O objetivo deste trabalho é o de identificar as razões que levaram o sistema estadual de educação no Rio de Janeiro a uma permanente crise, seja no (des) controle das ações de governo, seja no não cumprimento de suas responsabilidades no que se refere à oferta do ensino médio para a população estudantil fluminense. O estudo da formação do federalismo no país, a partir da inauguração da República, demarcará a definição do cenário histórico e político concebendo como tal processo desenvolveu-se nas relações entre o Estado e a sociedade. Caracterizar o federalismo brasileiro servirá de apoio para a discussão principal deste trabalho. Buscando historicamente as evidências da crise sistêmica da educação no estado, a análise deste tema parte de se reconhecer que os processos de centralização descentralização do ensino desencadearão um movimento descontínuo das ações governamentais, no isolamento dos planos educacionais, entre os anos de 1975 (início da fusão entre os estados da Guanabara e o Rio de Janeiro) a 1998. Partindo das articulações de centralização descentralização do ensino no Brasil e no estado do Rio de Janeiro, o exemplo do município de Paracambi será apresentado como possibilidade de se observar a experiência das municipalizações (prefeiturizações) ocorridas na cidade e como se estabeleceram as relações institucionais entre as esferas de governo, estadual e municipal. / The aim of this work is to identify the reasons that led the state educational system in Rio de Janeiro to a permanent crisis. Such crisis was observed either in the (lack of)control of the government acts or in the failure to accomplish its responsibilities to offer high school education to the student population of the state. The study of the formation of federalism in Brazil, since the beginning of the Republic, will point out the definition of the historical and political scene showing how this process developed in the relations between the State and the society. The characterization of the Brazilian federalism will support the main discussion of this work.In the historical search for the evidences of the state educational systemic crisis, the analysis of this theme starts from the recognition that the processes of centralization decentralization of education will cause a discontinuous movement of governamental acts, isolating the educational plans, between the years 1975 ( the beginning of the political union between the states of Guanabara and Rio de Janeiro ) and 1998. Starting from the articulations of centralization decentralization of education in Brazil and in the state of Rio de Janeiro, the example of the city of Paracambi will be presented as a possibility of observing the experience of education managed by the municipality found in this city. It will also show how the institutional relations among the federal, state and municipal levels were established.

This study analyzes the financial viability of municipalities in Sergipe. With the Federal Constitution of 1988, Brazil went through a fiscal decentralization and the municipalities increased their participation in tax collections. These increases have not guaranteed improvements in public services provided to the population. The objective of this paper is to see which municipalities do not have financial viability to remain independent. Five criteria were adopted to verify the feasibility of the municipalities: minimum number of inhabitants, number of existing homes, positive balance on the difference between revenues and expenditures, tax effort and the centrality of the municipality. The idea of annexations of municipalities comes at a time when the municipal administrators complain about the financial crisis affecting their economies and the pressure on the Federal Government to increase the transfers made, such as the Municipal Participation Fund or renegotiate existing debts. With annexations, it would be possible to invest more resources in areas that directly affect the local population, such as health and education. Besides the saving produced with the Executive Branch, these annexations would also cause a reduction in the number of legislative chambers, which in Brazil are often at the services of the Head of the Executive Branch. This would generate savings in 2010 alone, an amount of R$ 69,076,861.89. After the annexation, there would be a reduction in the number of municipalities in Sergipe, from the current 75 municipalities, the state would have only 27. The result of this analysis demonstrates the significant amounts that could be applied in the improvement of services to the local population and presenting, as an important point, no need for an increase in municipal public expenditure or increase in transfers from the federal and state governments. / O presente estudo faz uma análise da viabilidade financeira dos municípios sergipanos. Com a Constituição Federal de 1988, o Brasil passou por uma descentralização fiscal e os municípios brasileiros aumentaram sua participação nas arrecadações tributárias. Esses aumentos não garantiram melhorias nos serviços públicos prestados à população. O objetivo do trabalho é verificar quais municípios não possuem viabilidade financeira para permanecerem independentes. Foram adotados cinco critérios para verificar a viabilidade dos municípios: número mínimo de habitantes, quantidade de domicílios existentes, saldo positivo na diferença entre receitas e despesas, esforço fiscal e a centralidade do município. A ideia de anexação de municípios surge num momento em que os gestores públicos municipais reclamam da crise financeira que afeta sua economia e pressionam o Governo Federal para aumentar os repasses realizados, como é o caso do Fundo de Participação Municipal, ou renegociar as dívidas existentes. Com as anexações, seria possível investir mais recursos nas áreas que afetam diretamente a população local, como, por exemplo, a saúde e a educação. Além da economia gerada com o Poder Executivo, as anexações também provocariam a redução no número de câmaras legislativas, que no Brasil muitas vezes estão a serviços do Chefe do Executivo. Essa economia geraria, só em 2010, um valor de R$ 69.076.861,89. Após as anexações, haveria uma redução no número de municípios em Sergipe, dos atuais 75 municípios, o estado passaria a ter apenas 27. O resultado dessa análise demonstra os vultosos valores que poderiam ser empregados na melhoria dos serviços prestados à população local e apresentando como um ponto importante, a desnecessidade de aumento da despesa pública municipal ou aumento das transferências dos governos Federal e estaduais.

Essa Tese procura contribuir no debate sobre a ampliação da importância da produção imobiliária na transformação das cidades brasileiras, discutindo as mudanças evidenciadas em Fortaleza, Ceará. Nesta metrópole, verificou-se nos últimos anos um expressivo aumento do número de lançamentos imobiliários e uma intensa diversificação dos empreendimentos, que são coincidentes ao fortalecimento da atuação de grandes incorporadoras. Estas empresas, mais capitalizadas e adotando novas estratégias de produção, passam a ser responsáveis pela condução de importantes mudanças, possibilitadas, em parte, pela recuperação dos financiamentos habitacionais e pelo processo geral de convergência entre capital financeiro e produção imobiliária. A incorporação imobiliária como lógica específica de produção capitalista do espaço, ao favorecer a inserção de novos capitais no setor e ampliar a flexibilidade na produção, consolida-se como meio para a centralização do capital. Envolvendo a articulação de interesses das incorporadoras nacionais e locais, a centralização será determinante na criação de condições privilegiadas de reprodução do capital no espaço, que intensificarão a valorização imobiliária em diferentes áreas da metrópole reforçando sua diferenciação socioespacial. Partindo das relações de produção do imobiliário sob o domínio da incorporação, procuraremos compreender o significado das mudanças em curso, discutindo a reorganização do capital no setor, a atuação dos principais agentes envolvidos, suas estratégias em maximização dos ganhos e os reflexos na produção do espaço. Para o desenvolvimento dessas discussões exploraremos a articulação dos principais conceitos envolvidos - como incorporação, centralização, valorização imobiliária - com a pesquisa empírica, baseada em entrevistas aos principais agentes envolvidos na produção imobiliária, levantamento de dados sobre a organização do setor, a produção imobiliária e a organização socioespacial da metrópole. Com o aprofundamento dessas discussões, procuraremos demonstrar a hipótese de que em Fortaleza, a partir do fortalecimento da incorporação e seu imbricamento com o financeiro, ocorrerá um importante movimento de centralização do capital no setor imobiliário que ganhará força na redefinição da metrópole ao impor uma nova lógica de produção do espaço, que exacerba a reprodução do capital em detrimento das necessidades da reprodução social. / This thesis contributes to the debate on the growth in importance of property development in the transformation of Brazilian cities, discussing the changes detected in Fortaleza, Ceará. In this city, it was observed over the last years a significant increase in the number of property launches and an intense diversification of property type and location, which are coincident with the increasing role of the largest real estate developers. These companies, heavily capitalized and adopting new development strategies, are responsible for leading important changes in Fortaleza`s real estate sector, which have been made possible, in part, by the recovery of home loans and by the convergence between financial capital and real estate development. Real estate development seen as a specific form of the capitalist production of space, favoring the injection of new capitals in the sector and broadening the flexibility of production, asserts itself as a mean for the centralization of capital. Involving the interest articulation of national and local developers, this centralization will be determining in the creation of privileged conditions of reproduction of capital in space, conditions that will intensify real estate appreciation in different areas of the metropolis, reinforcing the city\'s socio-spatial differentiation. Following from the real estate relations of production dominated by property development, we will try to understand the meaning of current changes, discussing the capital reorganization in the sector, the role of the main agents involved, their strategies to maximize their gains and the effects on the production of space. In order to develop these discussions we will explore the articulation of the main concepts involved here - such as property development, centralization and real estate appreciation - with an empirical research, based on interviews with the main agents in the real estate development sector and on data gathered about the sector organization, property production and the socio-spatial organization of the city. Having discussed these issues in depth, we will try to demonstrate the thesis that with the intensification of real estate development in Fortaleza and its entwinement with financial capital there will be an important movement of capital centralization in the real estate sector, a movement that will become stronger in the redefinition of the metropolis by imposing a new logic of production of space, which exacerbates capital reproduction to the detriment of the necessities of social reproduction.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-01-11T14:24:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 sandrogrossinascimento.pdf: 2231755 bytes, checksum: f4dcf0be78a151521c555619230ce31e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-02-07T13:37:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 sandrogrossinascimento.pdf: 2231755 bytes, checksum: f4dcf0be78a151521c555619230ce31e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-02-07T14:08:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 sandrogrossinascimento.pdf: 2231755 bytes, checksum: f4dcf0be78a151521c555619230ce31e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-07T14:08:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sandrogrossinascimento.pdf: 2231755 bytes, checksum: f4dcf0be78a151521c555619230ce31e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-18 / O presente trabalho é uma pesquisa, cujo objetivo é investigar atividades didáticas de estatística para alunos do Ensino Médio. Essas atividades propiciaram a construção e/ou a reconstrução das medidas de centralidade e, assim, obter um olhar mais detalhado para o estudo dessas medidas, com o intuito de preparar os alunos de forma mais eficiente no uso de situações problemas do cotidiano. Concomitantemente, analisar, a partir da Educação Estatística, com o viés da Literacia Estatística, a compreensão dos resultados obtidos na análise dessas medidas. A teoria da Engenharia Didática subsidiou a metodologia desta investigação enquanto as situações didáticas e as situações a-didáticas foram os aportes teóricos na análise das atividades propostas aos estudantes, culminando assim, em uma proposta de sequência didática para o Produto Educacional. Vale salientar que os sujeitos desta pesquisa são os estudantes de uma escola estadual, turma do terceiro ano do Ensino Médio da cidade de Paraíba do Sul, do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. / This work is a research whose aim is to investigate teaching of statistical activities for high school students. These activities led to the construction and / or reconstruction of the centrality measures and thus a more detailed look at the study of these measures, in order to prepare students more effectively in the use of everyday problems situations. Concomitantly, analyze, from the statistics, with the bias of Literacy Education Statistics, the understanding of the results obtained in the analysis of these measures. The theory of Didactic Engineering supported the methodology of this research while teaching situations and situations-teaching were the theoretical contributions in the analysis of the proposed activities to students, so culminating in a proposal of didactic sequence for the Educational Product. It is worth noting that the subjects of this research are students of a state school, class of third year of high school in the city of Paraiba do Sul, State of Rio de Janeiro.

This study aims to understand how police officers in Sweden are affected by their line of work in their personal life. The study is based on qualitative research where the empirical material has been gathered from interviews with Swedish police officers. A total of eight police officers have contributed to this study. The main theoretical concept used in this study is Göran Ahrnes notion of the “organizational centaur”. Alongside this concept, the essay also covers police culture and organizational concept. The results of this study reveal that several police officers find it hard to combine their line of work with their personal life. Not only does the occupation affect the police officers themselves, it also affects their family and acquaintances. Moreover, the results demonstrate how police officers relate to their profession in their spare time. Finally, the results of this study express how changes within the police organization has affected the work situation for many police officers in Sweden.

Uppsatsens syfte är att se vilka urval, lokala och regionala nyhetsprogram gör innehållsmässigt och geografiskt. De analysenheter vi valt är TV4Nyheterna Jönköping och SVT Smålandsnytt. Vi jämförde även de två programmens inslag beträffande typ och längd. Vi studerade under tre veckors tid nyhetssammanfattningen 21.55 från TV4Nyheterna Jönköping och nyhetssammanfattningen 22.15 från SVT SmålandsNytt. Anledningen till att vi valde nyhetssammanfattningar var för att vi vill se vad som kanalerna ansåg vara de viktigaste händelserna under dagen, det som var värt att sammanfatta. Den valda metoden är kvantitativ innehållsanalys. Valet gjordes för att vi ville undersöka statistiskt mätbara variabler, som tid, olika ämnen i inslagen och antal inslag per kommun. Detta är statistisk data och lämpar sig bäst då att räkna kvantitativt. Analysen har gjorts med hjälp av en kodbok och kodblanketter. Resultaten visade att i TV4Nyheterna Jönköping fanns det en stark centralisering till sändningsorten, Jönköping. I SmålandsNytt däremot fanns inte lika stark koncentration till Växjö, som är SmålandNytts sändningsort, utan även här dominerade Jönköping. Detta anser vi beror på det uppmärksammade studentmordet som rapporterats mycket om i programmen. De inslagslängder som var vanligast i båda nyhetsprogrammen var 16-30 sekunder. Det ämne som uppmärksammandes mest var brott/olyckor. Våra resultat visade inte på några stora skillnader mellan nyhetsprogrammen. / Our aim with the essay is to see how local and regional two news programmes are and which news they prioritize. The chosen programmes are TV4Nyheterna Jönköping and SVT Smålandsnytt. We will look into the differences between those two, when it comes to the type of elements, but also the difference in how long the elements are (in terms of time). The material we chose where the news summary 09.55 pm from TV4Nyheterna Jönköping and the news summary 10.15 pm from SVT SmålandsNytt, for three weeks. The reason why we chose news summaries is because we want to see what the channels consider are the most important events during the day, witch news where worth summarize. The selected method is quantitative content analysis. We chose that because we wanted to examine statistically measurable variables, as time, different matters in the elements and numbers elements by the municipality. Since it is statistical fact it suits best to count quantitatively. The analysis has been done with the aid of a code book and code forms. The results showed that TV4Nyheterna Jönköping had centralization to consignments place, Jönköping. But when it comes to SmålandsNytt, they did not have any centralization to the consignments place, instead Jönköping dominated here also. We consider that this can to do the with murder of a student that has been reported a lot about in the programmes. When it came to the time length of the elements that dominated in both of the news programmes where 16-30 seconds and the most common matters where criminal/accidents. According to Hadenius and Weibull are criminal/accidents one of the most primary readings at the newspaper readers. Our results did not show on some big differences in our two news programmes, SmålandsNytt and TV4Nyheterna Jönköping.

Dans l’image traditionnelle, la Chine est un État unitaire typiquement centralisé. Un tel concept, même à l’ère de Mao Zedong, n’est pas très précis, car à l’époque, la Chine a quand-même connu au moins trois cycles de déconcentration/centralisation. Alors, après la réforme d’«ouverture vers l’extérieur» par Deng Xiaoping, la Chine a établi des relations contrastées entre le central et le local. Deng Xiaoping a adopté une décentralisation des compétences par les mesures administratives et transfère les « intérêts » à l’échelon local, ce qui induit une grande latitude pour ce dernier, en particulier, en matière de développement de l’économie. Ainsi, une décentralisation non institutionnalisée a conduit l’échelon local à devenir de facto une entité administrative qui maîtrise les ressources et les compétences au nom de l’État, plutôt qu’obéissant aveuglément au central. Derrière ce changement, on voit l’émergence et la force motrice des intérêts locaux, avec une décentralisation approfondie, les gouvernements locaux ont reçu beaucoup plus de pouvoirs discrétionnaires, surtout pour ce qui concerne les affaires locales, et en même temps, à travers la maîtrise des ressources et des pouvoirs, les gouvernements locaux possèdent les «jetons» dans la négociation avec le gouvernement central, ayant pour objet et effet d’exprimer les intérêts locaux et d’influencer les décisions du central. Pour maintenir sa primauté, le gouvernement central a adopté une centralisation sélective pour faire face à cette décentralisation de facto afin d’arriver à un équilibre entre le central et le local. Cependant, une décentralisation non institutionnalisée, principalement à travers les négociations pour atteindre un équilibre entre les deux précédents, semble une approche qui n’est toujours pas stable, de telle sorte que la recherche d’une normativité des relations entre le central et le local est devenue un objectif à long terme. / In the traditional image, China is a typically centralized unitary country, such a concept, even in the era of Mao Zedong, is not very precise, because at that time, China has even experienced at least three cycles of decentralisation/centralisation. So, through the reform and open by Deng Xiaoping, China has formed contrasting relations between central and local. Deng Xiaoping has adopted decentralization through administrative measures to decentralize the power and transfer “interests” to the local government, so that, the local government has a major initiative, in particular, in the development of the economy. Thus, the non-institutional decentralization leads the local government to become de facto an administrative entity which controls resources and power in the name of the central government. So the local government is not just obeying the central government like before. Behind this change is the emergence and the driving force of local interests. With a deep decentralization, the local governments have received much more discretionary power, especially in the local affairs and at the same time, through the control of resources and powers, the local governments have the “bargain chip” to negotiate with the central government, so that they could express local interests and influence the decisions of the central government. In order to maintain central authority, the central government has adopted a selective centralization for this de facto centralization, so as to achieve a balance between the central government and the local government. However, the non-institutional decentralization mainly through negotiation to achieve a balance between the two preceding ones, seems to be an approach that is still not stable, so that the search for a normativity of relations between central and local has become a long-term goal.

Public procurement, as a form of public purchases of goods and services through the private sector, is still an actual topic. The government expenditures that are related to procurement are regulated by the European Union to save public spending, for example by using centralized procurement. This thesis is focused on a concrete, centralized public procurement called, Provision of mobile electronic communication services, in which the capital city of the Czech republic, Prague, acts as a central contracting authority and the city districts of Prague act as subordinate contracting authorities. There is a characteristic of public procurement through a centralized method and based on the case study of the city districts of the capital city of Prague identifying the advantages and disadvantages of using this method and formulating recommendations to the central contracting authority for higher success of the future public procurement.

The purpose was to analyze Turkey's current music teacher training curriculum as situated in the centralized educational system, focusing on the extent to which the written document (1) reflects the core elements of the overall centralized educational system; (2) prescribes the nature of teaching materials and methods, assessment tools and other forms of evaluating and monitoring performance as teachers and musicians; and (3) acknowledges cultural diversity by addressing repertoire, musical activities and concepts according to geographic and cultural regions. Qualitative-descriptive and quantitative content analysis, including the methods of (a) Inverse document frequency and (b) relevance feedback model, were the analytic tools. Of the required 147 credit hours, 138 are the core. The music core consists of 87 (63%) and the non-music core of 51 credit hours (37%). On paper, there is a conceptual overlap in wording between the music core, the general core, and the teacher training core, suggesting curricular cohesion and consistency. Noticeably less cohesion exists between the document and three major policy papers on teacher competencies. By word count, preparing teachers for instruction in Turkish folk music and multicultural issues appears to hold a low priority in the curriculum. However, course descriptions, where they exist, speak to skills and knowledge linked to performing and understanding Turkish folk and art music, not Western art music alone. Missing from those descriptions is any reference to teaching materials and methods, specific assessment tools, and other forms of evaluating and monitoring students. With reference to works by Max Weber, Karl Mannheim, and Robert Merton, the study concludes with a discussion about issues and problems inherent in a centralized teacher program that seeks to prepare music teachers for a culturally diverse society.

Cette thèse examine l'impact de la mondialisation sur l'urbanisation de Beyrouth, capitale pensée a la fois comme métropole au sein du Liban et ville–monde à l’échelle internationale. Longtemps, les discours sur la Ville Globale, ont porté principalement sur les villes du Premier Monde. Une littérature postcoloniale plus récente sur Beyrouth et le monde arabe a élargi le discours de la mondialisation pour inclure le « tiers-monde », les pays en voie de développement et plus particulièrement les villes du Proche-Orient et du bassin méditerranée. Ainsi, cette ouverture a permis de relier l'urbanisation contemporaine avec les diverses formes prises par la modernité. L’objectif de cette recherche est de proposer une lecture de l’urbanisation de Beyrouth depuis la fin du XIXème siècle en mettant en lumière la place centrale prise par les interactions, souvent contradictoires, entre logiques spatiales endogènes et exogènes dans l’explication de ce processus. La méthodologie repose sur quatre approches complémentaires (cartes mentales, entretiens auprès d’experts, analyse critique et historique de la planification urbaine étatique de Beyrouth, géopolitique de l’enseignement supérieur) permettant l’analyse de la restructuration et de la différenciation de la région métropolitaine de Beyrouth et du littoral. La spécificité géographique de Beyrouth contribue à nuancer les tendances à la mondialisation du phénomène urbain dans les espaces dits en voie de développement. Trois étapes de la croissance et de la structuration urbaine se dégage : la centralisation de la période coloniale, la décentralisation liée à la période de l'indépendance et de la guerre civile, la fragmentation enfin lors de la période dite de la « post guerre ». Ce processus inscrit dans le temps long, s’accélère au cours de la dernière période. La « Mondiapolisation » de Beyrouth signifie à la fois l’insertion de Beyrouth dans un modèle monde de l’urbanisation et l’affirmation de valeurs métropolitaines. / This dissertation investigates the impact of globalization on the urbanization of Beirut, a city perceived, on the one hand, as a capital metropolis in the heart of Lebanon and, on the other hand, as an international world-city. The literature on global cities has mainly tackled the cities of the developed world despite the fact that more recent postcolonial literature about Beirut and the Arab world has expanded the discourse of globalization to include the “third-world,” the under-developed countries, and particularly the cities of the Near-East and the mediterranean basin. The objective is to provide an explanation of the urbanization of Beirut, and to try to apply this corpus in order to assess the evolution of Beirut since the end of the nineteenth century. The methodology examines the restructuration and the differentiation of Beirut’s metropolitan area and its coastline as one whole carrying the highest level of urbanization. It is based on four complementary approaches: the mental image of the metropolitan area of Beirut as perceived by its inhabitants, semi-directive interviews to complete the representations and widen the scope of the initial claim, a spatio–chronological reading of the official discourses of urban planning at the different periods of development of contemporary Beirut, and the choice of spatial indicators among which the spatial distribution of universities as a reflection of the geopolitical differentiation of Lebanon and the intersection of endogenous and exogenous factors. In conclusion, the geographical specificity of Beirut reveals the nuances of globalization trends of the urban phenomenon in the so-called under-development spaces. Three stages of growth and urban structure are identified : centralization, corresponding to the colonial period, decentralization, to the period of independence and civil war, and fragmentation, to the period known as "post-war" Beirut. We call this long-term process the "Globapolization" of Beirut.