Developing countries and the poor within them (i.e., the other) receive scant attention in management and organization studies (MOS). The field, thus, suffers from both ethnocentric and class biases. This research effort seeks to reduce these biases, particularly in the conversation on power taking place between MOS' critical management studies and interorganizational collaboration research streams. / Articulating a case study of the Sialkot soccer ball child labour project in Pakistan (1995-2003), the thesis explores the communication constraints that are faced by weak actors in interorganizational domains (a social problem and a set of organizations having a stake or interest in that problem) located in the developing world. Relying on both written documents (private and public) and field interviews, especially with women soccer ball stitchers at the village level, a typology of communication constraints is developed. These constraints are examined from the perspectives of those at the bottom of the international supply chain and the injuries these groups suffer from them are documented in the thesis. It is found that the ability of weak actors to use communication to influence a domain is highly contingent on how space and time are configured in a domain. Domains have temporal rhythms and spatial configurations. The thesis identifies two types of temporal rhythms (technocratic and subsistence clocks) and a spatial configuration (imperial space) that severely militate against weak actors exercising agency in a domain through communication. Strategies (e.g., emergent collective struggle) that can prevent weak actors from becoming subalternalized (voiceless) in a domain are also discussed. The case study permits an investigation of contemporary transnational activism that often sires interorganizational collaboration projects in developing countries. The thesis identifies two types of transnational activism (thick and thin), delineates the various elements constituting them, and shows how thin activism can lead to interorganizational projects hurting weak and powerless groups that are intended to be assisted.

Submitted by Ricardo Ernesto Vasquez Beltrão (revbeltrao@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-09-26T11:43:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_BELTRAO_versao_final.pdf: 4066891 bytes, checksum: 31031af3df7530771019e79dc7d9a9f6 (MD5) / Rejected by PAMELA BELTRAN TONSA (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br), reason: Bom dia Ricardo. De acordo com as normas você deverá colocar a dedicatória a direita da folha. No resumo a configuração da letra não pode estar em itálico e necessário que seja normal. Apos os ajustes, submeter novamente para a aprovação. Qualquer duvida estou a disposição. Att, Pamela Tonsa 3799-7852 on 2014-09-26T11:59:10Z (GMT) / Submitted by Ricardo Ernesto Vasquez Beltrão (revbeltrao@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-09-26T12:41:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_BELTRAO_versao_final.pdf: 4067208 bytes, checksum: 497a29f3d852139d00191824654d4fea (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by PAMELA BELTRAN TONSA (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2014-09-26T12:47:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_BELTRAO_versao_final.pdf: 4067208 bytes, checksum: 497a29f3d852139d00191824654d4fea (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-26T14:14:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_BELTRAO_versao_final.pdf: 4067208 bytes, checksum: 497a29f3d852139d00191824654d4fea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-22 / This work analyze the child labor occurrence in Brazil, the factors associated with its development were investigated and some limits of the Program for Child Labor Eradication (PETI) to face the question nowadays. This work was organized in four chapters. In the first chapter are shown the research problem, its objectives and presuppositions, and the main characteristics of the PETI, and then the theoretical background about the intergovernmental cooperation in ambit of the public politics in Brazil was analyzed. In the second chapter the child labor in the international ambit was discussed, by means of analytical work that compares the association between the activity rates of the population from 10 to 14 years old and a set of variables that express the socioeconomic and demographic factors for one sample of the 25 countries with more than 20 millions habitants. The third chapter was developed in a similar way to the previous, analyzing how the children employment developed in the country since middle of last century, and to what extent the differences among these Brazilian states are associated with its socioeconomic and demographic variables, with emphasis on the labor market structure. The fourth chapter analyzes the differences among the Brazilian cities, and concludes that the PETI cannot be considered among the main factors that explain the variations in rates activity of the child population in the last decade, pointing out some of the Program limits related to the promotion of intergovernmental cooperation necessary for the country keep on advancing in an effective way to confronting this theme. The work also includes an overview of the Brazilian academic literature about child labor, one set of studies focused on the analysis of the State actions to face this question were highlighted (Appendix A). / O estudo analisa a ocorrência do trabalho infantil no Brasil, investigando os fatores associados à sua evolução e alguns dos limites do Programa de Erradicação do Trabalho Infantil (PETI) para o enfrentamento da questão na atualidade. O trabalho está organizado em quatro capítulos, além daquele que o encerra com um breve comentário conclusivo. No primeiro são apresentados o problema de pesquisa, seus objetivos e pressupostos, e as principais características do PETI, para em seguida ser analisado o referencial teórico sobre a cooperação intergovernamental no âmbito das políticas sociais no Brasil. No segundo capítulo é discutida a ocorrência do trabalho infantil em âmbito internacional, por meio de esforço analítico que compara a associação entre as taxas de atividade da população de 10 a 14 anos e um conjunto de variáveis que expressam fatores de ordem socioeconômica e demográfica para uma amostra de 25 países com mais de 20 milhões de habitantes. O terceiro capítulo é desenvolvido em termos similares ao anterior, analisando como evoluiu a ocupação de crianças no país desde meados do século passado, e em que medida as diferenças entre os Estados brasileiros a respeito estão associadas a variáveis socioeconômicas e demográficas, com ênfase na estrutura do mercado de trabalho. O quarto capítulo analisa as diferenças entre os municípios brasileiros a respeito, e conclui que o PETI não pode ser considerado entre os principais fatores que explicam as variações nas taxas de atividade da população infantil na década passada, apontando alguns dos limites do Programa relacionados à promoção da cooperação intergovernamental necessária para que o país continue avançando de forma mais efetiva no enfrentamento da questão. O trabalho inclui também um balanço sobre a produção acadêmica brasileira a respeito do trabalho infantil, destacando o conjunto de estudos voltados à análise das ações do Estado frente à questão (Apêndice A).

Submitted by Davi Kobayashi Colombo (colombo.davi@gmail.com) on 2012-09-13T02:17:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Colombo_D_K.pdf: 2584577 bytes, checksum: 36629745da1382bb64b51500f11c13a6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2012-09-13T12:47:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Colombo_D_K.pdf: 2584577 bytes, checksum: 36629745da1382bb64b51500f11c13a6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-09-13T13:18:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Colombo_D_K.pdf: 2584577 bytes, checksum: 36629745da1382bb64b51500f11c13a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-02 / This paper analyzes the effects of child labor on school performance of students belonging to schools of Sao Paulo. Much of the economic literature shows that child labor has a negative effect on the proficiency. In this approach, the goal was analyzed based on data from school performance, indicator of child labor and other control variables. These information set could change over time - between 2007 and 2009. For this purpose, we applied an econometric model capable of analyzing a longitudinal information data base, based on fixed effects. Considering the two proficiencies investigated, child labor does not influence school performance in Portuguese. On the other hand, in Mathematics there is a positive relationship between proficiency and child labor. These results present a new aspect in the relationship between child labor and school proficiency. Nevertheless these findings were obtained in a specific sphere of analysis: students enrolled (at 2007) in the second grade of Cycle II in the municipal schools of São Paulo. / O presente trabalho analisa o efeito do trabalho infantil no desempenho escolar de alunos pertencentes à Rede Municipal de Ensino de São Paulo. Grande parte da literatura econômica mostra que, de maneira geral, o trabalho infantil tem um efeito negativo na proficiência escolar dos indivíduos. Nesta abordagem, o objetivo foi investigado a partir de dados de desempenho escolar, indicador de trabalho infantil e demais variáveis de controle. Tais valores sofrem alterações ao longo do tempo – entre 2007 e 2009. Para tanto, utilizou-se um modelo econométrico capaz de analisar uma estrutura de informações longitudinais, baseado em efeitos fixos. Considerando as duas proficiências analisadas, o trabalho infantil não influencia o desempenho acadêmico do aluno em Língua Portuguesa. Por outro lado, no caso da disciplina de Matemática, há uma relação positiva entre proficiência e o trabalho infantil. Os resultados deste trabalho apresentam um novo aspecto na relação entre trabalho infantil e desempenho acadêmico. Todavia tais conclusões foram obtidas sob uma esfera específica de análise: alunos matriculados (em 2007) na 2ª série do Ciclo II em escolas da rede municipal de ensino de São Paulo.

Cette thèse présente un ensemble de travaux de recherche en économie politique qui s’inscrivent dans le champ contemporain de la littérature sur la malédiction des ressources naturelles dans les pays en développement. Elle s’intéresse spécifiquement aux liens entre les rentes des ressources naturelles et les institutions politiques et les conflits, puis entre les rentes et la pauvreté sous ses différentes formes. Son champ géographique se situe à plusieurs niveaux, international pour un groupe de pays en développement, monographique et infranational pour le Tchad et ses régions. La première partie, en s’inspirant des théories des changements institutionnels, teste l’hypothèse que les rentes issues de différentes ressources naturelles ont des effets différenciés sur la qualité des institutions dans les pays en développement. Par la suite, elle teste l’hypothèse d’un « système de conflit régional » dans le Triangle République Centrafricaine, Tchad et Soudan. La deuxième partie évalue le dispositif « original » de gestion des revenus pétroliers sur différentes dimensions de la pauvreté au Tchad sur des données d’enquêtes de terrain. Le premier chapitre de cette partie teste l’hypothèse d’un biais urbain dans l’allocation de temps des enfants dans un contexte pétrolier au Tchad. Alors que le second est dédié à l’évaluation de l’impact de l’exploitation pétrolière sur le profil de la pauvreté dans la région productrice en utilisant les méthodes quasi-expérimentales d’évaluation d’impact. / This thesis is a collection of political economy research topics fitting into the contemporary field of literature on the natural resource curse in developing countries. The thesis focuses primarily on the links between natural resource rents and political institutions, before studying the impact of oil resource rents on poverty under its different forms. The geographical scope of the thesis is both macro for a group of developing countries, and micro in the case of Chad and its regions. The first part, drawing on institutional change theories, tests the hypothesis on whether rents generated by natural resources have a detrimental effect on institutions in developing countries, by considering different types of natural resources characterized by their different degree of appropriability. Besides, we evaluate the hypothesis of a "regional conflict system" in the “tormented Triangle” which includes Central African Republic, Chad and Sudan. The second part assesses the impact of the “unusual” system for allocating and managing the expected oil income from the Doba Oil project on many aspects of poverty in Chad by using field survey data. As such, the first chapter of this part tests the hypothesis of an urban bias in children's time allocation in the oil context in Chad. Regarding the second chapter, it investigates the impact of oil extraction on poverty profile in the oil producing region by using quasi-experimental evaluation methods.

Both modern and contemporary commentators have over the past 140 years written many millions of words on the subject of the abuse of child labour in factories and trades in the first half of the nineteenth century. The subject was highly charged with emotion at that time. The detailed observations of intelligent and perceptive men contrast with the partial accounts of honest and not so honest early Victorians. Together they have blurred the definition between truth and the embellishment of it. This lack of clarity on the issue of child labour has left modern historians great scope for widely differing interpretations and the evidence for believing that conditions were as bad or as good as suited their particular point of view. It is regretted that there is insufficient material in South Africa to enter fully into the often bitter arguments of the, so called, 'optimists' and 'pessimists' in respect of the improvement or deterioration of the standard of living of the labouring classes in the first half of the nineteenth century. Child labour was not one of the inventions of the Industrial Revolution. The labour of children within the domestic economy had, certainly from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, been regarded as socially acceptable. The aim of this work is to trace the conditions of child labour in the early years of the Industrial Revolution as the spread of factories demanded more and more young hands and imposed an alien and sometimes inhuman discipline on the workers. As the numbers of children employed expanded not only in total but also as a proportion of the total labour force, the realisation that the labour of children was presenting a grave social problem gradually dawned upon the governments of the time. This work traces the development of legislation from the first faltering step forward of the Health and Morals of Apprentices Act of 1802 to the passing of the Factory Act of 1847 which provided for a ten hours' working day. This type of legislation was an experiment which developed in efficiency by trial and error. Detailed consideration is given to the arguments of the supporters and the opponents of restrictions being placed on the complete freedom of the manufacturers. This was a battle eventually to be won by the supporters of restriction on the freedom of the masters. Nearly twenty years have passed since detail ed consideration was given to the parallel development of the awareness that the labour of children was a problem and the steps taken to alleviate it. The aim in this work is to consider the most recent publications that deal with particular aspects of the problem. The intention is to penetrate the contradictory claims made in the first half of the nineteenth century, and to attempt to clarify as accurately as possible the realities of the conditions of child labour and to trace their improvement to the middle of the century.

No description available.

El objetivo del presente trabajo de investigación es evaluar si la tenencia de activos relacionados a las actividades domésticas afecta la oferta de trabajo infantil y la demanda de educación. Esto se lleva a cabo considerando que la producción doméstica es parte del trabajo infantil, así como lo es el trabajo en el mercado. Por lo tanto, se emplea un modelo Logit multivariado para estimar la relación entre activos y gastos del hogar; y la actividad principal de las niñas y niños en los hogares peruanos. Es así como se determina que los menores en hogares equipados con cocina, lavadora y acceso constante al servicio de agua tienen menos probabilidades de trabajar y más posibilidades de dedicarse únicamente a estudiar. Esto ocurre ya que los activos y características contemplados simplifican las actividades domésticas y reducen la incidencia de deserción escolar. / The objective of this research work is to evaluate if the possession of assets related to domestic activities affects the supply of child labor and the demand for education. This is done considering that domestic production is part of child labor, just like the job market. Therefore, a multivariate Logit model is used to estimate the relationship between household assets and expenses, and the main activity of girls and boys in Peruvian households. This is how it is determined that minors in homes equipped with a kitchen, washing machine and constant access to water service, are less likely to work and more likely to dedicate their time exclusively to studying. This occurs because the assets and characteristics contemplated simplify domestic activities and reduce the incidence of school dropout. / Trabajo de investigación

No description available.

<p>This dissertation focuses on the life of Frances MacGregor Ingram, a progressive reformer in Louisville, Kentucky. It follows Ingram’s career in social work at the Neighborhood House settlement and the Progressive reform movements in which she held leadership positions from 1905 to 1939. This project concentrates on Ingram’s involvement in reform movements pertaining to tenement housing, garbage collection management, dance hall regulation, juvenile delinquency, mental hygiene institutions, probation, wholesome recreation, child welfare, child labor, women’s working conditions, unemployment, and Great Depression relief.</p> <p><br></p> <p>Most Progressive Era scholarship concentrates on northern cities and reformers, such as Jane Addams at Hull House. But much of the literature overlooks southern contributions to the settlement house movement and progressive reform as a whole. This dissertation serves three purposes. First it helps fill the gap in scholarship on southern progressivism. Reformers in the urban South were not limited to charity work and prohibition. They engaged in complex and dynamic social reforms. Incredibly diverse in scope, Kentucky’s reform history should be understood in the context of southern society and politics, which impacted which progressive reforms were successful and which were not.</p> <p> </p> <p>Second, it builds on other women’s reform scholars by expanding previous conceptions of the Progressive Era to include the 1930s. By doing so, it provides a better understanding of women’s reform activism. Third, this dissertation provides a more balanced approach by emphasizing the alliances Ingram formed with immigrant communities. With a few exceptions, settlement literature primarily focuses on the movement leaders. Unlike some settlements, Neighborhood House Americanization programs via clubs, recreation, and citizenship classes were negotiated between the settlement and its neighbors. Through the lens of Ingram’s urban reform experience in Kentucky, this dissertation uses gender, class, race, ethnicity, and region to unpack the complicated relationships between reformers like Ingram, working-class immigrants, and male political officials. </p>

The purpose of this research is to explore the need for, and the legal implications of, harmonising labour laws in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Chapter One highlights a number of factors that call for the harmonisation of labour laws in the SADC region and discusses some of the reasons why labour laws are not well developed in the region. The influence of globalisation on labour standards in southern Africa and the influence of regionalism on the harmonisation of labour laws are discussed at length. The inference that could be drawn from this discussion is that for a regionalisation process in southern Africa to be successful, there is an urgent need to harmonise the region’s labour law system. This thesis confirms that Southern Africa has many lessons to learn from the regional harmonisation of labour law in the European Economic Community and the current European Union. The implementation of international labour standards in southern Africa is investigated. The main areas examined include (1) freedom of association, (2) collective bargaining, (3) forced labour and (4) discrimination. The findings of this investigation show that there is no uniformity in the implementation of International Labour Organisation (ILO) standards in the SADC region and, therefore, it is recommended labour law should be harmonised in terms of ILO standards. In respect of the benefits to be derived from the harmonisation process, an empirical investigation was conducted in the SADC region and the following is recommended: the harmonisation of labour law in the SADC region will help with the implementation of ILO standards, protection of workers against the economic power of employers in the workplace and maintaining similar benefits for migrants in the region. / Mercantile law / LL.D.