Labraunda has a long and manifold history. The sanctuary starts out small in the Archaic period, is the most important in Karia during the Hekatomnid dynasty, reverts to a more normal position during the Hellenistic time, and is finally converted into a Christian sanctuary in the Late Roman period. This study aims to investigate the spatial pattern of what the visitor could have been perceived as religiously important at the sanctuary, in four different phases. Plans of the architecture and theory about ritual activity have formed the basis for analysing religious importance. What this study has shown is that a movement of religiously important space can be observed at Labraunda. Moving away from the origins at the Split Rock, for a long period being concentrated to the Temple Terrace, and consequently moving out to the two churches built outside the temenos.

The importance of the elk (Alces alces) in the Stone Age societies of northern Sweden constitutes the major focus of this thesis. The point of departure is a simple but crucial observation: this animal is the common denominator between the three stationary types of remains known in this region from the period 4000-1800 BC. Here, I refer to the pit falls, the rock art sites, and the mounds of burnt stone. Pit falls have been used for trapping elks, and can be found on the migration trails that have been used by these animals for thousands of years. On the rock art sites, the elk constitutes the most frequently depicted motif, and the mounds of burnt stones contain extremely large quantities of elk bones. If the elk had not held a central position in the life world of prehistoric people in the northern Swedish region of Norrland, these archaeological materials would certainly have had a different appearance. I claim that it is the significance of this animal that has led to, and shaped, the emergence of these material remains. In this study the overall importance of the elk is investigated. My main question is how the elk’s significance affected the prehistoric societies of Norrland. I found that the elk’s material remains led to a range of consequences. The pit falls, rock art sites and mounds of burnt stone tied the prehistoric people to certain areas in the landscape. However, at the same time, these remains required to be constantly in transformation to be usable. Pit falls, for example, have to be re-digged in order to at all function as traps for big game. The conceptual dichotomy between permanence and change can be traced in the ways in which the elk motif at the rock art site at Nämforsen was altered. The elk figures are depicted with either straight or angled legs. I interpret this variation as an indication of the fact that the elk motif functioned as a key symbol – a motif that is able to express a range of meanings when it becomes altered and varied. The emergence of depicting the opposition between mobility and permanence tells us that the Stone Age societies had problems uniting these two concepts. I interpret this as signifying that these hunter-gatherers became aware of the “Neolithic aspects” of their own social structure.

This thesis provides a revisionist account of the relationship between Latin biblical criticism, vernacular religious culture and Reformed doctrines of scriptural authority in the early modern period. It achieves this by studying episodes from the career of the English Hebraist Hugh Broughton (1549-1612). Current orthodoxy holds that Broughton's devotion to the tenets of Reformed scripturalism distinguished him from contemporary biblical humanists, whose more flexible attitudes to the Bible enabled them to produce cutting-edge scholarship. In challenging this consensus, this thesis focusses on three areas. The first is chronology. Recent work has presented chronology as divided between technical, philological practitioners, who drew from astronomy and humanism alike in their efforts to date the past, and scripturalists, who relied on the Bible alone. Using the chronological controversy between Broughton and the Oxonian John Rainolds, this thesis complicates this picture by arguing that both approaches to the discipline were equally derived from humanistic traditions, and that confessional, rather than intellectual or methodological, factors informed the most important decisions chronologers made. The second area is biblical criticism. There is still a broad assumption that Reformed beliefs about scripture were incompatible with the most advanced biblical scholarship. This thesis questions such assumptions by reconstructing Broughton's research into the Hebraic contexts of the New Testament. By demonstrating that it was possible to produce innovative and influential work without challenging and indeed, while endorsing the principles of Reformed scripturalism, this thesis disputes current teleological presumptions about the development of modern, historical biblical criticism. The third is the history of lay reading. Both chronology and biblical criticism have often been viewed as specialised pursuits, studied only by a Latin-reading elite and irrelevant to lay people. For Broughton and his followers, however, biblical scholarship and lay piety were inseparable. The thesis demonstrates this by piecing together Broughton's radical plans for a new English Bible, including his work with John Speed on biblical genealogy, and his revisions of the Geneva New Testament. Using numerous neglected manuscript sources, it gives an account of the sixteenth-century biblical translation that foregrounds the unexpected ways in which groundbreaking neo-Latin, continental biblical scholarship expanded scholars' concepts of what vernacular translation could achieve.

The main objective of this paper is to construct a site chronology of the Campanayuq Rumi site which is a large ceremonial center of the Formative Period located in the Peruvian south-central highlands. For this purpose, 12 radiocarbon dates obtained from our excavations will be considered in combination with the data of both architectural and ceramic sequences of the site. Through the comprehensive interpretation of these data, we will present a new site chronology of the Campanayuq Rumi site. / El objetivo principal de este artículo es la construcción de la cronología del sitio arqueológico de Campanayuq Rumi, un gran centro ceremonial del Periodo Formativo ubicado en la sierra centro-sur del Perú. Para ello se tomó como base 12 fechados radiocarbónicos obtenidos de las excavaciones de los autores en combinación con los datos de las secuencias arquitectónica y cerámica. Mediante una interpretación integral, se pretende presentar una nueva cronología para este complejo.

Le renouvellement de la documentation lié au dynamisme de l’archéologie préventive, ainsi que la reprise systématique des données issues de fouilles anciennes et inédites ont permis de poser un regard neuf sur le Bronze moyen du sud de la plaine du Rhin supérieur. Le corpus, réuni pour ce travail, offre des données variées (objets métalliques, résineux et céramiques) d’origines diverses (habitats, sépultures, dépôts, objets isolés) qui ne se résument plus uniquement au matériel des nécropoles de la forêt de Haguenau. Les mobiliers métalliques et céramiques ont fait l’objet d’une étude distincte. Leur classement typologique associé à des analyses statistiques ont révélé sept étapes depuis fin du Bronze ancien (BA III/Bz A2b) jusqu’au début du Bronze final (BF 1/Bz D2). La phase moyenne du Bronze moyen (fin du BM I-début du BM II/Bz B2-C1) reste mal définie et semble quasi absente dans la région. La corrélation avec les dates absolues disponibles pour la région indique un intervalle chronologique situé entre 1600 et 1300 avant notre ère environ. Durant la phase ancienne, les contacts extérieurs sont centrés sur le sud du Bade-Wurtemberg, le Jura souabe et la Suisse occidentale. Puis les échanges gagnent en intensité, se diversifient et se tournent également en direction du nord, vers la région du Rhin moyen. / The renewal of documentation about the preventive archaeology dynamism, as well as the systematic recovery of datas from old or unpublished excavations have resulted in a fresh perspective at the Middle Bronze Age of the upper Rhine’s south plain. The corpus, joined in this work, gives varied datas (metallic, resinous objects, pottery), from various sources (settlements, graves, deposits, isolated objects), which is not limited to Haguenau’s cemeteries, anymore. Metallic materials and pottery had been examined individually. The determined typology, combined with statistical analysis show seven stages since the end of the Early Bronze Age (BA III/Bz A2b) to the beginning of Late Bronze Age (BF 1/Bz D2). The middle phase of the Middle Bronze Age (end of BM I-beginning of BM II/Bz B2-C1) remains uncleared and seems not to be in the Upper Rhine. The correlation with well-known absolute dates in the Upper Rhine comes to a time interval between 1600 and 1300 Before J-C, approximately. During the first stage, the interactions are located in the South of Baden-Württemberg, in the Swabian Alb and in the western Switzerland. Then, interactions continue to intensify, become more diverses towards the North, near the Middle Rhine.

The presented diploma thesis aims primarily to the analysis of ceramic material obtained from the Neolithic settlement area Hrdlovka excavated during salvage terrain excavation since the year 1987 to 1990. For the purposes of processing of finds and excavation situations the complex database and digitalised site plan were created in the GIS interface. The analysis of ceramics was targeted particularly to the establishing of settlement area relative chronology and separating of individual settlement phases. Current description system of Czech Neolithic pottery was modified and replenished with regard to Hrdlovka´s finding situation specifics. The process of chronological analysis comprising also spatial data was divided into several steps. Resulting sequence comprises 10 settlement horizons (Hrdlovka A - J), which correspond to nearly uninterrupted development since the early stage of the Linear Pottery culture to the late stage of the Stroked Pottery culture. Important pieces of knowledge were obtained mainly about the transitional phase between the both cultures, which was in Hrdlovka documented by two settlement horizons. The analysis of ceramics spatial distribution and some architecture characteristics are also presented in limited range.

This dissertation is a nuanced study of ‘compassion’ in the context of the Pauline Letters. The Letters are considered within the socio/political context of imperial Rome. ‘Compassion’ is a complex emotion, therefore it has been necessary to include, in my analysis, cognate sentiments such as patience, kindness, gentleness, perseverance. As this is a semantic study the Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament based on Semantic Domains, compiled by Louw and Nida (L-N), is used extensively. A dictionary provides a potential meaning, but it is the context of the sentence, the sentence within a larger unit of the text as a whole, considered within the prevailing social conditions, that influence meaning. This method reveals that Paul envisages ‘compassion’ as the means to establish communities, not enslaved by the values of ‘the world’, nor grasping things for themselves at the expense of others. In Paul, ‘compassion’ is expansive and inclusive, where the good of the whole community is valued. His paradigm is the sacrifice of Christ. / Religious Studies and Arabic / M. A. (Ancient Languages and Cultures)

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T17:08:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RafaelaAP.pdf: 4484951 bytes, checksum: 404fda9fc50481c6bc56cdc75726d9f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-30 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / As bacias do tipo rifte se tornaram o foco de muitas pesquisas, intensificadas nas ?ltimas d?cadas, n?o apenas por sua ampla distribui??o global e grande versatilidade em termos de ambi?ncia geotect?nica, mas tamb?m por sua import?ncia econ?mica na ind?stria de explora??o de hidrocarbonetos. Neste contexto, a utiliza??o do aparato tipo caixa-de-areia se tornou uma ferramenta potencial para simular a deforma??o distensional em bacias sedimentares e vem agregando conhecimento e informa??o acerca das caracter?sticas das estruturas desenvolvidas nestes ambientes. No presente trabalho, a t?cnica da modelagem f?sica, realizada em caixa-de-areia , foi utilizada para estudar a nuclea??o e desenvolvimento das falhas durante a simula??o de rifteamentos obl?quos e ortogonais. Os experimentos distensionais foram constru?dos de modo a induzir a deforma??o homog?nea, localizada (S?ries I e II) e distribu?da (S?rie III), em um pacote rochoso simulado, principalmente, por camadas de areia. As estruturas presentes nos modelos estudados s?o influenciadas por tr?s vari?veis principais: a obliq?idade de distens?o (?ngulo agudo entre a dire??o de distens?o e o eixo do rifte), o mergulho da descontinuidade pr?via (aqui denominada falha-mestra = FM) e a mudan?a na geometria do substrato. Os modelos foram agrupados em tr?s s?ries experimentais caracterizadas por: (1) S?rie I: experimentos de rifteamento ortogonal e obl?quo que testam a influ?ncia de uma trama pret?rita (FM) no desenvolvimento do rifte; (2) S?rie II: experimentos de rifteamento ortogonal e obl?quo sem a influ?ncia de tramas pret?ritas e (3) S?rie III: experimentos de rifteamento obl?quo focando a deforma??o distribu?da em seq??ncias homog?neas (somente areia) e heterog?neas (areia + microesferas de vidro). Uma observa??o geral e comum a todos os modelos ? que as falhas nucleadas s?o inicialmente segmentadas, desenvolvendo tra?os alongados decorrentes da propaga??o e intera??o dos segmentos. As falhas observadas t?m car?ter redominantemente normal, mas a contribui??o de um componente direcional ? mapeada nos modelos obl?quos. Os modelos da S?rie III apresentaram um n?mero muito maior de falhas desenvolvidas como fruto da deforma??o distribu?da, al?m de apresentarem geometria escalonada mais freq?ente. De forma geral, grande parte dos segmentos de falhas se desenvolve paralelamente ? dire??o da descontinuidade induzida que condiciona a dire??o do eixo do rifte nos modelos das tr?s s?ries estudadas, embora segmentos obl?quos (variando ?20?) tamb?m ocorram. As falhas normais s?o nucleadas com ?ngulos de mergulho moderado a alto e freq?entemente s?o rotacionadas ao longo da deforma??o. O desenvolvimento de falhas mais tardias, que ocorre preferencialmente na por??o intra-rifte, concentra e acomoda a deforma??o, e al?m de apresentarem ?ngulo de mergulho maior que as anteriores, tamb?m tendem a rotacion?-las. As falhas de borda dos riftes apresentam comportamentos distintos, com as falhas da borda leste mantendo-se ativas e exibindo maior rota??o, enquanto que as falhas da borda oeste apresentam pouco aumento do rejeito e tendem ? estabilidade durante a progress?o da deforma??o. A largura da zona de rifteamento (w) apresenta uma rela??o de depend?ncia com as vari?veis condicionantes dos modelos: quanto maior o mergulho de FM menor ser? o valor de w, quanto mais obl?qua a distens?o menor ser? o w, e finalmente, w ? muito menor nos experimentos cuja deforma??o ? localizada (S?ries I e II) quando comparado ?queles cuja deforma??o ? distribu?da (S?rie III). Estruturas mais discretas, tipo zonas de transfer?ncia (conjugadas e divergentes), s?o observadas nos modelos obl?quos das S?ries II e III, interpretadas como o produto da intera??o entre as extremidades de falhas de mergulho opostos. O desenvolvimento, geometria e cinem?tica das falhas distensionais, e seus par?metros intr?nsecos discutidos ao longo deste trabalho, influenciam direta ou indiretamente no desenvolvimento de condutos, barreiras e armadilhas ao fluxo de fluidos, e podem ter impacto consider?vel na explora??o econ?mica de bacias sedimentares. Sendo assim, a modelagem f?sica de an?logos, abordando os aspectos pertinentes que influenciam no arcabou?o estrutural de bacias com potencial econ?mico, ? uma ferramenta que pode ser amplamente empregada no aux?lio ao entendimento da distribui??o espa?o-temporal de falhamentos e impactar diretamente na explora??o/explota??o de hidrocarbonetos, por exemplo.

Introduction: Why to study the Archaic Period in Perú?This introductory paper provides the historical background for studies on the Archaic Period in the Central Andes, its internal problems concerning chronology and theory building as well as an outline of the basic arguments for the necessity and justification for further investigations in order to reveal the reasons of the advent of intensive agriculture, pastoralism and civilization. / Esta introducción presenta el transfondo histórico de los estudios acerca del Periodo Arcaico en el Perú, sus problemas internos relacionados con la cronología y la formación de hipótesis correspondientes así como una visión general de la necesidad de investigaciones futuras con el fin de comprender las razones de la llegada de agricultura intensiva, pastoralismo y civilización.

Multiple ceremonial centers dating to the Formative Period have been discovered in the middle Jequetepeque Valley, especially in the region of the Hamacas Plain. However, the relationships among these centers have not been discussed with appropriate chronological control. The author conducted an archaeological study during three field seasons mainly in the region of the Hamacas Plain, and an area near the modern village of Tembladera, located approximately 5 kilometers to the southeast. In this article, previously collected chronological data from these sites are evaluated for the middle Jequetepeque Valley. New data provide insight into the relationships between these centers, now making it possible to establish a fine-grained chronology over three phases: the Hamacas Phase (1500-1250 cal BC), the Tembladera Phase (1250-800 cal BC) and the Lechuzas Phase (800-550 cal BC). The results of this research suggest that the location of the ceremonial centers gradually shifted to the east. An attempt is made to explain why local populations abandoned the previous centers in favor of new locations to the east, from both an ecological and an ideological perspective. / En el valle medio de Jequetepeque, en especial en la zona de la Pampa de las Hamacas, existe un gran número de centros ceremoniales del Periodo Formativo, los que no han sido estudiados de manera adecuada, ni se ha establecido entre ellos los vínculos o relaciones de contemporaneidad que podrían aportar en su explicación. El autor del presente artículo dirigió un proyecto arqueológico de tres temporadas en la región de la Pampa de las Hamacas y el área colindante al pueblo moderno de Tembladera, unos 5 kilómetros al sureste. En este trabajo se reevaluarán los datos de las investigaciones anteriores acerca del ordenamiento cronológico de los centros ceremoniales formativos en esta parte del valle, y se los contrasta con la nueva información obtenida a partir de este proyecto, el que ofrece una nueva perspectiva para dichas relaciones y hace posible establecer una detallada tabla cronológica de más de tres fases: Hamacas (1500-1250 a.C. [calib.]), Tembladera (1250-800 a.C. [calib.]) y Lechuzas (800-550 a.C. [calib.]). Los resultados de las investigaciones sugieren que la ubicación de los centros ceremoniales se trasladaba gradualmente hacia el este. Aquí se propone una hipótesis para explicar por qué la población local abandonó el centro anterior y apostó por una nueva ubicación, al este, por medio de perspectivas ecológicas e ideológicas.