No clima de coerção e censura em que vivia a sociedade portuguesa durante o período ditatorial, Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen assinalou a marca de sua oposição ao regime salazarista em numerosos poemas e contos, desse modo incorporando as contradições da vida social em sua obra. Suas iniciativas não estancaram nesse campo, pois Sophia se envolveu na realidade dos conflitos mediante uma atuação direta em âmbito político, que se deu antes e depois do 25 de abril de 1974. Eis o objetivo desta tese: estudar como se desenvolveu a trajetória militante antifascista de Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, inscrevendo sua participação ao lado de outras vozes femininas que se empenharam contra o regime e nesse sentido pretende-se também fazer um contributo à história das mulheres. O ano de partida é 1958, quando ela rompeu com o regime salazarista, em sintonia com um movimento mais amplo de oposição, o dos chamados católicos progressistas. Observando criticamente os desmandos do regime e as desigualdades sociais que durante sua vigência só faziam aumentar, em especial mediante as mobilizações efetivadas por Dom António Ferreira Gomes, o Bispo do Porto, e o padre Abel Varzim, Sophia escreve O jantar do bispo, e neste doutorado a análise apresentada sobre essa narrativa aborda não somente os dilemas que afetam as personagens principais, mas igualmente as secundárias, as que no estatuto social encontram-se numa posição de subalternidade, atentando para uma reflexão em diferentes níveis a que é chamado o leitor do conto. Outras formas assumidas pela militância antifascista da poeta, reunida a outros intelectuais em oposição ao salazarismo, foram os abaixo-assinados, e relativamente a eles nos debruçamos buscando explicitar o teor de denúncia e mobilização que encerraram, assim como apresentamos um recorte político das cartas trocadas por Sophia e seu amigo Jorge de Sena. Na perspectiva de abarcar um leque mais amplo do engajamento político de Sophia, valendo-nos da metodologia da história oral, fizemos entrevistas com figuras que com ela conviveram ou dela estiveram próximos. Isso possibilitou melhor compreender os significados de seu desempenho cívico em entidades como o Centro Nacional de Cultura (CNC), a Comissão Nacional de Socorro aos Presos Políticos (CNSPP), a Associação Portuguesa de Escritores (APE); e o percurso de sua consciência crítica que se intensificou ao longo dos anos, tendo sido candidata pela Comissão Eleitoral de Unidade Democrática (CEUD) nas eleições legislativas de 1969, além de ter participado na Vigília de São Domingos e na Vigília da Capela do Rato. Após a Revolução de Abril de 1974, integrou-se ao Partido Socialista, foi eleita deputada da Assembleia Constituinte (1975-1976), tema de nossa investigação por meio dos discursos que ela proferiu naquela casa. Assim, tomando o conjunto desses assuntos mediante uma sequência cronológica, procedemos a uma análise em que buscamos demonstrar de que maneira Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen firmou seu ativismo antifascista, tanto por meio da escrita literária como pelo desempenho em frentes políticas, não se furtando ao compromisso dos problemas de seu tempo. / Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen made her mark against Salazars regime and the coercion and censorship characteristic of the dictatorship in Portugal. In many of her poems and short stories, she succeeded in incorporating the contradictions of social life as she saw them. She did more, though, taking part in the political confrontations before and after April 25th, 1974. The aim of the present work is to focus on Sophia de Mello Breyners antifascist militant activities side by side with other women who fought against the regime, thus contributing with a chapter to womens history. Sophia made the first step in 1958 by speaking out against the regime and adhering to the progressive Catholics, a large spectrum opposition movement. She observed critically the regimes many missteps as well as the growth of social inequalities in the country. She followed the mobilizations called by Bishop António Ferreira Gomes, the Bishop of Porto, and Father Abel Varzim, synthesizing her perceptions in the short novel \"The bishops dinner\", hereby analyzed through the quandaries the main characters find themselves in and the social differences the secondary characters make explicit to the readers. The poet, together with other intellectuals, signed important expostulations against Salazarism, which are here explained in their criticism and call for mobilization. She exchanged many letters with her friend Jorge de Sena, by which we can point to her political actions. We also interviewed people who knew her well to clarify her political positions making use of the methodology of oral history. The interviews allowed us a better understanding of her work at CNC-Centro Nacional de Cultura (National Center for Culture), as a member of CNSPP-Comissão Nacional de Socorro aos Presos Políticos (National Committee for Help to Political Prisoners), at APE-Associação Portuguesa de Escritores (Portuguese Writers Association), and the intensification of her political involvement by becoming a candidate by the CEUD-Comissão Eleitoral de Unidade Democrática (Electoral Committee for Democratic Union) at the 1969 local elections. After the Revolution of Abril 1974, she became a member of the PS-Partido Socialista (Socialist Party) and was elected as congresswoman for the Constituent Assembly (1975-1976), which we analyze by means of her speeches at that house. The sum of the themes we study, presented in chronological order, help us demonstrate how Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen exercised her activism, by her pen and her political engagement, facing with courage the problems of her time.

Les quarante-cinq premières années de la Troisième République se caractérisent par une politique de laïcisation touchant de nombreux domaines, à commencer par l’éducation, politique qui culmine en 1905 avec la loi de Séparation des Eglises et de l’Etat. La ville de Lyon, qui avait connu durant les deux premiers tiers du XIXème siècle une renaissance particulièrement forte du catholicisme, se manifestant par la création d’œuvres dynamiques, se voit confrontée en retour à une vague particulièrement puissante d’anticléricalisme. La confrontation des deux groupes idéologiquement opposés, que l’on peut nommer « clérical » et « anticlérical », détermine toute une succession de crises, d’accalmies, de recompositions, dont les spécificités lyonnaises ne pas toujours liées à celles du contexte national. Dans ses aspects concrets, cette lutte n’est pas perçue de la même façon chez tous ceux qui se rassemblent autour de l'étiquette « anticléricale » : les ouvriers de la Guillotière n’ont pas les mêmes griefs à formuler contre le clergé que les radicaux du « Comité de la rue de Grôlée ». Néanmoins, autant l’anticléricalisme reste assez simple à définir, autant le cléricalisme se révèle plus difficile à appréhender : il dépend d’abord du regard de l’autre, notamment de l’anticlérical. Les diverses manifestations de défense religieuse d’un catholicisme qui se perçoit alors volontiers comme une citadelle assiégée, les multiples attaques contre le clergé, voire contre la religion, des hommes au pouvoir, s’inscrivent à Lyon, sur la longue durée, dans le droit fil d’une série de luttes, d’insurrections et de répressions, dont chaque camp revendique - ou non - la postérité idéologique. / One of the main features of the first forty five years of the Third Republic is a policy of secularization in many fields, beginning with education and reaching its climax in 1905 when the law on the separation between church and state was passed (given the French context at the time, it especially targeted the catholic church). During the first two thirds of the XIXth century Lyons had known a strong revival of Catholicism which manifested itself by the creation of dynamic charitable organizations. The town then had to face a sudden increase of anticlericalism. The confrontation between two groups that were politically opposed – let us name them “clerical” and “anticlerical” – sparked crisis after crisis, followed by lulls and reconstructions, all these being sometimes different from what was happening at the national level, due to the particular characteristics of the town. In concrete terms not all that had gathered under the banner of anti-clericalism held the same opinion about the struggle: the workers in the district of La Guillotière did not hold the same grievances against the clergy as the radicals in the “rue de Grôlée committee”. Yet, although anticlericalism can be easily defined, clericalism proves more difficult to apprehend: in the first place it depends on the perception the others, and more specifically those who support the anticlerical faction, have of us. Catholicism then tends to see itself as a besieged fortress and the different manoeuvres set up to defend its religion, the numerous attacks against the clergy, even against religion from men in power are, in Lyons, quite in keeping with a long succession of struggles, insurrections and suppressions of which each side claims -or does not claim- the ideological posterity.

Master's thesis Transformations of the Church at the Time of the Incoming Enlightenment discusses the ongoing contradictions between faiths. Catholic confession, which initially imposed on all subjects and nobilities in the Roman Empire has been slowly losing its previous power. Its power has been decreasing in inverse proportion by the time Enlightenment spreaded to the Czech lands throughout Germany and Italy. It changed everything, what was perceived in some way, and in turn created a lot of new knowledge. Enlightenment appeared under the rule of Emperor Charles VI., although not as much as of his daughter Marie Terezie and of his grandson Emperor Joseph II. at all. Joseph II. transformed his entire empire based on his Enlightenment ideas. By the time of reforms the "liberation" of non-Catholics and the abolition of serfdom is gradually coming. The Church at this time was very fragmented and was creating new spiritual insights on the Catholic Church and Christianity itself.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:12:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jair Gomes de Santana.pdf: 890868 bytes, checksum: 6e9887f99f7f49ef23fdfe441b9fbf16 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-23 / This work aimed to understand the social problems involving Catholicism and Protestantism, during the 1860s and 1880s, in Recife. We ve observed all the speeches presented in newspapers by that time,specially in Jornal do Recife and O Cathólico. This study considered the social, economical, political and cultural events in Brazil and in around the world, in the second half of the 19 th century. These changes made the religious practice become weak in Brazil, forcing it to change its model to the ultramontane. The attempt to make the popular Catholicism become an ultramontane model didn t succeed and most people were taken to the Protestant universe. In Pernambuco (1842) a Negro Protestantism rose because of a Protestant group called Divino Mestre . That movement had a negro as their leader, and he taught his followers how to read also rejected the Catholic tradition. All the local Protestantism feared him. The government was afraid of a rebellion similar to the Malês in Bahia or another like the one in Haiti. The missionary Protestantism didn t threaten the local economy and the social bases, so it was welcomed by the masons and liberals. However, the Protestant missionary s activity developed among, half-blood people and Negroes. All the incidents involving faith, which were studied here, were in the media, in newspapers. Protestants used the polemic presented by newspapers as strategies to occupy institutional spaces to which they didn t have access before. This way, they got the support of those who were against the Church and took advantage of the situation provided by the Religious matter in the Empire / O objetivo desta dissertação foi compreender os embates sociais entre católicos e protestantes nas décadas de 1860 e 1880, no Recife. Analisamos os discursos produzidos nos jornais da época, O Jornal do Recife e O Cathólico. Este estudo levou em consideração os acontecimentos sócio-econômicos, políticos e culturais do Brasil e do mundo na segunda metade do século XIX. Essas mudanças colocaram em cheque a prática religiosa da Igreja no Brasil, obrigando-a a transitar para um outro modelo: o ultramontano. A tentativa de enquadrar o catolicismo popular (uma seita católica) ao modelo ultramontano, não foi bem sucedida e levou uma parte dessas pessoas para o universo protestante. Em Pernambuco (1842), surgiu um protestantismo negro através do movimento do Divino Mestre , uma seita protestante. Esse movimento liderado por um negro, que alfabetizava os seus seguidores, e rejeitava as tradições católicas, trouxe pavor à elite política da província. O governo temia uma revolta semelhante aos malês da Bahia ou uma revolução como a do Haiti. O protestantismo missionário não ameaçava as bases econômico-sociais da província, por isso foi bem recebido, pelos maçons e pelos liberais. Mas a atividade missionária protestante se desenvolveu entre mestiços, mulatos e negros. Os embates da fé estudados aqui ocorreram na mídia, através dos jornais. Os protestantes aproveitaram as polêmicas nos jornais, como estratégia para ocupar espaços institucionais aos quais não tinham acesso. Dessa forma, conseguiram o apoio daqueles que se opunham a Igreja, aproveitando o clima proporcionado pela questão religiosa no Império

This work examines issues related to the national definition of the Serb community in Dalmatia between 1878 and 1905. It provides a partial assessment of the relationship between the Orthodox Church and the Serbian National Movement in Dalmatia. The thesis focuses on the formation of the Roman Catholic community of Serbs and the internal profile of this community. It also studies how the Serbians approached their conflict with the Croats within Dalmatia. This work also closely considers the historiographical disputes held on this topic between Croatian and Serbian historians. The work examines the circumstances leading up to the formation of the Serbian national movement and the creation of the independent Serbian political parties. I specifically focus on the political parties within the selected period for which Orthodoxy and the Orthodox Church are closely tied to the definition of the Serbian national identity. I also deal with the contentious issues with the Serbs and Roman Catholic communities. I also study the attitude of Serb representatives to the Croatian national movement and deal with their rights under this national project. I found that the connection between the liberal Serbian National Movement and the local leadership of the Orthodox Church was closer than is commonly reported in...

Between the Old and the New Homeland: Integration and Self-Identification of the Czech Community in the USA throughout the Second Half of the XIXth century Mgr. Krasimira Marholeva, Ph.D. Abstract The dissertation assessed the interdependence between the process of integration and shifting national identity of Czech immigrants in the USA throughout the second half of the XIXth century. In the first place, I explored the strategy they elaborated in order to integrate to the American society. Secondly, I assessed how the Czech immigrants identified themselves and how they endeavoured to preserve their national and cultural identity, to prevent their children from acculturation and assimilation. Last but not least, I explored the process of integration and self-identification of the children of the Czech freethinkers during the period in question through the prism of their letters that had been published in the Czech-American freethinking periodical press. In my work, I relied on archival sources, on Czech-American periodical press, on auto-biographies of Czech immigrants in the USA, on memoirs of Czech-American contemporaries and Czech travellers, and last but not least, on letters of the children of the Czech freethinkers in the USA.

The master's thesis "The Greek Catholic Parish of St. Clement in Prague - Development and Identity" presents the history of Greek Catholic Church in relationship to the history of the church as a whole and to the matters of Eastern and Western Christian traditions up to the reunification of the Latin Church with several Eastern Churches in the form of so-called Unions. The thesis also familiarizes readers with the development and impact of these unions. This also describes the identity and traditions of the Greek Catholic Church, consisting in the tradition of Eastern Christianity fully united in communion with the Catholic Church (chapter 1). Following the general introduction into the matter, the thesis focuses on the circumstances of the parish origin, its development and life in the course of history and in context of the Czech church history in the 20th century. The next milestone described in the thesis is the year 1989 and subsequent changes (chapter 2). Furthermore, the thesis presents the organization of the Greek Catholic Church in the region of contemporary Czech Republic and its development up to the present state (chapter 3). The final part of the thesis shows the contemporary practice of pastoral work in close interconnection with the national and cultural diversity of the parish...

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L’objectif de la recherche est de comprendre l’héritage du rapport de la Commission de consultations sur les pratiques d'accommodement reliées aux différences culturelles (Commission Bouchard-Taylor). Nous présenterons une analyse des mesures adoptées par divers gouvernements québécois, qui ont voté des lois en chambre parlementaire afin de promouvoir la laïcité de l’État. Plusieurs éléments socioculturels retiennent une attention particulière en ce qui concerne les recommandations émises par les experts, puis appropriées par les politiciens lors de projets de loi. Notre recherche de terrain se focalise sur les pratiques religieuses des catholiques pratiquants, ce qui représente une approche distincte par rapport aux autres recherches qui se sont principalement penchées sur les communautés religieuses minoritaires telles que les musulmans ou les juifs, dont les pratiques religieuses sont plus visibles et directement affectées par les lois sur la laïcité. Par le fait d’étudier des membres de la religion catholique dans cette étude, nous pourrons également mieux comprendre la perception de ces pratiquants dans une société qui, depuis de nombreuses années, a véhiculé des préjugés marqués à leur égard dans les médias et l'imaginaire collectif. / The aim of this research is to understand the legacy of the report by the Commission de consultations sur les pratiques d'accommodement reliées aux différences culturelles (Bouchard-Taylor Commission). I first analyze the measures adopted by various Quebec governments, that promote the secular nature of the State. Several issues come to the fore in the way recommendations issued by expert are conceived and then appropriated by politicians when bills are drafted. My research focuses on the religious behavior of practising Catholics, which represents a distinct approach from other research that has focused mainly on minority religious communities such as Muslims or Jews, whose religious practices are more visible and directly affected by secularization laws. By looking at members of the Catholic religion in this study, we will also be able to better understand the perception of these practitioners in a society which, for many years, has conveyed marked prejudices towards them in the media and the collective memory.

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