Esta tese propõe-se a investigar a relação entre o trabalho infanto-juvenil e o trabalho adulto, sob o ponto de vista das famílias e do mercado, através de dois ensaios. No primeiro ensaio, investiga-se o impacto do programa Bolsa Escola sobre o trabalho de crianças e adultos. Programas de transferência condicional de renda, como o Bolsa Escola, tornaram-se bastante utilizados em países pobres e em desenvolvimento como uma forma de aliviar a pobreza presente e incentivar investimentos em capital humano que podem levar as famílias (e indivíduos) a melhores condições de vida no longo prazo. No entanto, esses programas podem influenciar a decisão de trabalhar entre os membros das famílias beneficiárias. A partir dos dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostras de Domicílios – PNAD 2003, conclui-se que o programa Bolsa Escola reduz a probabilidade de trabalho das crianças mas, condicional à decisão de trabalhar, a jornada de trabalho não é alterada. Por outro lado, a decisão de trabalho de pais e mães não é afetada pela participação no programa, mas a jornada semanal é alterada nas famílias que participam do Bolsa Escola. O objetivo do segundo ensaio é investigar a relação entre o emprego de jovens e adultos no Brasil sob o ponto de vista do mercado de trabalho. Utilizam-se dados da Pesquisa Mensal de Emprego – PME de janeiro de 1991 a dezembro de 1999 e o ferramental econométrico de séries temporais. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o emprego de jovens está positivamente relacionado com o emprego de homens e mulheres adultos. / This dissertation presents two papers in which we investigate the relationship between child/youth and adult labor from the family and from the labor market point of view. In the first paper, we aim to measure the impact of Brazilian conditional cash transfer program – Bolsa Escola – on children's and parents' labor status using the econometric framework of policy evaluation. Conditional Cash Transfer - CCT programs have become widespread in developing and underdeveloped countries as a way to alleviate current poverty and provide investments in human capital that could lead families to better life conditions in the long-term. However, these programs may also have impacts on time use decisions within beneficiary families, particularly with respect to time spent working. The usual probit and Heckman econometric models show that the Bolsa Escola program reduces the probability of work for children but not their time spent in the labor market and that the program is more efficient for girls than for boys. On the other hand, parents' labor participation is not affected but their working hours change due to the program. The aim of the second paper is to investigate the relationship between youth and adults in Brazilian labor force from the labor market perspective. We compare data on youth (15-17 years) employment from January 1991 to December 1999 with data on employment of adult (18-64) males and adult females in six metropolitan regions. We estimate multivariate autoregressive models to perform impulse-response and forecast-error variance decomposition analysis. Our findings suggest that adult and youth employment are positively related, although male adult employment explains a smaller proportion of youth employment variance than female employment.

Cette thèse s’intéresse aux effets macroéconomiques du développement financier sur la vulnérabilité dans l’emploi dans les pays émergeants et en développement. Dans le premier chapitre, nous montrons que l’accès au crédit et les inégalités de revenu augmentent le travail des enfants surtout dans les pays à forte inégalité ou à faible revenu. Ce résultat indique que les parents tendent à investir leur crédit dans des projets qui accroissent le coût d’opportunité de l’éducation et le bénéfice attendu du travail des enfants. Ainsi, nous démontrons qu’un meilleur contrôle de la corruption permet d’améliorer l’efficacité du développement financier ainsi que des dépenses d’éducation en vue de réduire le travail des enfants. Cela passe notamment par une amélioration de la qualité de l’éducation. Dans le second chapitre, nous démontrons qu’un meilleur accès aux services financiers ainsi qu’une réduction des contraintes en termes d’utilisation de ces produits réduit la proportion de travailleurs pauvres. Cet effet est plus important en cas d’instabilité macroéconomique. De plus, ce meilleur accès bénéficie également aux non pauvres qui étaient précédemment exclus, ces derniers étant plus à même d’investir et de réduire indirectement la proportion de travailleurs pauvres via une croissance plus forte. Les résultats du troisième chapitre suggèrent qu’aussi bien le développement financier et les transferts de fonds des migrants peuvent limiter la prolifération du secteur informel. Cependant, ils tendent à être substituts, avec notamment un faible niveau de développement financier initial qui est compensé par l’utilisation des transferts de fonds. Finalement dans le chapitre 4, nous passons en revue des produits financiers flexibles et innovants qui pourraient permettre aux plus vulnérables de mieux faire face aux chocs. Nos résultats suggèrent que ces produits doivent être conçus de manière à offrir dans un premier temps des produits d’épargne en supprimant notamment les frais d’ouverture de compte. Leur utilisation devrait permettre de produire de l’information sur les emprunteurs notamment sur la base de l’historique des versements et leur fréquence. Ainsi en cas de choc, l’épargne accumulée peut servir de garantie pour le prêt complété si nécessaire par des produits d’assurance. Le « mobile banking » peut également servir pour la diffusion des produits flexibles et dans une plus large mesure de support pour accroître le niveau de bancarisation, vu le nombre croissant de personnes utilisant le téléphone portable. / This thesis explored the macroeconomic effects of financial development on the most vulnerable workers in developing and emerging countries. Chapter one focuses on child labor. Our results suggest that child labor is positively associated to financial development and inequality particularly in countries with high level of income inequalities and low level of income. In fact, with access to credit, households tend to invest in productive activities which increase the opportunity cost of education and the returns from child labor. Hence, we demonstrate that a better control of corruption makes financial development as well as education spending more effective in reducing child labor by improving education quality. In the second chapter, we show that more bank branches and limiting barriers to use financial services reduce the proportion of working poor. This result is more relevant in countries hit by macroeconomic shocks and a better access to financial services also benefits to the excluded non-poor who can in turn invest and reduce poverty. In the third chapter, we find that both financial development and remittances tend to reduce the spread of the shadow economy by channelling funds to the more productive activities. Moreover, they tend to be substitutes, indicating that households rely on remittances in countries with low level of financial development. Finally, chapter four reviews innovative flexible financial products which can be used to help the more vulnerable to manage shocks. Our results suggest that, first barriers to open saving and checking accounts (like opening fees) need to be suppressed in order to increase the use of these services, generating more information on potential borrowers on the basis of the history and frequency of payments. Then, accumulated savings can be used as collateral for loan supplemented by insurance services. Mobile banking could also serve as support for flexible financial services.Keywords: Financial development, financial services; child labor, decent work, vulnerability, informal sector shadow economy, underground economy, institutions, inequality, working poverty, developing countries, trickle-down effect, remittances, microfinance, flexibility, discipline, risk, shocks, index-based insurance, combined products.

Submitted by paulo junior (paulo.jr@fgv.br) on 2010-02-23T17:25:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tesis final.pdf: 1191238 bytes, checksum: 3186b2f935ae9d1f258118790d33d379 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by paulo junior(paulo.jr@fgv.br) on 2010-02-23T17:26:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tesis final.pdf: 1191238 bytes, checksum: 3186b2f935ae9d1f258118790d33d379 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2010-02-24T13:44:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tesis final.pdf: 1191238 bytes, checksum: 3186b2f935ae9d1f258118790d33d379 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-18 / Na presente dissertação tem como objetivo avaliar o impacto do programa JUNTOS sobre a taxa de freqüência escolar e sobre o trabalho infantil nas crianças de 6 a 14 anos. Estas duas variáveis foram selecionadas para o seu estudo, pois ao nosso entender estas são as principais variáveis que são influenciadas pelo programa JUNTOS e que tem uma influencia direta sobre o capital humano das crianças e assim sobre a diminuição da pobreza futura. As principais hipóteses derivadas das teorias de capital humano e de transferências de rendas condicionadas foram corroboradas pela nossa avaliação: (1) o programa JUNTOS tem um efeito positivo sobre o incremento da freqüência escolar, (2) o programa JUNTOS é efetivo na redução do trabalho infantil, (3) quando o chefe de família é de sexo feminino, a renda familiar é utilizada em bens e serviços em favor das crianças, e (4) o efeito do programa JUNTOS é maior nas crianças com piores características socioeconômicas (ex: menor renda familiar per capita, chefe de família com poucos anos de estudo, idioma do chefe de família, etc.) Outra conclusão importante da dissertação foi que o programa JUNTOS provoca uma realocação na oferta de trabalho intra familiar.

Esta tese propõe-se a investigar a relação entre o trabalho infanto-juvenil e o trabalho adulto, sob o ponto de vista das famílias e do mercado, através de dois ensaios. No primeiro ensaio, investiga-se o impacto do programa Bolsa Escola sobre o trabalho de crianças e adultos. Programas de transferência condicional de renda, como o Bolsa Escola, tornaram-se bastante utilizados em países pobres e em desenvolvimento como uma forma de aliviar a pobreza presente e incentivar investimentos em capital humano que podem levar as famílias (e indivíduos) a melhores condições de vida no longo prazo. No entanto, esses programas podem influenciar a decisão de trabalhar entre os membros das famílias beneficiárias. A partir dos dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostras de Domicílios – PNAD 2003, conclui-se que o programa Bolsa Escola reduz a probabilidade de trabalho das crianças mas, condicional à decisão de trabalhar, a jornada de trabalho não é alterada. Por outro lado, a decisão de trabalho de pais e mães não é afetada pela participação no programa, mas a jornada semanal é alterada nas famílias que participam do Bolsa Escola. O objetivo do segundo ensaio é investigar a relação entre o emprego de jovens e adultos no Brasil sob o ponto de vista do mercado de trabalho. Utilizam-se dados da Pesquisa Mensal de Emprego – PME de janeiro de 1991 a dezembro de 1999 e o ferramental econométrico de séries temporais. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o emprego de jovens está positivamente relacionado com o emprego de homens e mulheres adultos. / This dissertation presents two papers in which we investigate the relationship between child/youth and adult labor from the family and from the labor market point of view. In the first paper, we aim to measure the impact of Brazilian conditional cash transfer program – Bolsa Escola – on children's and parents' labor status using the econometric framework of policy evaluation. Conditional Cash Transfer - CCT programs have become widespread in developing and underdeveloped countries as a way to alleviate current poverty and provide investments in human capital that could lead families to better life conditions in the long-term. However, these programs may also have impacts on time use decisions within beneficiary families, particularly with respect to time spent working. The usual probit and Heckman econometric models show that the Bolsa Escola program reduces the probability of work for children but not their time spent in the labor market and that the program is more efficient for girls than for boys. On the other hand, parents' labor participation is not affected but their working hours change due to the program. The aim of the second paper is to investigate the relationship between youth and adults in Brazilian labor force from the labor market perspective. We compare data on youth (15-17 years) employment from January 1991 to December 1999 with data on employment of adult (18-64) males and adult females in six metropolitan regions. We estimate multivariate autoregressive models to perform impulse-response and forecast-error variance decomposition analysis. Our findings suggest that adult and youth employment are positively related, although male adult employment explains a smaller proportion of youth employment variance than female employment.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:49:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Chirle de Oliveira Raphaelli.pdf: 2042421 bytes, checksum: dca9285475d5454a756be2a21059631f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25 / Among the risk factors associated with noncommunicable diseases and injuries (DANTS), include those related to lifestyle, especially smoking, physical inactivity, poor diet and alcohol abuse. Adolescence is a particularly relevant in determining dants, whereas behaviors and habits acquired at this stage tend to persist into adulthood. Moreover, the behavior of risk the health of parents and siblings can influence health risk behavior of adolescents. Objectives: To evaluate the association between health risk behaviors among adolescent schoolchildren and their parents and siblings living in a rural area of the municipality of Rio Grande do Sul. Methodology: Cross-sectional study in a rural area in the town of Barão do Triunfo / RS . The sample will include young students from 5th to 8th grades in the municipal education, their parents and siblings at the age of adolescence (10-19 years). Will be collected on the adolescents, their parents and siblings, health risk behaviors (physical inactivity, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, poor eating habits and excess weight) in addition to socioeconomic, demographic and health of the population studied . For data collection the students were included questions about the work situation, and to measure the body fat percentage. Analysis Statistics: A description of the studied population, including the pertaining to school, parents and brothers, will be lead according to demographic, socioeconomics characteristics, mannering nutricionais and of health. The association between the studied outcomes and the independent variable will be evaluated with the test of Qui-square for heterogeneidade or linear trend. Relevance: With the data from this study, we have scientific grounds to carry out interventions and plan prevention strategies in the medium and long term in order to promote changes in habits and behaviors related to lifestyle for the whole family. / Entre os fatores de risco associados às doenças e agravos não transmissíveis (DANTs), destacam-se os relacionados ao estilo de vida, especialmente o tabagismo, a inatividade física, a alimentação inadequada e o consumo abusivo de álcool. A adolescência é um período especialmente relevante na determinação das DANTs, visto que comportamentos e hábitos adquiridos nessa fase tendem a se manter até a idade adulta. Além disso, o comportamento de risco à saúde de pais e irmãos pode influenciar o comportamento de risco à saúde de adolescentes. Objetivos: Avaliar a associação de comportamentos de risco à saúde entre adolescentes escolares do ensino fundamental e seus pais e irmãos moradores de um município de zona rural do Rio Grande do Sul. Metodologia: Estudo transversal na zona rural no município de Barão do Triunfo/RS. A amostra incluirá os adolescentes estudantes de 5ª a 8ª séries da rede municipal de educação, seus pais e irmãos na faixa etária da adolescência (10 a 19 anos). Serão obtidas informações dos adolescentes, seus pais e irmãos, de comportamentos de risco à saúde (inatividade física, uso de cigarros, consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, maus hábitos alimentares e excesso de peso) além de informações socioeconômicas, demográficas e de saúde da população estudada. Para coleta de dados dos escolares foram acrescentadas questões sobre a situação de trabalho, além de avaliar o percentual de gordura corporal. Análise Estatística: Uma descrição da população estudada, incluindo os escolares, pais e irmãos, será conduzida segundo características demográficas, socioeconômicas e de comportamentos de risco à saúde. A associação entre os desfechos estudados e as variáveis independentes serão avaliados com o teste de Qui-quadrado para heterogeneidade ou tendência linear. Relevância: Com os dados do presente estudo, teremos embasamento científico para realizar intervenções e planejar estratégias de prevenção em médio e longo prazo, a fim de promover mudanças de hábitos e comportamentos ligados ao estilo de vida de toda a família.

No description available.

The purpose of this research is to explore the need for, and the legal implications of, harmonising labour laws in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Chapter One highlights a number of factors that call for the harmonisation of labour laws in the SADC region and discusses some of the reasons why labour laws are not well developed in the region. The influence of globalisation on labour standards in southern Africa and the influence of regionalism on the harmonisation of labour laws are discussed at length. The inference that could be drawn from this discussion is that for a regionalisation process in southern Africa to be successful, there is an urgent need to harmonise the region’s labour law system. This thesis confirms that Southern Africa has many lessons to learn from the regional harmonisation of labour law in the European Economic Community and the current European Union. The implementation of international labour standards in southern Africa is investigated. The main areas examined include (1) freedom of association, (2) collective bargaining, (3) forced labour and (4) discrimination. The findings of this investigation show that there is no uniformity in the implementation of International Labour Organisation (ILO) standards in the SADC region and, therefore, it is recommended labour law should be harmonised in terms of ILO standards. In respect of the benefits to be derived from the harmonisation process, an empirical investigation was conducted in the SADC region and the following is recommended: the harmonisation of labour law in the SADC region will help with the implementation of ILO standards, protection of workers against the economic power of employers in the workplace and maintaining similar benefits for migrants in the region. / Mercantile law / LL. D.

Abstract The present thesis investigated children farmworkers' perspectives on having a job and balancing work and school. It also investigated parents' perspectives about their children's jobs and how they handle work and school. A qualitative approach has been used to investigate children farmworkers' experiences on how they handle work and school. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with three children farmworkers between the ages of 12 and 17 years old and two adults that were parents of the children farmworkers residing in a rural area in the United States. Due to the current pandemic COVID-19, the research was carried out online through the Zoom platform. A thematic method was used to analyze the data collected. Through a critical analysis of transcripts, key concepts were obtained, decomposed into themes, and then organized into two sections for each theme. The themes were labeled: "Importance of the job," "Economic independence," "Impact on the future," "Job satisfaction," and "Compatible with school." The sections for each theme were labeled children's perspectives and parents' perspectives. There is a misconception that children work only in developing countries. Contrary to what has often been assumed, children work worldwide in developing countries and developed countries like the United States and Sweden. Results of this research showed that these children farmworkers want to work because they want to become personally and economically autonomous. Children and childhood are part of the consumer culture society. The study also found that the jobs of these children farmworkers did not affect their schooling and education. A call is made to consider children’s work as an expression of their agency and refrain from perceiving children as vulnerable beings in need of protection but instead, consider their perspective. Further research is needed in an ethnographic field with a more significant sample, including the teachers’ standpoint.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / From 1851 to 1954, under various names, the Indiana Cotton Mills was the dominant industry in the small town of Cannelton, Indiana, mostly employing women and children. The female industrial laborers who worked in this mill during the middle and end of the nineteenth century represent an important and overlooked component of midwestern workers. Women in Cannelton played an essential role in Indiana’s transition from small scale manufacturing in the 1850s to large scale industrialization at the turn of the century. In particular, this work will provide an in-depth exploration of female operatives’ primary place in Cannelton society, their essential economic contributions to their families, and the unique tactics they used in attempts to achieve better working conditions in the mill. It will also explain the small changes in women’s work experiences from 1854 to 1884, and how ultimately marriage, not industrial work, determined the course of their later lives.