INTRODUÇÃO: O câncer vem apresentando um impacto cada vez maior nas populações em todo o mundo. Apesar de recente queda global na sua incidência, o câncer gástrico ainda é o quinto tipo mais comum. Sua patogênese é multifatorial, envolvendo a interação de fatores genéticos, ambientais e infecciosos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação de tabagismo, consumo de álcool e nível de escolaridade com o desenvolvimento de câncer gástrico. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo caso-controle de base hospitalar em que foram incluídos pacientes com diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma de estômago confirmado por exame histopatológico sem tratamento prévio para a neoplasia. Posteriormente, os casos foram divididos em subtipos de acordo com a histologia (intestinal e difuso) e localização da lesão (proximal, distal e outras). Os indivíduos do grupo controle foram selecionados entre pacientes admitidos no mesmo hospital, sem história ou suspeita de câncer de estômago, emparelhados por frequência aos casos segundo sexo e idade. Tabagismo foi classificado em maços-ano e consumo de álcool em gramas-ano. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 240 casos e 499 controles recrutados no período de junho de 2001 a dezembro de 2007. Não frequentaram a escola ou apresentavam ensino fundamental incompleto 94 indivíduos (39,2%) no grupo dos casos e 187 (37,5%) no grupo de controles. Ensino universitário foi atingido por 12 indivíduos (5%) no grupo de casos e por 45 indivíduos (9%) do grupo de controles. Não houve associação de nível de escolaridade com risco de desenvolvimento de câncer de estômago. Tabagismo esteve associado ao risco de câncer gástrico com odds ratio (OR) de 2,25 (IC95%: 1,53-3,31) para ex-tabagistas e de 2,67 (IC95%: 1,72-4,13) para tabagistas atuais. Com relação à localização e tipo histológico, tabagismo foi associado com todos os subtipos de tumores gástricos analisados, com destaque para os tumores proximais que apresentaram OR de 5,38 (IC95%: 2,15-13,45) para consumo superior a 38 maços-ano. Consumo de álcool também esteve associado a risco de desenvolvimento de câncer gástrico em todos os subtipos analisados. Entretanto, esta associação apresentou características distintas do tabagismo. Ex-consumidores de álcool apresentaram risco mais elevado (OR=3,81; IC95%: 2,45-5,91) que consumidores atuais (OR=2,06; IC95%: 1,31-3,26). A análise da interação mostrou que o efeito conjunto de tabagismo e consumo de álcool encontrado foi maior que o esperado, evidenciando interação positiva [?=1,51 (IC 95%: 1,05 - 1,96)]. CONCLUSÕES: Tabagismo e consumo de álcool apresentaram associação com o risco de desenvolvimento de câncer gástrico, com destaque para tabagistas atuais e maior consumo de maços-ano. O consumo associado do tabaco e do álcool aumenta esse risco / BACKGROUND: Cancer has an increasing impact on populations around the world. Despite a recent overall decline in incidence, gastric cancer stills the fifth most common type. Its pathogenesis is multifactorial involving the interaction of genetic, environmental and infectious factors. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association of smoking, alcohol consumption and education level with the development of gastric cancer. METHODS: This is a hospital-based case-control study that included patients with gastric adenocarcinoma confirmed by histopathological examination without prior treatment. Subsequently, patients were divided into subtypes according to histology (intestinal and diffuse) and location of the lesion (proximal, distal and others). Control subjects were selected among patients admitted to the same hospital with no history of gastric câncer, and were frequency-matched to cases for age and sex. Smoking was classified in pack-years and alcohol consumption in grams per year. RESULTS: We analyzed 240 cases and 499 controls recruited from June 2001 to December 2007. Not attended school or had incomplete elementary school 94 subjects (39.2%) in the group of cases and 187 (37.5%) in the control group. University education was achieved by 12 subjects (5%) in the case group and 45 subjects (9%) in the control group. There was no association of education level with increased risk of stomach cancer. Smoking was associated with increased risk of gastric cancer with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.25 (95%CI: 1.53-3.31) for former smokers and 2.67 (95%CI: 1.72-4.13) for current smokers. With respect to location and histological type, smoking was associated with all subtypes of gastric tumors analyzed with emphasis on the proximal tumors that had OR of 5.38 (95%CI: 2.15-13.45) for consumption over 38 packs-years. Alcohol consumption was also associated with increases risk of gastric cancer development in all analyzed subtypes. However, this association showed distinct characteristics of smoking. Former drinkers had higher risk (OR=3.81; 95%CI: 2.45-5.91) than current users (OR=2.06; 95%CI: 1.31-3.26). The analysis of the interaction showed that the combined effect of smoking and alcohol consumption was higher than expected, thus showing up a positive interaction [?= 1.51 (95%CI: 1.05-1.96)]. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking and alcohol consumption were associated with the risk of gastric cancer development, especially for current smokers and higher consumption of pack-years. Association of tobacco and alcohol consumption increases this risk

La Neurofibromatose 1 (NF1) est une maladie autosomique dominante dont l’évolutivité est inconnue. En effet, ni le type de mutation du gène, la gravité d’éventuels cas familiaux, ni une première complication ne permettent de prédire le pronostic de la maladie. L’objectif général de ce travail de thèse était de cibler les malades les plus à risque de morbi-mortalité au cours de la NF1. Méthode. Les différents travaux se sont appuyés sur les données phénotypiques de patients NF1 suivis dans le Réseau NF-France labellisé par le ministère de la Santé. Il s’agit d’une filière nationale monothématique ayant pour mission la prise en charge des malades atteints de NF1. Une cohorte d’environ 2500 malades est actuellement suivie dans ce réseau. Résultats. La mortalité des patients NF1 a tout d’abord été comparée à celle de la population générale française par l’estimation du rapport de mortalité standardisée (SMR). Entre 1980 et 2006, 1 895 patients NF1 ont été rétrospectivement inclus dans la cohorte. Un excès de mortalité était observé chez les [10-20[ ans (SMR=5.2, IC95% : 2.6 – 9.3, p<10-4) et les [20-40[ ans (SMR=4.1, IC95% : 2.8 – 5.8, p<10-4). Les principales causes de décès étaient la transformation de neurofibromes internes en tumeurs malignes des gaines nerveuses (TMGN). Une étude cas témoins portant sur 208 patients NF1 a permis d’expliquer le risque de mortalité accru chez les patients présentant des neurofibromes sous cutanés (SC-NF) en confirmant en IRM la présence chez ces patients de neurofibromes internes à fort risque de transformation en TMGN (OR=4.3, IC95% : 2.2 – 8.2). Cet effet était d’autant plus marqué que le nombre de SC-NF était important et notamment au-delà d’un seuil de 10 (OR=82, IC95% : 10.4 – 647.9) et que les neurofibromes internes étaient diffus (OR=14.7, IC95% : 3.8 – 57.3) et de taille ≥ 3 cm (OR=6.3, IC95% : 2.3 – 17.4). Les patients présentant des SC-NF représentent 20 à 30% de la population NF1. Afin d’identifier les patients à risque de développer une TMGN, nous avons élaboré un score prédictif de la présence des neurofibromes internes à partir des caractéristiques phénotypiques des patients. La présence de SC-NF (OR=4.7, IC95% : 2.1 – 10.5), l’absence de neurofibromes cutanés (OR=2.6, IC95% : 0.9 – 7.5), un âge inférieur ou égal à 30 ans (OR=3.1, IC95% : 1.4 – 6.8) et moins de 6 tâches café au lait (OR=2, IC95% : 0.9 – 4.6) étaient les variables qui constituaient le NF1Score. Le NF1Score = 10*(âge ≤ 30 ans) + 10*(absence de neurofibromes cutanés) + 5*(moins de 6 tâches café-au-lait) + 15*(plus de 2 neurofibrome sous cutanés) avait une excellente adéquation (test C de Hosmer-Lemeshow=4,53 avec 7ddl, p>0,50) et une capacité discriminante satisfaisante (aire sous la courbe ROC non paramétrique = 0,75 [0,68-0,82]). Enfin, l’expression phénotypique variant au cours du temps chez un même patient nous avons réalisé une étude spécifique chez l’enfant. Ainsi, l’âge (OR=1.1, IC95% : 1.0 – 1.2), la présence de xanthogranulomes (OR=4.5, IC95% : 0.9 – 21.7), celle de neurofibromes sous cutanés et plexiformes (OR=5.0, IC95% : 1.8 – 13.6) étaient indépendamment associés à celle des neurofibromes internes chez l’enfant NF1 de moins de 17 ans. Dans cette dernière étude, les neurofibromes internes se développaient de façon exponentielle pendant l’adolescence et plus précocement chez les femmes en accord avec les données de la littérature. Conclusion. La période à risque de développer des neurofibromes internes semblent donc sesituer entre l’adolescence et l’âge de 30 ans. Les recommandations de suivi pourraient prendre en compte le phénotype à risque, mais également la période de survenue de ces complications en réévaluant l’intérêt dans ce contexte d’investigations complémentaires / Neurofibromatosis-1 (NF1) is a common autosomal dominant condition which is a source of various multisystemic manifestations related either to the accumulation of neurofibromas or to specific developmental abnormalities. There are no obvious factors that predict disease progression. Thus, the aim of our project was to characterize the phenotype of NF1 patients with a severe prognosis. Patients were identified among adults with NF-1 followed up in the Réseau NF-France. The Réseau NF-France is a French medical network devoted to neurofibromatosis 1. It has elaborated recommendations for the management of the disease and recommended a coordinated follow-up in specialized multidisciplinary centres. About 2 500 patients were enrolled. We first evaluated the mortality in a large retrospective cohort of NF1 patients. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) with its 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated as the ratio of observed over expected numbers of deaths. Between 1980 and 2006, 1895 NF1 patients were seen. The excess mortality occurred among patients aged 10 to 20 years (SMR=5.2; CI, 2.6-9.3; P<10-4) and 20 to 40 years (SMR, 4.1; 2.8-5.8; P<10-4). The main cause of death was the malignant tumors of the nerve sheath (MPNSTs) developing from preexisting internal neurofibromas. Then, a case-control study including 208 patients with NF1 allowed us to explain the increased risk of mortality among NF1 patients harboring subcutaneous neurofibromas (SC-NF) by the presence of internal neurofibromas (NF) at risk of MPNSTs systematically investigated with imaging (MRI) (OR=4.3, IC95% : 2.2 – 8.2). The association with SC-NF was stronger for patients with ten or more SC-NFs (OR=82, IC95% : 10.4 – 647.9) and for diffuse (OR=14.7, IC95% : 3.8 – 57.3), and ≥ 3 cm (OR=6.3, IC95% : 2.3 – 17.4) internal neurofibromas. Patients with SC-NF constituted 20 to 30% of the NF1 population. So, to characterize patients at risk of developping MPNSTs, we developped and validated a clinical score for predicting internal neurofibromas in adults. Four variables were independently associated with internal neurofibromas: at least two subcutaneous neurofibromas (OR=4.7, IC95% : 2.1 – 10.5), age ≤30 years (OR=3.1, IC95% : 1.4 – 6.8), absence of cutaneous neurofibromas (OR=2.6, IC95% : 0.9 – 7.5), and fewer than six café-au-lait spots (OR=2, IC95% : 0.9 – 4.6). The NF1Score was computed as 10 . [age ≤30 years] + 10 • [absence of cutaneous neurofibromas] + 15 • [≥2 subcutaneous neurofibromas] + 5 • [<6 café-au-lait spots]). Calibration was excellent (Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic=4.53; degrees of freedom=7; P>0.5) and discrimination was good (AUC-ROC= 0.75; 95%CI, 0.7-0.8). Finally clinical expressivity is variable and manifestations of NF1 change at different times in an individual’s life. Consequently, a specific study was needed in pediatric patients. We identified easily recognizable clinical characteristics associated with internal neurofibromas in children with NF1. By multivariate analysis, age (OR=1.1, IC95% : 1.0 – 1.2), xanthogranulomas (OR=4.5, IC95% : 0.9 – 21.7), and presence of both subcutaneous and plexiform neurofibromas (OR=5.0, IC95% : 1.8 – 13.6) were independently associated with internal neurofibromas. Moreover internal neurofibromas increased during adolescence. Excess risk of developing internal neurofibromas seems to occur between the adolescence and the age of to 30 in NF1 patients. These clinical features in adults and children would define a new population at risk for complications that may need closer clinical and imaging follow-up

Contexte : Il est établi que les traitements hormonaux de la ménopause à base d’estroprogestatifs augmentent le risque de cancer du sein, mais ce risque pourrait varier selon les types de progestatifs utilisés. Par ailleurs, le rôle des traitements à base de progestatifs seuls dans le cancer du sein a été peu étudié. Du fait des particularités françaises dans la prescription de ces traitements, nous avons analysé le risque de cancer du sein en fonction des types de traitement hormonaux prescrits chez les femmes en France.Le surpoids et l’obésité sont associés à une diminution du risque de cancer du sein en préménopause, mais augmentent le risque en période post-ménopausique. Les mécanismes sous-jacents ne sont pas complètement élucidés et des questions restent en suspens quant au rôle du gain de poids à différentes périodes de la vie. Méthodes : Ce travail porte sur les données d’une étude cas-témoins réalisée en population générale en France, incluant 1232 cas et 1317 témoins recrutés chez les femmes des deux départements d’Ille-et-Vilaine et de Côte d’Or, entre 2005 et 2007. Des informations détaillées sur l'utilisation des traitements hormonaux, sur le poids à différentes périodes de la vie et sur diverses caractéristiques reproductives et médicales ont été obtenues au cours d'entretiens en face-à-face. Les odds ratios et intervalles de confiance à 95% après ajustement sur les facteurs de risque du cancer du sein ont été calculés à l’aide de modèles de régression logistique. Des analyses de trajectoires d’indice de masse corporelle entre l’âge de 20 ans et l’âge au moment du diagnostic ont été pratiquées.Résultats : Le risque de cancer du sein était augmenté chez les utilisatrices de progestatifs de synthèse combinés ou non avec un estrogène. Ce risque était restreint à la prise récente du traitement hormonal et augmentait avec la durée d’utilisation. A l’inverse, les traitements à base de progestérone naturelle n’étaient pas associés à une augmentation du risque de cancer du sein. Chez les femmes non ménopausées, un IMC élevé et un gain de poids antérieur étaient associés à une diminution du risque de cancer du sein. Chez les femmes ménopausées, seul un gain de poids dans la période précédant la ménopause (entre 40 et 50 ans) était associé à une augmentation du risque de cancer du sein. Cette association était plus marquée chez les femmes maigres à 20 ans (IMC≤ 18,5 kg/m²), ou chez les femmes plus âgées. Conclusion : Ce travail confirme d’une part les effets cancérogènes des traitements hormonaux à base de progestatifs de synthèse, et d’autre part l’absence d’effet délétère de la progestérone naturelle sur le risque de cancer du sein. L’utilisation de progestérone naturelle doit toutefois être évaluée au regard des bénéfices et des risques qu’elle peut entraîner. Nous avons également pu préciser les relations existant entre le gain de poids et le risque de cancer du sein, et suggéré qu’un gain de poids pendant la période précédant la ménopause pouvait être plus favorable à la survenue de cancer du sein en post-ménopause. / Background: There is evidence that menopausal combined estrogen-progestagen therapy increases the risk of breast cancer, but the risk may vary depending on the types of progestagen used. Moreover, the role of progestagen-only therapy in breast cancer has been little studied. Because of French specificities in prescribing these treatments, we analyzed the risk of breast cancer based on these different types of hormone treatment prescribed among women in France.Overweight and obesity are associated with a reduced risk of premenopausal breast cancer, but increase the risk in postmenopausal period. The underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, and questions remain about the role of weight gain in different periods of life.Methods: This work relates on data from a case-control study in the general population in France, including 1232 cases and 1317 controls recruited among women in two departments of Ille-et-Vilaine and Côte d'Or, between 2005 and 2007. Detailed information on hormonal treatments use, on weight at different periods of life and various reproductive and medical characteristics were obtained during a face-to-face interview. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals after adjustment for breast cancer risk factors were calculated using logistic regression models. Analyzes of BMI trajectories between the age of 20 and the age at diagnosis were performed.Results: The risk of breast cancer was increased in users of synthetic progestagen combined or not combined with an estrogen. This risk was restricted to the recent use of the hormone treatment and increased with the duration of use. Conversely, the natural progesterone based treatment was not associated with an increased risk of breast cancer.In premenopausal women, higher BMI and a previous weight gain were associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer. In postmenopausal women, only weight gain in the period preceding the menopause (40 to 50 years) was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. This association was stronger among women who were lean women at the age of 20 (IMC≤ 18.5 kg / m²), or in older women.Conclusion: This study confirms the carcinogenic effects of hormonal treatments with synthetic progestagen, and the absence of deleterious effects of natural progesterone on breast cancer risk. However, the use of natural progesterone must be evaluated according to the benefits and risks that may result. We could also clarify the relationship between weight gain and the risk of breast cancer, and suggested that weight gain during the period before menopause could be more favorable to the occurrence of breast cancer in post-menopausal .

Introdução. Fatores de risco para agravos à saúde se alteram no tempo e no espaço. No que diz respeito ao câncer de cabeça e pescoço (CCP), as associações com tabagismo e consumo de bebidas alcoólicas estão bem estabelecidas. Dados da literatura sugerem que os tipos mais prevalentes de tabaco e álcool numa população estão associados a riscos mais elevados de câncer. No Brasil, poucos estudos epidemiológicos investigaram o efeito de distintos tipos de tabaco e álcool no CCP. Objetivo. Mensurar a razão probabilística de risco para CCP por tipos de tabaco e álcool no consumo não exclusivo (uso de mais de um tipo de tabaco ou bebida alcoólica) e consumo exclusivo (uso de apenas um tipo de tabaco ou bebida alcoólica). Métodos. O presente estudo têm origem em três projetos multicêntricos: Latino-Americano, conduzido de 03/1999 a 12/2001; Genoma Clínico do Câncer realizado de 07/2000 a 08/2011; e o Temático Marcadores de Agressividade em Tumores de Cabeça e Pescoço (GENCAPO), conduzido de 07/2011 a 06/2015. Assim, constituiu-se um estudo caso-controle com dados provenientes de hospitais do Estado de São Paulo. Os casos foram diagnosticados com carcinoma espinocelular de cabeça e pescoço, confirmados histologicamente. Os controles, pacientes com outras doenças que não câncer, foram selecionados em alguns dos hospitais de procedência dos casos. Tanto os casos quanto os controles foram entrevistados por meio de questionários com informações sobre características e hábitos, bem como dados sobre educação e história ocupacional. As associações entre as variáveis tipo de tabaco e tipo de bebidas alcoólicas com CCP, foram estimadas pelo odds ratio (OR) e respectivo intervalo de 95% de confiança (IC 95%) via regressão logística não-condicional, ajustados pelas variáveis de confusão: sexo (feminino, masculino), idade (< 50 anos, 50-59 anos e &#8805; 60 anos), escolaridade (superior, intermediário, analfabeto), ocupação (manual qualificado, manual não qualificado e outros), estudos multicêntricos (Latino-Americano, Genoma Clínico do Câncer e GENCAPO), tabagismo (maços-anos total: Nunca fumaram, <20 maços-ano, &#8805; 20 e < 40 maços-anos e &#8805; 40 maços-anos, para ajuste do efeito do álcool) e consumo de etanol total (Nunca beberam, &#8804; 100 Kg, > 100 e &#8804; 900 e > 900 kg, para ajuste do efeito do tabaco). Resultados. Os riscos decorrentes do tabagismo foram mais expressivos para hipofaringe particularmente, no padrão não-exclusivo e consumo &#8805; 40 maços-ano OR 36,1 (IC95%11,1-117,6); para orofaringe, laringe e cavidade oral, os riscos foram, respectivamente: OR 16,1 (IC95%10,4-24,9); OR 14,2 (IC95% 9,6-21,0); OR 7,4 (IC95% 5,6-10,0). Na condição de consumo exclusivo, para a mesma categoria &#8805; 40 maços-ano para cigarro industrializado, os riscos foram discretamente menos intensos: OR 31,9 (IC95% 9,7-104,3); OR 15,4 (IC95% 9,9-24,0); OR 13,1 (IC95% 8,8-19,5) OR 7,1 (IC95% 5,3-9,6), respectivamente, para hipofaringe, orofaringe, laringe e cavidade oral. No consumo de álcool, foram observadas maiores associações de CCP com as bebidas destiladas. Na condição de consumo exclusivo, para orofaringe o nível de consumo de destilados &#8805; 2000 Kg induziu OR 39,1 (IC 95% 12,7-121,8) em comparação aos que nunca beberam. O uso simultâneo de tabaco e álcool fez aumentar sensivelmente o risco de CCP: OR 10,5 (IC95% 8,5-13,0). Conclusões. Entre os tabagistas com o padrão não-exclusivo de consumo, os maiores riscos foram observados para hipofaringe. Entre os consumidores de bebidas alcoólicas, os destilados conferiram maiores riscos nos dois padrões de consumo. No consumo de cerveja e vinho, as diferenças na intensidade das associações com CCP tornaram-se evidentes apenas nas categorias de maior consumo. / Introduction. Risk factors for health problems change over time and space. With regard to head and neck cancer (HNC), associations with smoking and alcohol consumption are well established. Literature data suggest that the most prevalent types of tobacco and alcohol in a population are associated with higher risks of cancer. In Brazil, few epidemiological studies have investigated the effect of different types of tobacco and alcohol on HNC. Objectives. Measure the probabilistic risks for HNC by tobacco and alcohol types in non-exclusive consumption (use of more than one type of tobacco or alcoholic beverage) and exclusive consumption (use of only one type of tobacco or alcoholic beverage). Methods. The present study has origin from three multicentric projects: Latin American, conducted from 03/1999 to 12/2001; Clinical Genome of Cancer performed from 07/2000 to 08/2011; and the Thematic Markers of Aggression in Head and Neck Tumors (GENCAPO), conducted from 07/2011 to 06/2015. Thus, it is a case-control study with data from hospitals in the State of São Paulo. The cases were diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, histologically confirmed. The controls, patients with diseases other than cancer, were selected in some of the hospitals where the cases originated. Both cases and controls were interviewed through questionnaires with information on characteristics and habits, as well as data on education and occupational history. Associations between the variables tobacco type and type of alcoholic beverages with HNC were estimated by the odds ratio (OR) and respective 95% confidence interval (CI 95%) through non-conditional logistic regression adjusted for confounding variables: sex (female, male), age (<50 years, 50-59 years and &#8805; 60 years), schooling (upper, intermediate and illiterate), occupation (qualified manual, unqualified manual and others), multicenter studies, smoking (Never smoked, <20 pack-years, &#8805; 20 and <40 pack-years and &#8805; 40 pack-years, to adjust the effect of alcohol) and total ethanol (Never drank, &#8804; 100 kg,> 100 and &#8804; 900 and > 900 kg, to adjust the effect of tobacco). Results. The risks due to smoking were more significant for the hypopharynx, particularly, in the non-exclusive pattern and consumption &#8805; 40 packs per year OR 36,1 (95% CI 11,1-117,6); for oropharynx, larynx and oral cavity, the risks were: OR 16,1 (95% CI, 10,4-24,9); OR 14,2 (95% CI 9,6-21,0); OR 7,4 (95% CI 5,6-10,0). In the exclusive consumption condition, for the same category &#8805; 40 packets per year for industrialized cigarettes, the risks were slightly less intense: OR 31,9 (95% CI 9,7-104,3); OR 15,4 (95% CI 9,9-24,0); OR 13,1 (IC95% 8,8-19,5); OR 7,1 (IC95% 5,3-9,6), respectively, for hypopharynx, oropharynx, larynx and oral cavity. In alcohol consumption, higher associations of HNC with distilled beverages were observed. In the exclusive consumption condition, consumption level of distilled &#8805; 2000 kg induced OR 39,1 (95% CI: 12,7-121,8) for oropharynx. Simultaneous use of tobacco and alcohol increased the risk of HNC: OR 10,5 (95% CI 8,5-13,0). Conclusions. Among smokers with the non-exclusive pattern of consumption, the greatest risks were observed for the hypopharynx. Among the consumers of alcoholic beverages, the distilled conferred greater risks in the two patterns of consumption. In beer and wine consumption, differences in intensity of associations with HNC became evident only in the higher consumption categories.

Em virtude da importância dos recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso (RNMBP) na constituição da morbidade e mortalidade infantil realizou-se estudo para identificar os fatores de risco associados ao seu nascimento e avaliar os cuidados recebidos durante a internação e os índices de mortalidade. Método. Estudo de caso-controle, abrangendo 200 recém-nascidos(RN) com peso entre 500 e 1499g(casos) e 400 RN com peso entre 3000 e 3999g (controles), no período de março de 1998 a dezembro de 2004. Foram estudadas variáveis maternas sócio-econômicas e educacionais e variáveis da gestação e do parto. Foi utilizada a análise univariada e multivariada, adotando-se um nível de significância de 5 por cento . Resultados. A percentagem de mortalidade dos RNMBP foi de 32,5 por cento , sendo o limite de viabilidade de 600g de peso e 26 semanas de idade gestacional. As principais causas básicas de óbito foram a hipertensão materna (35,3 por cento ), as infecções maternas(18,5 por cento ) e a prematuridade (18,5 por cento ) e a principal causa imediata de óbito foi a infecção(52,3 por cento ). As variáveis que estiveram relacionadas com o nascimento de RNMBP foram a idade materna igual ou acima de 35 anos, a ausência de pré-natal, as doenças na gestação, a hipertensão materna, a internação durante a gestação e a história de um filho anterior de baixo peso ao nascer. Conclusão. Muitos nascimentos de RNMBP ocorreram por causas evitáveis relacionadas com a freqüência e qualidade do pré-natal / Objective. Due to the importance of very low birth weight (VLBW) in the make up of infant morbidity and mortality, a study was performed to identify risk factors associated with their birth, and to evaluate care received while in hospital and mortality rates. Method. A case-control study, covering 200 newborns (NB) weighing between 500 and 1499g (cases) and 400 NB weighing between 3000 to 3999g (controls) during the period from March 1998 to December 2004. Maternal socioeconomic and educational variables were studied besides variables on pregnancy and delivery. Simple and multiple analysis was used, adopting a 5 per cent level of significance. Results. The mortality percentage of VLBW was 32.5 per cent , and the limit of viability was a weight of 600g and 26 weeks of gestational age. The main basic causes of death were maternal hypertension (35.3 per cent ), maternal infections (18.5 per cent ) and prematurity (18.5 per cent ), and the main immediate cause of death was infection (52.3 per cent ). The variables that were related to the birth of VLBW were maternal age equal to or above 35 years, lack of prenatal examination, diseases in pregnancy, maternal hypertension, hospitalization during pregnancy, and the history of a previous low birth weight child. Conclusion. Many VLBW births occurred due to unavoidable reasons related to the frequency and quality of pre-natal care

La maladie de Parkinson est l'une des principales pathologies neurodégénératives, mais il existe peu de données françaises sur sa fréquence. Des études antérieures suggèrent que l'exposition aux pesticides est un facteur de risque de maladie de Parkinson ; la population agricole représente donc une population particulièrement intéressante. Nous avons étudié l’intérêt d’une méthode utilisant les remboursements de médicaments antiparkinsoniens pour identifier les patients parkinsoniens parmi les affiliés de la Mutualité Sociale Agricole dans cinq départements en 2007 en développant, à partir de 1 114 consommateurs de médicaments antiparkinsoniens, un modèle prédictif dont nous avons estimé les performances (sensibilité =92,5 %, spécificité = 86,4 %, statistique c = 0,953 %). A partir de ce modèle, nous estimons que la prévalence de la maladie de Parkinson dans les cinq départements est de 6,20 ‰ après18 ans et de 2,76 ‰ après standardisation sur l’âge et le sexe (population française de 2007comme référence). La prévalence est 1,3 fois plus élevée dans les cantons où la densité en exploitations spécialisées en vergers et autres cultures permanentes est la plus élevée ; ce typed’exploitation est caractérisé par une utilisation intensive de pesticides, notamment d’insecticides. Des informations détaillées sur l’utilisation professionnelle de pesticides ont été recueillies dans une étude cas-témoins (331 cas, 660 témoins). Nous observons une association entre la maladie de Parkinson et l’utilisation intensive (nombre élevéd’applications par an) de fongicides et d’insecticides. Parmi les différents types d’exploitations, une association avec la maladie de Parkinson est uniquement retrouvée pour l’utilisation de pesticides dans les exploitations viticoles. Enfin, l’association avec l’exposition professionnelle aux pesticides semble plus marquée pour la présentation clinique de la maladie caractérisée par la présence d'un tremblement de repos / Parkinson's disease is one the main neurodegenerative diseases, but there are little French data on its frequency. Previous studies suggest that pesticide exposure is a risk factor for Parkinson's disease; the agricultural population is therefore particularly interesting. Westudied the value of a method using antiparkinsonian drugs claims to identify Parkinson's disease patients among members of the Mutuality Sociale Agricole in five districts in 2007 by developing, based on 1,114 antiparkinsonian drugs users, a predictive model and estimatingits performances (sensitivity = 92.5%, specificity = 86.4%, c-statistic = 0.953). Based on thismodel, we estimate that the prevalence of Parkinson's disease in the five districts is of 6.20 ‰after 18 years and 2.76 ‰ after standardization on the age- and sex-distribution of the 2007 French population. The prevalence is 1.3 times higher in cantons where the density of farms specialized in orchards and other permanent crops is highest; this activity is characterized by intensive use of pesticides, especially insecticides. Detailed information on professional useof pesticides were collected in a case-control study (331 cases, 660 controls). We observed anassociation between Parkinson's disease and intensive use (high number of applications peryear) of fungicides and insecticides. Among different types of farms, an association with Parkinson's disease is only found for pesticide use in vineyards. Finally, the association with occupational exposure to pesticides seems more pronounced for the clinical presentation of the disease characterized by the presence of resting tremor.

Abstract Endometrial cancer (EC) is the fifth most common female cancer worldwide and its incidence is increasing. The prognosis of EC is fairly good. Histologically, ECs are categorized into endometrioid and non-endometrioid subtypes. Lately, the idea of repurposing existing medications for the prevention and co-treatment of EC has evoked interest in the scientific community. The results of preclinical studies involving various forms of antidiabetic medication (ADM) such as metformin, or cholesterol-lowering statins have been promising. In the previous epidemiological studies, the results of metformin and/or statin use and the risk and prognosis of EC have indicated either neutral or beneficial effects. At least some of these studies have several limitations, including a potential for several types of bias, and missing information on the dose and timing of medication, cancer-specific mortality or the histology of EC. The aim of this study was to find reliable further evidence on whether the use of metformin or statins could have beneficial effects on the risk and prognosis of EC in women with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Endometrioid and non-endometrioid EC were analyzed separately based on data from the Finnish Cancer Registry (FCR). In our study cohort of 92 366 women obtained from a nationwide diabetes database (FinDM) (1996 to 2011), the incidence rates of endometrioid (n = 590 cases) and non-endometrioid (n = 57 cases) EC were not found to differ between metformin users and users of other forms of oral ADM when adjusted for age, duration of T2D and use at any time of other forms of medication under study. We found insufficient evidence that metformin affects the prognosis of patients diagnosed with endometrioid (n = 1215) or non-endometrioid (n = 105) EC (1998 to 2011) after adjusting for year, age and stage at diagnosis of EC, and duration of T2D. However, in patients with endometrioid EC, mortality from other (predominantly cardiovascular) causes of death was decreased in metformin users compared with users of other types of oral ADM. Despite promising preclinical data, we were not able to confirm a beneficial effect of metformin use on the risk or prognosis of EC in women with T2D. In statin users, a lower risk of both EC subtypes and reduced cancer-specific mortality from non-endometrioid EC were observed. / Tiivistelmä Kohdun runko-osan syöpä on naisten viidenneksi yleisin syöpä, ja todettujen tapauksien määrä kasvaa. Syövän paranemisennuste on melko hyvä. Histologisesti syöpä jaetaan endometrioidi-muotoon ja ei-endometrioidi -muotoon. Alun perin muihin tarkoituksiin kehitettyjen lääkkeiden käyttö kohdun runko-osan syövän ehkäisyssä ja hoitoyhdistelmissä on ollut viime aikoina tieteellisen mielenkiinnon kohteena. Prekliinisten tutkimusten tulokset diabeteslääke metformiinin ja hyperkolesterolemian hoitoon käytettyjen statiinien osalta ovat olleet lupaavia. Aiemmissa epidemiologisissa tutkimuksissa metformiinin tai statiinien käytön vaikutukset kohdun runko-osan syövän riskiin ja ennusteeseen ovat olleet vaihtelevia. Osassa tutkimuksista on ollut ongelmia liittyen tilastollisten harhojen riskiin, puutteellisiin tietoihin lääkityksen kestosta ja kumulatiivisista annoksista sekä spesifisestä syöpäkuolleisuudesta ja syövän histologiasta. Kansalliseen diabetestietokantaan (FinDM) perustuvan tutkimuksemme tavoitteena oli selvittää, onko metformiinin tai statiinien käytöllä (Kelan lääkekorvaustilastot) kohdun runko-osan syövän riskiä vähentävää tai ennustetta parantavaa vaikutusta tyypin 2 diabetesta sairastavilla naisilla. Endometrioidit-syövät ja ei-endometrioidit -syövät analysoitiin erikseen Suomen Syöpärekisterin tietoihin perustuen. Kohortissamme (n = 92 366) ei todettu eroa endometrioidin (n = 590) tai ei-endometrioidin (n = 57) kohdun runko-osan syövän ilmaantuvuudessa metformiinia tai muita oraalisia diabeteslääkkeitä käyttävien naisten välillä (1996-2011), kun ikä, diabeteksen kesto ja muiden lääkitysten käyttö vakioitiin. Emme löytäneet näyttöä metformiinin käytön yhteydestä syöpäkuolleisuuteen endometrioidissa (n = 1 215) tai ei-endometrioidissa (n = 105) alatyypeissä verrattuna muihin diabeteslääkityksiin (1998-2011), kun ikä, syövän diagnoosivuosi ja levinneisyys sekä diabeteksen kesto vakioitiin. Endometrioidiin syöpään sairastuneilla metformiinia käyttävillä naisilla muu, valtaosalla sydän- ja verisuonitautiperäinen, kuolleisuus oli vähentynyt verrattuna muiden oraalisten diabeteslääkkeiden käyttäjiin. Aiemmista lupaavista tutkimustuloksista huolimatta emme todenneet metformiinilla olevan edullisia vaikutuksia kohdun runko-osan syövän kannalta. Statiinien käyttöön liittyi vähentynyt tämän syövän riski sekä vähentynyt syöpäkuolleisuus ei-endometrioidissa alatyypissä.

Abstrakt Bei Frauen wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen berufsbedingten Expositionen und dem primären Leberzellkarzinom (HCC) bisher nur sehr eingeschränkt diskutiert, das heißt, es gibt bisher kaum Forschungsergebnisse. Diese Arbeit zeigt die Ergebnisse einer internationalen Fall-Kontroll-Studie bei Frauen. Es wurden 317 HCC-Fälle und 1789 Kontrollen ohne diese Erkrankung untersucht. Grenzwertig signifikant erhöhte, adjustierte Risikoschätzer (Odds Ratio=OR)konnten für Beschäftigte in der Landwirtschaft (OR=2.50, 95% Konfidenzintervall: 1.28-4.88) und der chemischen Industrie (2.37 (1.04-5.41)) gefunden werden. Andere, nicht-signifikant erhöhte Werte fanden sich bei Frauen, die in der pharmazeutischen Industrie, in der Plastik- und PVC-Produktion, in der Schlachterei und in der Textilindustrie beschäftigt waren. Allerdings zeigten die jeweiligen Risikoschätzer nur eine geringe Konsistenz zwischen drei verschiedenen Analyseverfahren. Desweiteren zeigte keine der Analysen einen linearen Trend mit zunehmender Zeitdauer der Exposition. Die Anzahl der exponierten Fälle und Kontrollen waren aber in vielen der Berufsgruppen sehr klein, und damit auch die Studien-Power und die Präzision. Wir konnten keinen ernstzunehmenden und konsistenten Beleg für eine Beziehung zwischen HCC bei Frauen und berufsbedingten Expositionen aufzeigen. Nichtsdestotrotz, auch schwache Hinweise auf berufsbedingte Risiken rechtfertigen weitere sorgfältige Betrachtungen in zukünftigen Studien. / Abstract The association of occupational variables and hepatocellular cancer (HCC) is discussed with particular reference to women, as little research has been undertaken on their behalf. This paper reports the results of an international case-control study concerning women and involves 317 cases of HCC and 1789 controls without HCC. Working in the chemical industry and in farming was shown to have only a marginally significant risk associated with HCC: adjusted occupational risk (OR) and 95% confidence interval 2.37 (1.04-5.41) for the chemical industry and 2.50 (1.28-4.88) for farming. Other non-significantly elevated ORs were observed in the pharmaceutical, plastics, PVC-producing, textile-producing and butchery industries. Little consistency was found among the risk estimates for HCC, based on three different analytical approaches. None of the analyses showed a linear trend of risk with increasing duration of exposure. However, the numbers of exposed cases and controls were small for many of the occupations and therefore the study power and precision were low. We failed to find important and consistent evidence for a relationship between HCC in women and occupational variables. However, even weak evidence of occupational risk warrants careful consideration in future studies.

<p>Variation of diabetes incidence over time in countries with different incidence levels and socio-economic conditions, and in an age span beyond the childhood years, may give clues for diabetes causes.</p><p><i>Materials:</i> Data from prospective type 1 diabetes registers in Sweden and Lithuania in children (0-14 years) and young adults (15-34 and 15-39 years, respectively). Number of infections recorded in health care booklets (117 cases; 270 controls); interview about the dietary intake one-year before the diagnosis and routinely recorded growth data (99 cases; 180 controls). </p><p><i>Results:</i> The incidence of type 1 diabetes in Sweden and Lithuania differed most in the younger age groups, 28.9 and 7.5/100,000/year in 0-14-year group, respectively. During 1983-2000 incidence increased in 0-14-year old children in both countries, but the pattern of change differed. During 1983-1998 the incidence increased in Swedish children, but tended to decrease in young adults, with no increase in the age group below 35 years, indicating that the increase of childhood diabetes may be due to a shift towards a younger age at diagnosis. Within a low-incidence country Lithuania there was an urban-rural gradient of incidence, especially in the younger age groups, that seemed to follow poverty distribution: incidence in the 0-39-year group was 7.1, 9.0 and 8.8/100,000/year in rural areas, towns and cities, respectively, p<0.001.</p><p>Exposure to one or more non-specific infection during the first half-year of life reduced diabetes risk: odds ratios (95%-CI) in 0-14 and 5-14-year groups were (0.60; 0.37-0.98) and (0.47; 0.26-0.87), respectively. Higher energy intake and weight-for-age were independent diabetes risk factors: odds ratios for medium and high levels of energy were 1.33 (0.52-3.42) and 5.23 (1.67-16.38), and for weight-for-age 3.20 (1.30-7.88) and 3.09 (1.16-8.22), respectively. High intake of carbohydrates, disaccharides and sucrose in particular, increased diabetes risk independently of the high intake of energy.</p><p><i>Conclusion:</i> Environmental factors associated with socio-economic conditions in childhood may be important for the occurrence of type 1 diabetes. Lack of exposure to microbial antigens early in life, higher intake of energy and more rapid growth may contribute to the increase of childhood-onset diabetes observed in many countries.</p>

SUMMARY BACKGROUND Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), commonly named sleeping sickness, was under control to a certain extent at the beginning of the sixties. In fact, the prevalence rate had then decreased drastically (one case per 10.000 examined inhabitants) for four major reasons: 1. active and exhaustive classical medical prospecting 2. correct treatment administered to patients suffering from trypanosomiasis 3. post-therapeutic follow-up of treated patients 4. vector control involving the community at risk In the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), HAT left rural areas to extend to large cities, like Kinshasa. The incidence of HAT in Kinshasa has been increasing since 1996. Until now, there is no indication on knowledge, attitudes and conceptions of HAT in Kinshasa. The major objectives of this study are: to analyse the epidemiological, clinical, sanitary, demographic, socio-economic and socio-cultural characteristics of HAT in Kinshasa to assess the level of knowledge, the attitudes, practices, perceptions, behaviours and local beliefs related to HAT among people residing in Kinshasa endemic area to identify the sanitary, socio-economic, environmental or ecological, socio-demographic and socio-cultural variables forming HAT risk factors in Kinshasa to identify the main predictive factors independent of HAT in Kinshasa. METHODS Population of study and data collection Two methodologies were carried out: a quantitative method based on a structured and pre-tested questionnaire as well as a qualitative approach relying on focus groups discussions. The inquiry took place at two different periods: first, between February 9 and June 3, 2006, then between July 7 and 17, 2007. It is a descriptive and analytic case-control study. Cases were patients suffering from trypanosomiasis notified between January 1st, 2004, and December 31st, 2005, thanks to HAT declaration cards registered to the National Human African Trypanosomiasis Program (PNLTHA). Based on age, sex and living place, each case was paired with two controls declared as HAT-free after clinical examination and a negative Card Agglutination Test for Trypanosomiasis (CATT-Test) performed on total blood. Controls were sampled thanks to a stratified approach during campaigns carried out between February and June 2006. A total of 1,311 individuals, 437 cases and 874 controls, were included in the study. Statistical analysis of data The inquiry data were analysed with EPIINFO, version 3.3.2 (CDC, United States), STATISTICA and SPSS, version 13.0, softwares. A Chi-squared or Fishers exact test was used to compare proportions and a Student t-test allowed the comparison of means. The association between the different factors and HAT was determined by estimating the Odds Ratio (OR) with a 95%-confidence interval and a P value under 0.05. This was performed thanks to a uni- and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS A great proportion of patients suffering from HAT (79.4%, n = 347) had reached a very advanced stage of the disease, the neurological stage. Among the 1,311 persons included in the study, 52.2% were men and 47.8% were women (not significant difference). They were aged between 10 and 74 years, with a mean of 34.2 ± 14.2 years. Professionally active persons, aged between 20 and 49 years (70.3%), and providing resources essential for the economic development were more frequently affected. The majority of HAT cases (53%; n=230) had recently migrated (migration of people province-born who later settled down in Kinshasa); they were residing in Kinshasa for 5 years. People suffering from trypanosomiasis presented the following clinical characteristics: sleep disorders, characterized by hypersomnia (89% of cases) cervical adenopathy was frequently observed (63% of cases) Fever (72% of cases) Only 37.5% of cases scrupulously respected the recommended post-therapeutic follow-up. Numerous case-patients and controls were illiterates: the optimal level of knowledge was of 44% among case-patients and 37% among controls, with a highly significant difference (P<0.0001). Case-patients and controls believe in the supernatural origin of HAT. They believe HAT might have a divine origin, come from sorcery, from a malediction, or from the transgression of forbidden practices (incest). The study shows 87% of cases vs. 86.3% of controls were in favour of passive screening, with a non significant difference (P>0.05). The multivariate statistical analysis (logistic regression) showed the following variables were associated with HAT acquisition/infection in Kinshasa: residency in peripheral areas: rural areas (adjusted OR: 12.1, 95%IC: 5.7-21.7); eccentric areas (adjusted OR: 8.9, 95%IC: 2.1-38.8), family history of HAT (adjusted OR: 12.9, 95%IC: 7.9-20.8), ignorance regarding the mode of transmission (adjusted OR: 11.2, 95%IC: 5.8-21.7), and household water provision at natural/collective water points (adjusted OR: 6.9, 95%IC: 2.8-17.2) were also risk factors. CONCLUSION The surveillance and control of HAT pass obligatorily through the identification and knowledge of the main determinants of this recrudescent endemic-epidemic if one aims to establish an efficient fighting programme. Among these determinants, it is primordial to highlight: the unintentional ignorance of populations exposed to the HAT risk (obscurantist beliefs) the absence of participative education campaigns for populations residing in risk areas (rural and urban) the deficiency of management by sanitary authorities characterized by the lack of attention paid to the HAT endemic in political circles of decision. the drastic decrease in the budget assigned to health (less than 10 USD per inhabitant per year for healthcare). Once these determinants are known and suppressed, the fight against this plague should consist in: maintaining and reinforcing the surveillance of the endemic area, even in situations of low endemicity, by integrating the mass screening in fixed sanitary structures. This integration should go with the formation of healthcare staff not hardened to the screening and the fight against HAT. improving living conditions and population welfare in general, especially in rural areas. These results bring up different avoidable/modifiable determinants, on which one can act to reduce the morbidity and mortality charges caused by HAT, and involve Kinshasas residents in the fight against the disease./RESUME INTRODUCTION La Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (THA), communément appelée Maladie du Sommeil, avait été dans une certaine mesure, maîtrisée au début des années 1960. En fait, le taux de prévalence était alors tombé de façon spectaculaire à des niveaux très bas (un cas pour 10.000 habitants examinés) pour quatre raisons majeures : 1. les prospections médicales classiques actives et exhaustives, 2. le traitement correct administré aux patients trypanosomés, 3. le suivi post-thérapeutique strict des malades traités, 4. la lutte antivectorielle impliquant la communauté à risque. En République démocratique du Congo (RDC), la THA est sortie des milieux ruraux pour sétendre aux grandes villes, comme Kinshasa. Lincidence de la THA est croissante à Kinshasa depuis 1996. Jusquà présent, à notre connaissance, il nexiste pas dindication sur les connaissances, les attitudes et les conceptions de la THA à Kinshasa. Les objectifs majeurs de cette étude sont : analyser les caractéristiques épidémiologiques, cliniques, sanitaires, démographiques, socioéconomiques et socioculturelles de la THA à Kinshasa, évaluer le niveau de connaissances, les attitudes, les pratiques, les perceptions, les comportements et les croyances locales relatives à la THA chez les résidents de la zone endémique de Kinshasa, identifier les variables sanitaires, socioéconomiques, environnementales ou écologiques, sociodémographiques et socioculturelles constituant les facteurs de risque de la THA à Kinshasa, identifier les principaux facteurs prédictifs indépendants de la THA à Kinshasa. METHODES Population détude et collecte des données Deux focalisations méthodologiques ont été utilisées: la méthode quantitative basée sur un questionnaire structuré, prétesté et la méthode qualitative basée sur les focus groups discussions. Lenquête sest déroulée en deux périodes. Dabord du 9 février au 3 juin 2006. Ensuite, du 7 au 17 Juillet 2007. Il sagit dune étude cas-témoins descriptivo-analytique. Les cas étaient des patients trypanosomés identifiés entre le 1 janvier 2004 et le 31 décembre 2005 avec fiches de déclaration de THA au Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (PNLTHA). Chaque cas était apparié sur lâge, le sexe et le lieu dhabitation à deux témoins déclarés indemnes de THA après examen clinique et présentant une sérologie négative au Card Agglutination Test for Tryapnosomiasis (CATT-Test) sur sang total, tirés au sort par sondage stratifié au cours des campagnes actives de février à juin 2006. Au total, létude a touché 1311 individus dont 437 cas et 874 témoins. Analyse statistique des données Les données ont été encodées et analysées avec les logiciels EPIINFO version 3.3.2 (CDC, Etats-Unis), STATISTICA version 7.1 et SPSS version 13.0. Le test de Chi-carré et le Fisher exact ont été utilisés pour comparer les proportions et le t de student pour la comparaison des moyennes. Lassociation entre les différents facteurs étudiés et la THA a été déterminée en estimant lOdds Ratio (OR) avec un intervalle de confiance (IC) de 95% et un p inférieur à 0,05. Ceci a été réalisé en utilisant la méthode de régression logistique univariée et multivariée. RESULTATS Une grande proportion des patients trypanosomés (79,4%, n=347) était en phase très avancée de leur infection, au stade neurologique. Parmi les 1311 sujets retenus dans létude, il y avait 52,2% dhommes et 47,8% de femmes, différence non significative (p>0,05). Leur âge variait entre 10 et 74 ans avec une moyenne de 34,2±14,2 ans. Les personnes professionnellement actives âgées de 20-49 ans (70,3%) et pourvoyeuses de ressources nécessaires au développement économique étaient les plus atteintes. La majorité des patients trypanosomés (53% ; n=230) étaient des migrants (migration interne des personnes nées en province et venues sinstaller à Kinshasa) récents dont la durée de séjour à Kinshasa ne dépassait pas 5 ans. Les patients trypanosomés présentaient les caractéristiques cliniques suivantes : les troubles du sommeil caractérisés par lhypersomnie diurne dans 89% des cas, les adénopathies cervicales sont fréquentes, soit 63% des cas observés, la fièvre se retrouve dans 72% des cas. Seuls 37,5% des cas avaient scrupuleusement respecté le suivi post-thérapeutique recommandé. Bon nombre des cas et témoins étaient analphabètes : le niveau optimum de connaissance était de 44% chez les cas et 37% chez les témoins avec une différence hautement significative (p<0,0001). Les cas et les témoins croient à lorigine surnaturelle de la THA. Ils pensent que la THA peut être dorigine divine, provenir de la sorcellerie, dune malédiction, ou encore de la transgression des interdits (inceste). Létude montre que 87% des cas vs 86,3% des témoins étaient favorables au dépistage passif, différence non significative (p>0,05). En analyse statistique par la régression logistique multivariée, les variables suivantes étaient significativement associées à lacquisition/infection de la THA à Kinshasa. la résidence en zones périphériques : zones rurales (OR ajusté 12,1 ; IC à 95% : 5,7-21,7) ; zones excentriques (OR ajusté 8,9 ; IC à 95% : 2,1-38,8), lhistoire familiale de THA (OR ajusté 12,9 ; IC à 95% : 7,9-20,8), lignorance du mode de transmission (OR ajusté 11,2 ; IC à 95% : 5,8-21,7) et lapprovisionnement en eau de ménage dans des points deau naturels/collectifs (OR ajusté 6,9 ; IC à 95% : 2,8-17,2) sont aussi des facteurs de risque. CONCLUSION La surveillance et le contrôle de la THA passent obligatoirement par lidentification, et la connaissance des principaux facteurs déterminants de cette endémo-épidémie en recrudescence si lon veut établir un plan de lutte efficace contre ce fléau. Parmi ces déterminants, il importe de noter notamment : lignorance involontaire (croyances obscurantistes) des populations exposées au risque de THA, labsence des campagnes éducatives participatives des populations résidant dans les zones à risque (rurales et citadines), la mauvaise gestion des autorités sanitaires caractérisée par le peu dattention accordée à lendémie de THA dans les milieux politiques de décision, la diminution drastique du budget alloué à la santé (moins de 10$USA par habitant par an pour les soins de santé). Une fois que ces déterminants sont connus et jugulés, la lutte contre ce fléau devrait consister à : maintenir et renforcer la surveillance de la zone endémique, même en situation de faible endémicité par lintégration du dépistage de masse dans les structures sanitaires fixes. Cette intégration devrait être accompagnée de la formation des personnels soignants non aguerris au dépistage et à la lutte contre la THA, améliorer les conditions de vie et du bien-être de la population en général, et plus particulièrement la population rurale. Ces résultats mettent en évidence divers déterminants contrôlables, sur lesquels on peut agir pour réduire la charge de la morbidité et mortalité attribuée à la THA, et impliquer les habitants de Kinshasa dans la lutte contre cette maladie.