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Background: In Sweden there are approximately 130 000 to 150 000 people suffering from dementia and according to research this number may double by the year 2050. Dementia is a chronic disorder meaning it is irreversible and those suffering from dementia will deteriorate with time, therefore patients often need specialist care. Knowledge and experience within the field of the various dementia disorders is necessary to provide effective care and ensure quality of life for these patients. According to patients, and relatives of those suffering, the quality of care depends on the relationship between the nurse and patient, and whether nurses have specialist training in dementia care and person centred care (PCC). Aim: The aim of this literature study is to describe nurses' experience of caring for people with dementia. Method: A literature study with descriptive design was conducted based on twelve scientific articles from three different databases: PubMed, Cinahl and PsycINFO. Main results: Through thematic analysing of the twelve chosen scientific articles three main headings emerged along with eight subheadings describing nurses experiences of caring for people with dementia. Theme number one described the importance of individual care in terms of examination, communication, activities and environmental factors. Theme number two focused on relationships that according to the nurses affected the quality of care they provided for the patients. The third theme described nurses' experiences of how resources such as further education as well as better organisation of work and staffing affected their quality of care for patients suffering from dementia. Conclusion: The literature study shows that nurses within dementia care need further education and practical experience to deliver good quality PCC. To make this possible well organised staffing and work structuring from a higher level of management is necessary to create a secure and caring environment where both nurses and patients are satisfied. / Bakgrund: I Sverige finns det mellan 130 000 till 150 000 personer som lider av en demenssjukdom och enligt rapporter kan detta antal komma att fördubblas till år 2050. Demenssjukdomar är kroniska och innebär att tillståndet hos patienten försämras med tiden. Detta innebär att dessa patienter kräver en allt mer anpassad och specialiserad omvårdnad där kunskap och erfarenheter kring demenssjukdom spelar en vital roll för patienternas välmående och livskvalité. Vårdkvalitén enligt patienter och anhöriga avgörs beroende på relationen mellan sjuksköterska och patient samt sjuksköterskornas utbildning och kunskap gällande personcentrerad vård (PCV). Syfte: Att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter kring omvårdnaden av människor med demenssjukdom. Metod: En beskrivande litteraturstudie där tolv artiklar från databaserna PubMed, Cinahl och PsycINFO står för litteraturstudiens resultat. Huvudresultat: En tematisk analys av de tolv utvalda artiklarna resulterade i tre huvudteman samt åtta underteman där sjuksköterskors upplevelser kring omvårdnaden av människor med demenssjukdom beskrevs. Det första temat fokuserade på individanpassning av vård i form av undersökning, kommunikation, aktiviteter och miljö. Tema nummer två fokuserade på relationer som enligt sjuksköterskorna påverkade kvalitén av omvårdanden av patienterna. Det sista och tredje temat beskrev hur sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av varierande resurser i form av utbildning och organisation av deras arbete och personal påverkade deras omvårdnad för patienter med demenssjukdom. Slutsats: Resultatet av litteraturstudien visar att sjuksköterskor inom demenssjukvården behöver ytterligare specialistutbildning samt praktisk erfarenhet för att möjliggöra god kvalitativ vård i form av PCV. Detta kräver att organisationen kring omvårdnadsarbetet förbättras och stöds på en organisatorisk nivå som resulterar i en trygg och säker arbets- och omvårdnadsmiljö där både sjuksköterskor och patienter trivs.

Introduction and background: Family-centred care in the intensive care unit has increased steadily over the past three decades, based on the premise that the illness and health of an individual family member affects the whole family unit. Although widely researched there are still inconsistencies in implementing family-centred care, which influences the ability to transfer research findings into practice. Research has shown that recognising the role of family members in the critical care environment should be considered an essential component to caring for the critically ill patient. Although recommendations have been made for the implementation of familycentred care, it is not feasible for all recommendations to be adopted by nurses and healthcare professionals in a single ICU. Nurses and healthcare professionals need to customise strategies to an individual intensive care unit to improve family-centred care. Aim: The aim of the study was to explore and describe nurses, healthcare professionals and family members’ perceptions of family-centred care in the intensive care unit. Research design and methods: A quali-quanti research design was used. Participants included nurses, healthcare professionals and family members in the intensive care unit of a private hospital in Gauteng, South Africa. There were a total of sixty (60) participants who took part in the study. Nurses were selected using stratified random sampling, healthcare professionals were selected using total population sampling and family members were selected using purposive, maximum variation and convenience sampling. Data was collected over a period of one month by means of structured interviews using an associative group analysis technique. Participants were asked to write down free word associations in relation to the stimulus word “family-centred care” in order to explore and describe their perceptions of family-centred care in the intensive care unit as it is currently, as it could be in the “ideal world” and any gaps that exist around these perceptions. Results: Five themes were derived from the data: communication, environment, continuum of feelings, reflections and spiritual care. Conclusion: The implementation of family-centred care should involve all stakeholders in the intensive care unit in order to address inconsistencies in perceptions around family-centred care. Keywords: Associative group analysis, intensive care unit, family-centred care, healthcare professionals, nurses, perceptions, stakeholders / Dissertation (MNur)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Nursing Science / MNur (Clinical) / Unrestricted

Bakgrund: Aortaaneurysm är en vidgning på stora kroppspulsådern, en asymtomatisk diagnos som kan blir livshotande om den brister. Aneurysm kan repareras med antingen öppen kirurgi eller endoskopiskt. Män är majoriteten av dessa patienter och rökning, hjärtkärlsjukdomar samt hög ålder utgör riskfaktorer. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturöversikten var att beskriva personers erfarenheter av att leva med ett aortaaneurysm. Metod: Designen är kvalitativ litteraturöversikt med induktiv ansats. Resultatartiklar söktes fram på databaserna CINAHL, PubMed och PsychInfo med hjälp av relevanta sökord för ämnet. Även manuella sökningar gjordes. De framtagna artiklarna lästes med hjälp Fribergs 5-stegsmodell och analyserades utifrån Graneheim och Lundmans kvalitativa innehållsanalys. Analysen resulterade i tre huvudkategorier och sju subkategorier. Resultat: Vägledning i att ha levt med aortaaneurysm, Emotionella aspekter av att ha levt med aortaaneurysm och Livet och vardagen med aortaaneurysm var de tre huvudkategorierna som framkom från analysen, och subkategorierna Information från vården, Kunskap kring diagnosen, Rädsla för diagnosen, Tankar kring döden, En framtid trots diagnos, Mötet med vården samt Begränsningar i vardagen. Information var det som var mest påtagligt och som under tidens gång visade sig kunna påverka övriga subkategorier både positivt och negativt beroende på mängd, leveranssätt och tidpunkt.  Slutsats: Genom denna litteraturöversikt visade sig erfarenheterna variera och dessa var individuella beroende på var i livet deltagaren befann sig och hur livet i övrigt var för deltagaren. Ytterligare studier behövs för att ta fram ett mer personcentrerat och individuellt tillmötesgående för personer med aortaaneurysm. / Background: Aortic aneurysm is a dilation of the aorta, an asymptomatic diagnosis that can become life-threatening if it burst. Aneurysms can be repaired with either open surgery or endoscopically. The majority of patients are men, and smoking, cardiovascular disease and old age are risk factors. Aim: The aim of the literature review was to describe people´s experiences of living with an aortic aneurysm. Method: The design is a qualitative literature review with an inductive approach. Result articles were searched on the databases CINAHL, PubMed and PsychInfo using relevant keywords for the topic. Manual searches were also performed. The produced articles were read using Friberg's 5-step model and analyzed on the basis of Graneheim and Lundman's qualitative content analysis. The analysis resulted in three main categories being selected with seven subcategories. Results:  Guidance in lived aortic aneurysm, Emotional aspects in lived aortic aneurysm and Life and daily living with aortic aneurysm were the three main categories which emerged in our analysis. With the subcategories Information from the healthcare, Knowledge about the diagnosis, Fear of the diagnosis, Thoughts about death, Future despite the diagnosis, Meeting the healthcare and Obstacles in everyday life. Information was what was most noticeable and over time, it turned out to be able to influence other subcategories both positively and negatively depending on quantity, delivery method and time. Conclusion: Through this literature review, the experiences turned out to be varied and these were individual depending on where in life the participant was and how life in general was for the participant. Further studies are needed to develop a more person-centred and individualized approach for people with aortic aneurysm.

Bakgrund: Immigration idag betraktas som ett globalt fenomen. Hälso- och sjukvård är en sektor för alla som är i behov av sjukvård. Sjuksköterskor är bland de första som kommer i kontakt med patienter och deras anhöriga. Sjuksköterskors roll i bemötande har därför stor betydelse inom omvårdnad. Det innebär att om sjuksköterskor innehar ett gott bemötande kan det förstärka främjandet av patientsdelaktighet och patientinflytande samt patientsäkerhet. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att i sin profession bemöta immigrerade patienter och deras anhöriga. Metod: Artiklar med kvalitativ metod och induktiv ansats användes i denna litteraturöversikt. Dessutom användes induktiv innehållsanalys för att organisera den kvalitativa data. Resultat: Resultaten indelades i tre huvudkategorier med tillhörande underkategorier. Sjuksköterskorna beskrev sina erfarenheter av att i sin profession bemöta immigrerade patienter och deras anhöriga som en utmaning. Språk- och kulturbarriärer var de primära faktorerna som skapade utmaningar i bemötandena. Etiska dilemman förekom även under bemötande. Slutsats: Det fanns utmaningar och svårigheter i bemötande med immigrerade patienter och deras anhöriga. Utmaningarna och svårigheterna var bland annat språk- och kulturbarriärer som påverkade kommunikation och bemötande. En annan utmaning var att sjuksköterskorna behövde engagera sig mer i sitt arbete för att skapa ett gott bemötande. Etiska dilemman förekom även vid bemötandena och kunde påverka bemötandena negativt. Sjuksköterskornas kunskap, erfarenheter och resurser är nödvändiga för att kunna tillföra det stöd som patienter och deras anhöriga är i behov av. / Background: Immigration is today considered as a global phenomenon. The health care sector is the place for everyone who is in need of health services. Nurses are among the first professionals that meet these immigrant patients. The role of nurse in these encounters is therefore of great importance in nursing, as a good encounter and impression can improve patient involvement, patient influence and patient safety. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe nurses' experiences of encountering immigrant patients and their relatives in their profession. Method: Articles with a qualitative method and inductive approach were used in this literature review. In addition, inductive content analysis was used to organise qualitative data. Results: The results were divided into three main categories with associated subcategories. The nurses described their experiences of encountering immigrant patients and their relatives as a challenge. Language and cultural barriers were the primary factors that created a challenge in the encounters. Ethical dilemmas also transpired during these encounters. Conclusion: The results showed that there were challenges and difficulties in encountering with immigrant patients and their relatives. The challenges and difficulties included language and cultural barriers which affected communication and encounter. Another challenge was that the nurses needed to get more involved in their work to create a good encounter. Ethical dilemmas also occurred in the encountering and could affect the encounter negatively. The nurses' knowledge, experience and resources are necessary to be able to provide the support that patients and their relatives need.

Classroom lighting has been installed in the same way since the 1960s, in straight lines offluorescent tubes, even if the teaching values have changed remarkably. There is a need for knowledge exchange that bridges lighting design theory and pedagogy and studies on how the current situation impacts education. Furthermore, there are few studies on new ways of illuminating classrooms. This thesis explores two case studies: one standard classroom built in the 1960s and a classroom redesigned in 2020 with adaptable lighting. The two case studies are used to derive a design concept that can be installed in any standard classroom. Moreover, during the autumn and winter in Sweden, electric light is crucial to support circadian rhythms, and there is a need for adaptability and change throughout the day.

What are things occurring in peoples mind when thinking about ‘mammography’? Some might not be entirely sure about what mammography is, some might get a feeling of discomfort and some may be very familiar with this method of finding breast cancer tumors. But why is it that many women get ner-vous when thinking about mammography and common words used when describing it are: discomfort, loneliness, pain and “ouch”?  This thesis project started by exploring methods for diagnosing and treating breast cancer. What are current technologies and procedures - And can we improve these methods and the experience of using them? The result, Nina, is an approach to improve the most common method used in breast cancer diagnostics: Mammography. Through study visits at hospitals, dia-logues with doctors, nurses and former breast cancer patients this project tried to identify areas for improving the mammog-raphy experience. Together with physical prototyping, participatory workshops and user feedback the result reflects three core values driving the design and final concept of the project: Appearance, comfort and patient-nurse relationship. The Appearance is made smaller through nano X-ray technology creating a lighter and friendlier look compared to contempo-rary machines. Comfort is improved by softer and more inviting shapes and with smarter breast compression.   Having patient and nurse close (Pa-tient-nurse relationship) forms a bond and shared experience helping patients feel more calm and relaxed.  The concept is supported by the website “Squeeze please” - A platform to facilitate mammography appointments as well as to provide information about breast cancer and the mammography experience. Nina is simply an approach to turn mam-mography into a more pleasant and positive experience and to further improve breast cancer diagnostics.

Bakgrund: All vård som utförs ska vara säker och evidensbaserad, vilket innebär att den ska vara väl underbyggd med kunskap. Vårdare i olika professioner ska utgå från personcentrerad vård, där patientens berättelse är i centrum. När patientens livsvärld tas i beaktning vårdas hela människan och dennes kropp, själ och ande respekteras. Vid överbeläggningar och hög arbetsbelastning sker misstag i omvårdnaden som kan leda till att patienten får utstå vårdskada och vårdlidande. Sjuksköterskors ansvar är att vårda sina patienter och skydda dem från lidande och respektera deras autonomi, värdighet och integritet. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av vilka förutsättningar som krävs för att upprätthålla säker vård vid överbeläggningar av patienter på sjukhus. Metod: En litteraturbaserad metod för att bidra till säker och evidensbaserad omvårdnad med grund i analys av kvalitativa studier. Resultat: Fyra teman utkristalliserades; Erfarenhetens betydelse vid överbeläggningar och hög arbetsbelastning, Personcentrerad vård ökar säkerheten, Kommunikation, samarbete och tillit inom teamet, God återhämtning och minskad arbetsrelaterad stress säkrar omvårdnaden. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskor som i sitt team arbetar personcentrerat och evidensbaserat, använder sin egen och andras erfarenheter för att öka förutsättningarna för att kunna arbeta patientsäkert vid överbeläggningar. / Background: All care performed must be safe and evidence-based and must be well-founded with knowledge. Caregivers must start from person-centered care, where the patient's story is at the center. When the patient's life value is taken into account, the whole person is cared for and body, soul and spirit are respected. In the event of overcrowding and high workload, mistakes are made in the nursing care that can lead to the patient enduring a care injury and suffering. Nurses' responsibility is to care for patients and protect them from suffering and to respect their autonomy, dignity and integrity. Purpose: The purpose is to shed light on nurses' experiences of what conditions are required to maintain safe care in case of overcrowding in hospitals. Method: A literature-based method to contribute to safe and evidence-based nursing based on analysis of qualitative studies. Result: Four themes crystallized; Significance of experience at high workload and overcrowding, Person-centered care increases safety, Communication, cooperation and trust within the team, Good recovery and reduced work-related stress ensure nursing. Conclusion: Nurses who apply person-centred and evidence-based practice in their teams, create good conditions for patient-safe work even in the event of overcrowding.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This research project explored the learning experiences of two groups of first-year students in the Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, University of the Western Cape during the course of 2009/2010. The aim was to obtain insight into the learning challenges that these students encountered and the reasons why some of them were less successful in the learning process, while others were successful. The perspective of this study was therefore student centred. The project was undertaken against the backdrop of a higher education institution that caters mainly for so-called 'disadvantaged' and 'underprepared' students. Such students come predominantly from marginalised and poorly resourced education environments and socio-economic backgrounds, which suggests that they would find higher learning challenging and, as a result, would most likely experience failure in the learning process. The objective of the research project was two-fold: firstly, to identify and determine which factors have an impact on failure or successful completion of the first year of study in this faculty; and secondly, to derive from the data a socially situated, supportive and holistic learning approach that could assist more students to be successful in the learning process. The argument in the study was that learning is socially situated and constructed. To realise the objective, Vygotsky's social cultural theory and Bandura's social cognitive theory were used as theoretical orientation of the study. This qualitative, interpretive inquiry was characterised by multiple data collection methods. Qualitative data concerning the perceptions of the participants were generated via written reflective pieces, a questionnaire and individual interviews and content analysis. In addition, quantitative data were collected and this further contributed to the triangulation of rich, in-depth data. An 'open coding' strategy for the content analysis was used, but the approach for the analysis was not purely inductive. A student-centred analytical framework based in part on theories and findings of five studies conducted on student learning, failures and dropouts, and the context of UWC as HSU served as a framework for the analysis but new subthemes also emerged from the data collected The results of these two Case studies revealed that some of the students experienced multiple learning challenges simultaneously which increased in severity during the course of the academic year, and that, in Case 1, these challenges became too overwhelming and severe for the students and that was why they were less successful; while in Case 2, the students managed to overcome and deal with these challenges successfully. The findings of this project, while specific to the context in which it was undertaken, contribute to the growing body of knowledge in the field of higher education and in the identification of enabling factors that could assist more students to be successful in their first year of study at a higher education institution. The findings provide guidelines for a socially situated, supportive and holistic learning approach that could help higher education institutions to mitigate the cumulative effects of learning on students' personal, academic and social lives.

Hjärtsvikt framställs vara ett globalt hälsoproblem. Många personer lider av kronisk hjärtsvikt och detta är en bidragande orsak till ökad sjuklighet, mortalitet och sjukhusvistelser. Patienter som lider av hjärtsvikt ställs inför många livsstilsförändringar för att förhindra försämring av sjukdom. Egenvård är en stor del av behandlingen för att upprätthålla hälsa och hälsofrämjande metoder för hjärtsviktspatienter. Syftet med studien var att belysa faktorer som påverkar följsamheten till egenvård hos patienter med hjärtsvikt. Denna studie har gjorts som en allmän litteraturstudie med systematisk sökstrategi. Den systematiska sökningen genomfördes i databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. Sexton artiklar inkluderades som var publicerade mellan åren 2018 - 2022. Artiklarna kvalitetsgranskades och analyserades genom en integrerad analys. Resultatet visar att faktorer som påverkar följsamheten till egenvård hos patienter med hjärtsvikt framkom i fem kategorier. Dessa är patientens kunskap om sin sjukdom, patientens sociala stöd från närstående och digitala hjälpmedel, patientens psykologiska och emotionella faktorer, sjuksköterskans stöd i form av motiverande samtal och sjuksköterskans stöd i form av strukturerade uppföljningar. Slutsatsen är att patienter med hjärtsvikt oftast är i behov av utbildning och information om sjukdomen för att förstå de symtom som kan uppstå vid en försämring och för att lättare kunna följa de egenvårdsråd som ges. De är också ofta i behov av socialt stöd, antingen i form av digitala hjälpmedel eller stöd från närstående, personliga möten inom vården eller motiverande samtal samt utbildningstillfällen och dessa har visat förbättra följsamheten till de egenvårdsråd som ges av sjuksköterskor. Att vården även har ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt är avgörande för att varje individs delaktighet ska stärkas och att möta varje patient där de befinner sig, både själsligt och kunskapsmässigt i sin sjukdom. / Heart failure is presented as a global health problem. Many people suffer from chronic heart failure, and this is a contributing factor to increased morbidity, mortality and hospitalisation. Patients suffering from heart failure face many lifestyle changes to prevent worsening of disease. Self-care is a major part of treatment to maintain health and health promotion practices for heart failure patients. The aim of this study was to elucidate factors that affect adherence to self-care in patients with heart failure. This study was conducted as a general literature review with a systematic search strategy. The systematic search was conducted in the PubMed and CINAHL databases. Sixteen articles were included that were published between the years 2018 - 2022. The articles were quality reviewed and analysed using an integrated analysis. After performing an integrated analysis describing factors that influence adherence to selfcare in patients with heart failure, the results fell into five categories. These are knowledge, social support, psychological and emotional factors, motivational interviewing, and structured care. The conclusion is that patients with heart failure are most often in need of education and information about the disease to understand the symptoms that can occur when they deteriorate and to be able to follow the self-care advice given. Patients are often in need of social support, either in the form of eHealth or from family members, face-to-face meetings within the health care system or motivational talks, and educational sessions and these have been shown to improve adherence to self-care advice. A person-centred approach to care is also essential to empower each individual and to meet each patient where they are, spiritually and cognitively in their illness.