apontam para alguns aspectos predominantes entre os praticantes destas modalidades, como a constante tensão eminente da negociação que circunscreve o cotidiano destes jovens atletas por trafegar entre compromissos, treinamentos e lazer. / This research treats sports as a cultural practice that mobilizes the subjectivation of its practitioners. In this way, young athletes considering their experiences, mainly in sports, are existentially oriented, which means that they use sports experiences to make decisions that will guide the course of their life. From this, the present study aims to explore experiences experienced by adolescent athletes, with the view to understand how they go through decisive moments, being fully and publicly involved by their sports activities. In other words, the purpose of this study is to identify and understand lived experiences contextualized in the sports practice of young athletes from youth academy of four modalities (soccer, basketball, athletics and tennis). For this, an investigative attitude that contemplates this theme as a cultural process is adopted, seeking to go beyond pre-established concepts and factors. The phenomenological method in its classical perspective reaches, as a result, a descriptive-structural character, due to a rigorous process of data collection and analysis. This process is structured by procedures known as Phenomenological Interview and Intentional Crossing. The course has, at first, the intention to apprehend the unique experience of each subject, by guided report; then, in a second moment, it intends to contrast these experiential accounts in an analysis that explains the intentional elements that structure the lived experience in question. Therefore, 24 interviews were conducted with athletes belonging to the youth academy of the mentioned modalities. The results show some predominant aspects, such as the constant eminent tension of the negotiation that circumscribes the daily life of these young athletes by traveling between commitments, training and leisure.

The aim of this study was to examine Icelandic elite athletes’ experiences in regard to the Olympic Games (OG)-2012. More specifically the focus was on the OG as a career transition process covering several phases in the Olympic cycle, having the Games as its culmination and followed by a career change. The athletic career transition model, the holistic lifespan perspective and temporal structure of the Olympic cycle guided retrospective interviews with six Icelandic athletes who (some years ago) were candidates to take part in the OG-2012. Among the six participants three were successful in the OG-2012, one was less successful and two participants prepared but were not qualified for the OG. Holistic-content and categorical-content analyses resulted in: (a) six core narratives describing and interpreting each athlete’s individual pathway through preliminary/basic preparation, selection process, Olympic season, the Games, and post-Games periods, and (b) sixteen themes following athletes’ major foci in each transition phase (e.g., “gaining international experience” and “getting financial support” in the preliminary/basic preparation, etc.) and also the transition resources perceived by athletes as necessary during the whole Olympic cycle (“prioritizing sports while balancing sport with work/school”, “organizational support” and “family support”).  Results are discussed in relation to the theoretical frameworks, previous research, and Icelandic context.

Cada vez mais pessoas chegam à idade da transição para a aposentadoria, o que tem estimulado pesquisas sobre o assunto. Pouco se sabe, contudo, sobre como esse processo se dá em trabalhadores autônomos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal compreender a experiência de aposentadoria em profissionais autônomos, estando organizado em três estudos. O primeiro consistiu na apresentação dos principais referencias teóricos sobre o tema da aposentadoria, discutindo seus pontos fortes e suas limitações. O segundo, também teórico, descreveu as principais motivações para a entrada e a permanência no mercado de trabalho autônomo. Já o terceiro estudo, de caráter qualitativo e fenomenológico, investigou como profissionais autônomos vivenciam a sua aposentadoria. Foram entrevistados dez participantes, com idades variando entre 60 e 91 anos. A experiência de aposentadoria caracterizou-se por uma transformação do papel de trabalhador e uma modificação na dinâmica de outros papéis sociais desempenhados pelo aposentado. Verificou-se que enquanto o corpo e a mente permitissem a atuação profissional, os autônomos seguiriam trabalhando. Ter construído um ambiente de trabalho flexível proporcionou uma transição de carreira gradual e com um maior controle, apesar dos relatos de pouco planejamento sobre o futuro. Entende-se que os autônomos vivenciam uma aposentadoria parcial, visto que o recebimento de um benefício não se constitui como um marcador social para a saída do mercado de trabalho. / More and more people reach the age of the retirement transition, a fact that has stimulated research on this topic. However, little is known about the retirement process of selfemployed professionals. This work addresses this theme in three studies, aiming to understand the experience of retirement in self-employed professionals. The first study presents the main theoretical frameworks about retirement, pointing out their strengths and weaknesses. The second one, also theoretical, describes the main motivations why selfemployed people choose this kind of work. The third study, qualitative and phenomenological, investigated how self-employed professionals experienced the retirement. Ten participants, aged between 61 and 91 years, were interviewed. The retirement experience consisted in a transformation of the worker role, and a change in the social role dynamics. Participants revealed the desire to keep working while the body and the mind still allow the development of professional activities. Having a flexible work environment provided a gradual career transition, with more control, despite little planning about future. It is concluded that self-employed people experience a partial retirement, since earning a retirement benefit is not perceived as a social marker for stop working.

This qualitative study focused on how Danish practitioners made the transition into established professionals in the Danish field of applied sport psychology. This was done by: (1) examining demands, resources, barriers, coping strategies experienced during this transition into an established practitioner, and (2) to highlight the most important learning experiences made by the participants after having become established members of the Danish applied field of sport psychology. There were 6 participants in this study, 4 male- and 2 female. All considered established and accomplished within the Danish field of applied sport psychology. The level of experience ranged from 8-30 years of working with individual clients and teams. A semi-structured interview guide was created with help of the theoretical model by Stambulova (2003) i.e. the athletic carrier transition model. The interviews were coded using thematic content analysis and uncovered 256 raw data units which were categorized into five profiles; demands, barriers, resources, coping strategies and lessons learned during the transition. Rønnestad and Skovholt's (2003) theory of therapist development was used to determine what was required in order to consider an established professional. The results are discussed in relation to previous research and theoretical models. Lastly, the author has attempted to use the results to provide guidance and give advice to the new generation of novice practitioners in Danish field of applied sport psychology as well as Danish educational institutions. / Denna kvalitativa studie fokuserade kring hur danska praktiserande har lyckats etablera sig inom applicerad sportpsykologi i Danmark. Detta gjordes genom: (1) att undersöka krav, resurser, barriärer, copingstrategier inom övergången till en etablerad konsulent och (2) att uppvisa de viktigaste lärdomar deltagarna i studien gjorde sig genom deras etablering inom det praktiska fältet i dansk applicerad idrottspsykologi. I denna studien deltog 6 deltagare, 4 manliga och 2 kvinnliga. Alla betraktades som etablerade och succéfulla inom det danska fältet av dansk applicerad idrottspsykologi. Erfarenhetsnivån varierade från 8–30 års arbete med individuella klienter, grupper och lag. En semi-strukturerad intervjuguide gjordes med hjälp av den teoretiska modellen av (Stambulova, 2003) i.e. the athletic career transition model och användes för att samla in data i studien. Intervjuerna blev kodade och analyserade genom tematisk innehålls analys och 256 rådata utdrogs ur intervjuerna som i efterhand kategoriserades i en av sex profiler; krav, resurser, barriärer, copingstrategier eller lärdomar genom övergångs. Rønnestad and Skovholts (2003) teori om terapeuters utveckling användes för att värdera vad som behövdes för att kunna betraktas som etablerad professionell. Resultaten diskuteras i relation till tidigare forskning och teoretiska modeller. Slutligen försöka författaren att använda resultaten genom at ge goda råd och stöd till den nästa generationen av idrottspsykologiska rådgivare och danska akademiska institutioner.