Submitted by MARA ELIANA GRAEFF DICKEL null (mara_dickel@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-13T17:59:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Mara_Dickel.docx: 67910611 bytes, checksum: c2beb0763a1d155ee1f0cb74d362cd49 (MD5) / Rejected by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: A versão final da dissertação/tese deve ser submetida no formato PDF (Portable Document Format). O arquivo PDF não deve estar protegido e a dissertação/tese deve estar em um único arquivo, inclusive os apêndices e anexos, se houver. Por favor, corrija o formato do arquivo e realize uma nova submissão. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-06-15T19:01:04Z (GMT) / Submitted by MARA ELIANA GRAEFF DICKEL null (mara_dickel@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-17T12:55:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Mara_Dickel.pdf: 9062475 bytes, checksum: 87998056def384718bc63e1faa4e9520 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-06-17T19:43:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dickel_meg_dr_rcla.pdf: 9062475 bytes, checksum: 87998056def384718bc63e1faa4e9520 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-17T19:43:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dickel_meg_dr_rcla.pdf: 9062475 bytes, checksum: 87998056def384718bc63e1faa4e9520 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / No decorrer das últimas décadas tem-se verificado um aumento significativo dos eventos severos e dos impactos decorrentes. Além do recrudescimento das questões climáticas, a relação homem meio também tem se dado por um viés cada vez mais predatório, aliado a isso, a alocação de população de baixa renda em áreas de risco e planícies de inundação torna-se cotidiana, o que não ocorre de forma diferenciada na Bacia Hidrográfica do Ribeira do Iguape e Litoral Sul. Reconhecida pela sua diversidade de elementos paisagísticos, sociais e vulnerável economicamente, acumula ainda outra característica, concentração de registros de eventos severos, principalmente os de ordem hidrometeorológica e geológica, representando uma porção do estado de São Paulo merecedora de atenção. Desta forma, a presente tese objetivou identificar no recorte geográfico da Sub-Unidade de Gerenciamento Hídrico – 11-2, as estruturas elencadas para a resolução destas pecualiaridades voltadas para a gestão de risco, representadas pelas Coordenações Municipais de Defesa Civil, assim, buscou-se caracterizar a instituição e verificar a capacidade de atuação e resposta da mesma frente às fragilidades da Unidade. Ao final, verificou-se que, embora a gestão de riscos na unidade, assim como em escala estadual e federal, tenha tido avanços representativos no que concerne á ações práticas, não há capacidade operacional para a gestão pró-ativa dos eventos. / Over the past decades there has been a significant increase in severe events and impacts. In addition to the resurgence of climate issues, the relationship man half has also been given by an increasingly predatory bias, coupled with this, the allocation of low-income population in risk areas and flood plains becomes everyday, which does not occurs differently in the Basin of Iguape and South Coast College. Renowned for its diversity of landscape elements, social and economically vulnerable, still up another feature, concentration of severe event logs, especially the hydro-meteorological and geological order, representing a portion of the state of São Paulo worthy of attention. Thus, this thesis aimed to identify the geographical outline of the Sub-Unit Water Management - 11-2, the listed structures for the resolution of these focused peculiarity for risk management, represented by the Municipal Coordination of Civil Defense, so attempted to characterize the institution and verify the ability of action and answer the same face of the weaknesses of the Unit. Finally, it was found that although the risk management unit, as well as the state and federal level, have been advances representative as regards the practical actions, there are no operational capacity for proactive management of events.

Orientador: Orlando Fontes Lima Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T08:55:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Steinberg_JoseGustavo_M.pdf: 2178829 bytes, checksum: 4f7a32543d44e2a7695a340a4ef16c8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Até os prognósticos mais otimistas apontam para uma tendência de inchaço populacional nas próximas décadas. As taxas de crescimento populacional se mostram crescentes, e a cada dia tornam-se mais freqüentes situações de filas, congestionamentos e aglomerações humanas. O presente estudo pretende analisar os movimentos, tendências e velocidades de escoamento de aglomerações humanas em situações de congestionamento. As situações de fugas em pânico, sempre impregnadas com muitas e complexas variáveis, serão reduzidas a protótipos que se assemelham em sua essência com a realidade. Em muitas situações do dia a dia será possível aplicar os resultados obtidos no estudo, como no dimensionamento de cinemas, teatros e centros de entretenimento. Neste caso, o foco está em melhorar os níveis de conforto dos usuários do sistema minorando seu tempo de exposição a situações de congestionamento. Muitos estudos já foram realizados nesta linha de pesquisa, e os modelos vêm se mostrando cada vez mais realísticos à medida que as variáveis psicológicas são utilizadas como uma ferramenta fundamental para prever o comportamento das partículas no sistema, já que nós, seres humanos, raramente nos comportamos previsivelmente como um fluido. Este estudo tem como objetivo a modelagem das situações de evacuação, e o estudo mecânico e psicológico do comportamento coletivo. Para isso, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica para levantamento das variáveis, mecânicas e psicológicas, que influenciam no processo de evacuação. A análise crítica e processamento destas informações definiram como se pode alterar ou anular variáveis envolvidas com a finalidade de minimizar o tempo de fuga e reduzir acidentes e níveis de pânico na multidão. Como resultado final, foi desenvolvido um modelo que permite a realização de simulações de situações de evacuação de multidões. São apresentados também alguns exemplos, aplicações desta modelagem, capazes de auxiliar arquitetos e engenheiros na busca por soluções em projetos de grandes instalações / Abstract: Even the most optimistics prognostics show an incredible populational growth for the next decades. As demographic rates grow, people usually see themselves in queuing situations and crowd problems. The following research seeks to analyze movements, tendencies, and flowing velocities of human crowds in jam situations. Situations of panic runaways, always full of complex variables, will be reduced to prototypes that in its essence represent reality. The results from the research will be useful in many ordinary activities, such as in cinema, theaters, and convention centres projects. In this case the focus is in the improvement of comfort standards for pedestrians, reducing their exposal time to stressful situations. Many researches have already been done in this area, and the models have improved a lot as they introduced psychological variables as main tools to predict human behavior. Humans rarely behave predictably as a fluid. This research goal is the modeling of escape situations, and the mechanical and psychological of collective behavior. To do so, a bibliographic research was made, to discover mechanical and psychological variables that could influence the escape process. The analyses of this information defined witch of the variables were useless, or how to alternate those aiming reduced escape times, panic levels in the crowd and accidents.As a final result a model was developed. The model allows simulating crowds in panic during their escape process. Some examples are also shown, applications of the model are able to help arquitects and engineers in the search of project solutions for facilities / Mestrado / Transportes / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Esta pesquisa tem como objeto principal caracterizar a sociedade de risco e analisar a organização político-institucional de resposta à vulnerabilidade. A sociedade que constrói perigos tecnológicos e convive com os perigos naturais, estrutura-se para minimizar, reduzir ou eliminar os impactos causados por estes processos com perdas de vidas e econômicas de grandes perdas através da forma institucional denominada defesa civil. A partir das bases conceituais da teoria sociológica contemporânea, discute-se a efetividade do Estado para reduzir tais riscos e mitigar desastres, focalizando-se o caso Brasil mas, em especial, o caso do município de São Carlos/SP. Os procedimentos de pesquisa social utilizada formam: a) síntese da literatura no tema de riscos na sociologia: Anthony Guiddens, Milton Santos, Ulrich Beck, Scott Lash, Norma Felicidade da Silva Valencio, e outros; b) síntese de pesquisa na análise dos riscos no território: Eduardo Mario Mendiondo, Ishoaqui Shimbo,Masato Kobiyama, Nivaldo Nale e Pedro Caballero; c) síntese de pesquisa documental e análise institucional, registros oficiais de orgãos constituintes do Sistema Nacional de Defesa Civil (SINDEC), além de documentos de instuições internacionais de proteção civil e fontes jornalísticas, e outros. Comprovou-se que existe uma baixa reflexividade na produção social do espaço e em decorrência, baixa efetividade das políticas de emergência centenárias que se repetem privilegiando um enfoque equivocado do problema e suas soluções, revelando um novo-velho desastre a cada evento. A partir dos resultados é possivel propor soluções e recomendações de políticas públicas relacionadas com a proteção civil. / This research has for main object to characterize the risk society and to analyze the politicize-institutional organization of answer to the vulnerability. The society built technological dangers and lives together with the natural dangers, it is structured to minimize, to reduce or to eliminate the impacts caused by these processes with losses of lives and economical of big sets up through the form denominated institutional civil defense. Starting from the conceptual bases of the contemporary sociological theory, the effectiveness of the state is discussed to reduce such risks and to mitigate disasters, being focalized the case Brazil but, especially, the case of the municipal district of São Carlos/SP. The procedures of used social research were: a) research synthesis of the literature in the used social theme were: Anthony Guiddens, Milton Santos, Ulrich Beck, Scott Lash, Norma Felicidade da Silva Valencio, and others; b) research synthesis in the analysis of the risks in the territory: Eduardo Mario Mendiondo, Ioshoaqui Shimbo, Masato Kobiyama, Nivaldo Nale e Pedro Caballero, and others; c) research synthesis of documental research and institutional analysis, official registrations of constituent organs of the National System of Civil Defense and sources journalistic, and other. We was proven that a low reflexivity exists in the social production of the space and in consequence, low effectiveness of the centennial emergency politics that one repeat privileging a mistaken focus of the problem and your solutions, revealing a new-old disaster to each event. Starting from the results it is possible to propose solutions and recommendations of public politics related with the civil protection.

Nos desastres catastróficos relacionados a eventos hidrometeorológicos ocorrem perdas e danos socioambientais incomensuráveis. Alguns deles têm destaque perante as autoridades que atuam no contexto da emergência e outros não. No Brasil, em geral, os animais gravemente afetados nesses desastres permanecem socialmente invisíveis. Tendo isso em conta, este estudo - que integra pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e de campo - inicia com considerações preliminares sobre a construção da racionalidade do especismo bem como do surgimento de uma preocupação política com a proteção de animais em contexto internacional de desastre. Em seguida, focaliza a dimensão sociopolítica brasileira que, com raras exceções, fundamenta a manutenção de práticas de desamparo aos animais em circunstâncias adversas. Por fim, através do caso do município de Teresópolis/RJ, destaca o protagonismo da sociedade civil organizada na proteção dos animais afetados no desastre ocorrido em 2011 bem como as tensões havidas com as autoridades locais. Conclui, destacando as contradições entre os avanços anunciados pelas autoridades de defesa civil do estado do Rio de Janeiro na proteção de animais de estimação nesse contexto de desastres e as práticas efetivas das autoridades municipais de Teresópolis. / Immeasurable social-environmental damage and losses occur in catastrophic disasters related to hydrometeorological events. Some of them have prominence to the authorities who work in the emergency context and others do not. In Brazil, in general, animals seriously affected in these disasters remain socially invisible. With that in mind, this study - which includes literature review, documentary research and field - begins with preliminary considerations on the construction of the rationality of speciesism and the emergence of a political concern for animal protection in the international context of disaster. Then, focuses on the Brazilian socio-political dimension that, with rare exceptions, grounds the maintenance of practices of abandonment of animals in adverse circumstances. Finally, through the case of the city of Teresopolis/RJ, highlights the role of civil society organizations, in the protection of animals affected in the disaster occurred in 2011, as well as the tensions with local authorities. Concludes, highlighting the contradictions between the advances announced by civil defense authorities of the state of Rio de Janeiro on animal protection, in this context of disasters, and the effective practices of municipal authorities of Teresopolis.

The purpose of this essay is to study the civil defense work in Värmland and Örebro, connected to their resources whithin the respective county. To get a clear picture of how the counties are equipped when it comes to a crisis I have been focusing on the necessary principle connected to civil defense. The study also includes their work with the confederation of enterprise, warehousing and cyber security. To be able to see if they have the potential to collaborating with their resources. I use Emerson's theory of collaborative governance to see if Värmland and Örebro have the potential to work together during a conceivable crisis. Which is about cross-border governance where public and non-public actors prepare overall decisions. When I read about previous research regarding civil defense, I saw Lunde Saxis report Nordic Defense cooperation after the Cold war. And then I got the idea of studying the cooperation between Värmland and Örebro County. Like his theory, it is most optimal if two smaller actors merge during a crisis instead of managing it individually. The counties cannot challenge each other, but they can complement each other during a crisis. The thesis has a larger issue that is linked to the purpose of looking at the potential for collaboration within the theory Collaborative governance:- Can Emerson's theory of Collaborative Governance be established in today's civil defense at the local level?In order to be able to answer that question, the essay will have three sub-questions based on answering whether Örebro and Värmland have opportunities to find possible collaboration with each other.- Are there co-operation capabilities between the two counties according to Collaborative governance?- What assets do the two counties have at their disposal in civil defense?- Do the counties have physical proximity to the various assets required for a stable civil defense?The thesis concludes that the two counties have good conditions for coping with a crisis with their resources available, and that there is great potential for developing new methods and establishing more working methods linked to business, warehousing and cyber security. Collaboration can take place within Emerson's theory, the counties have good chances of collaborating within collaborative governance.Keywords- Civil Defense, The Confederation Of Enterprise, Warehousing, Cyber Security, Cooperation, Collaborative Governance.

No description available.

Det var under 40-talet som Sverige började med det skyddsrumsbyggande som under de kommande 50 åren skulle ske i en rasande takt. Sveriges neutrala inställning till krigsföring hade kommit med många positiva aspekter men det hade även resulterat i att Sveriges försvar sackade efter. Efter atombombningen av Hiroshima den sjätte augusti 1945 fick världen se vapenutvecklingens framfart och de förödande konsekvenser den kunde ha. Under 50-talet och kalla kriget vittnade världen om den kapprustning som stormakterna hade, bland annat gällande vapenutvecklingen. Även Sverige hade en egen liten kapprustning, däremot om att bygga skyddsrum som skulle kunna skydda det svenska folket från de vapen som stormakterna utvecklade. Det subventionerande byggandet av skyddsrum fortsatte i Sverige fram tills 2002 när regeringen tog beslut om att inte längre finansiera denna verksamhet. Under det cirka 60 år långa byggskedet hade omkring 70 000 skyddsrum färdigställts, varav det i dagsläget finns ungefär 64 000 skyddsrum som kan ge skydd till cirka sju miljoner människor. I en fråga till MSB, Myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskap, om varför det inte finns skyddsrumsplatser till alla svarar de att detta inte är tanken. Skyddsrummen är tänkta att användas i områden som exempelvis städer där en evakuering inte är möjlig. Detta projekt undersöker huruvida tillräckligt många skyddsrumsplatser finns i Stockholms innerstad som är en del av Sveriges huvudstad. Under projektets gång noterades att data för Sveriges skyddsrum är osäker, vid detta projekt har data från MSB samt ArcGIS Hub använts vilka har haft olika antal skyddsrum registrerade. Analyserna har utförts med programvara som bland annat ArcGIS och egen programvara skapad i Python. Den har utförts i flertalet olika steg som alla har givit olika resultat men däremot styrkt samma svar till projektets frågeställning. Slutsatser som kunnat dras i detta projekt är att det inte finns tillräckligt med skyddsrumsplatser för att kunna förse de invånare som bor i Stockholms innerstad. Ifall hänsyn även ska tas till att ett stort antal människor reser in till Stockholm på grund av jobb, fritid och andra aktiviteter blir skyddsrummens underskott av platser ett faktum. / During the 1940s, Sweden began the process of building air raid shelters which would take place at a furious pace over the next 50 years. Sweden's neutral attitude to warfare had come with many positive aspects, but it had also resulted in a lack of quality in Sweden’s defense. After the atomic bombing of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, the world witnessed the progress of weapons development and the devastating consequences it could have. During the 1950s and the Cold War, the world testified to the arms race of the great powers, including the development of weapons. Sweden also had its own small arms race; however, this was about building shelters that could protect the Swedish people from the weapons that the great powers developed. The subsidized construction of shelters continued in Sweden until 2002 when the government decided to no longer finance this activity. During the approximately 60-year construction phase, about 70,000 shelters had been completed, of which there are currently about 64,000 shelters that can provide protection to about seven million people. MSB, the Swedish Agency for Civil Protection and Emergency Planning, say that the reason why there are not shelters for everyone is because it is not the idea behind them. The shelters are intended to be used in areas such as cities where an evacuation is not possible. This project investigates whether or not enough air raid shelters are located in Stockholm City Centre, which is part of Sweden's capital. During the project it was noted that data for Sweden's shelters is uncertain, in this project data from MSB and ArcGIS Hub have been used which have had different numbers of shelters registered. The analyzes have been performed with software such as ArcGIS and own software created in Python. It has been carried out in several different steps, all of which have given different results but proved the same answer to the project's questions. Conclusions that could be drawn in this project are that there are not enough shelters to be able to provide the residents who live in Stockholm City Centre. If it is also to be considered that a large number of people travel to Stockholm due to work, leisure and other activities, the shelters' room deficit will become a fact.

I takt med att det försvarspolitiska läget omkring Sverige försämrats, har regeringen sedan 2015 beslutat att man för första gången sedan kalla krigets slut aktivt ska jobba med planering av civilförsvaret. Redan 1995 kom dock en ny lag om det civila försvaret som flyttade ansvaret för räddningstjänst under höjd beredskap till kommunerna. Innan hade ansvaret varit statligt. Vilka uppgifter som ska lösas av räddningstjänsten under höjd beredskap regleras i LSO (Lagen om Skydd mot Olyckor), och innefattar, förutom de uppgifter som ska lösas under fredstid, även uppgifter om att indikera och sanera kemiskt eller nukleärt kontaminerade områden, samt att röja farliga områden från exempelvis oexploderad ammunition. Utöver att reglera vilka uppgifter som ska lösas vid höjd beredskap står det även i LSO att räddningstjänster ska tillvarata möjligheten att samarbeta med varandra, vilket kan bli problematiskt vid höjd beredskap, då räddningstjänsten är en kommunal resurs.  Syftet med rapporten har varit att belysa vissa svårigheter som kan komma att uppstå vid förhöjd beredskap, till en följd av sammanslagningar av till exempel räddningstjänster, och nedrustningen av civilförsvaret. Vidare har även studien syftat till att presentera hur landets räddningstjänster, räddningstjänstförbund och länsstyrelser idag jobbar med frågan. Rapporten har dock enbart berört den kommunala räddningstjänsten och omfattar inte fjäll-, flyg- och sjöräddningstjänst, efterforskning av försvunna personer i andra fall, miljöräddningstjänst till sjöss samt räddningstjänst vid utsläpp av radioaktiva ämnen, vilka alla är statliga resurser.  Dagligen råder det grundberedskap över hela Sverige, och då fungerar och leds samhället på det sätt man är van vid idag. Regeringen som är det högsta beslutande organet i Sverige kan vid behov besluta om att landet ska gå upp i höjd beredskap. Detta kan ske vid kriser eller i yttersta fall vid krig. Beredskapen behöver inte höjas i hela landet samtidigt utan kan höjas enbart på de ställen det behövs. Som en följd av beredskapsförändringen börjar vissa andra lagar gälla i Sverige och ledningsförhållandena i kommuner, regioner och staten ändras. Det är alltså hur planeringen inför eventuell beredskapshöjning ser ut som undersökts i denna rapport. Detta gjordes genom en enkätundersökning som gick ut till delar av landets räddningstjänster och länsstyrelser, där de fick besvara fyra frågor gällande planering av höjd beredskap. Majoriteten av de som svarat på enkäterna som skickats ut har svarat att de behöver styrningar från staten för att kunna genomföra planeringen på ett korrekt sätt. Vidare efterfrågas även fler resurser, både personella, materiella, ekonomiska och extra kompetens för att kunna lösa de tillkommande uppgifterna. Enkätfrågorna berör också ett nytt ledningssystem som börjat gälla 1/1 2022, som enligt svaren från enkäterna inte innehåller någon information om hur ledningen vid höjd beredskap ska fungera. Många menar också att det har gått för snabbt från det att regeringen ordersatt planering av höjd beredskap, till dess att planeringen påbörjades, varför det skiljer sig mycket mellan olika kommuner och län med hur planeringsarbetet går till. Därför har rapportens frågeställningar inte kunnat besvaras med något annat än att det i dagsläget inte finns något tydligt svar på hur planeringen och prioriteringar fungerar utan är en fråga som måste lösas på högre statlig nivå innan kommunerna kan starta upp och driva arbetet vidare.

År 2002 fattade den svenska riksdagen beslutet att sluta bygga skyddsrum. Sverige har per capita näst flest antal skyddsrum i världen. Ett stort antal skyddsrum i Sverige, kombinerat med beslutet att inte bygga dem längre, har lämnat Sverige vid en vägkorsning. Hur mycket bör Sverige bry sig om sina skyddsrum? För utländska fiender kan skyddsrum verka som ännu ett hinder för att invadera, på grund av de svenska civila möjligheterna till att vara säkra från bomber och ett krigs påverkan. Även om krigföring har förändrats under åren och nya strategier har utvecklats, kommer en säker plats för civila att stärka den försvarande sidan. För att detta försvar ska fungera måste skyddsrummen vara konstruerade på tillgängliga platser för civilbefolkningen, erhålla det material som skyddsrummen är i behov av, kunna drivas av en civil samt vara i gott skick. Det var under kalla kriget som Sverige byggde de flesta av sina skyddsrum. Med många decennier och olika lagar för konstruktion som passerat, har många av skyddsrummen problem i nuläget. Problem såsom att material saknas, luftfilter har blivit för gamla, rummen har renoverats till något annat, eller helt enkelt att skyddet inte kan garantera den funktion som den en gång gjorde. I Sverige är Myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskap (MSB) den myndighet som ansvarar för skyddsrummens tillstånd. MSB har det yttersta ansvaret att se till att skyddsrummen är säkra i nödsituationer. För att uppfylla detta utgör de tillsyn och kontroller på skyddsrummen. I denna kandidatuppsats undersöks de svenska skyddsrummens tillstånd och de problem som följer med dem. Vi fann det även av intresse att undersöka skyddsrummens relevans i Sveriges samhälle ur ett historiskt- och ett nutidsperspektiv. Metoden som har använts är av kvalitativ och rättsdogmatisk karaktär. De slutsatser som kunnat dras i denna kandidatuppsats är att Sveriges skyddsrum befinner sig i olika tillstånd vad gäller skick och kvalité. Det kan också konstateras att det inte pågår tillräckligt många skyddsrumskontroller som både är önskat och nödvändigt gentemot det stora antal skyddsrum som finns. Slutligen nyttjas Sveriges skyddsrum för andra ändamål än vad de preliminärt byggdes för, vilket innebär att de fyller ett syfte i Sveriges samhälle. / In 2002, the Swedish government decided to stop building air raid shelters. Sweden has per capita the second most air raid shelters in the world. A large number of air raid shelters in Sweden, combined with the decision to stop constructing them, has left Sweden at a crossroad. How much should Sweden care about the air raid shelters? To foreign enemies, the air raid shelters may seem as yet another obstacle to invading, because of the opportunity given to the Swedish civilians to be safe from bombs and the effects of war. Even though the warfare has changed during the years and new strategies have been developed, a safe place for civilians will strengthen the defending side. For this defense to work, the air raid shelters have to be constructed at available locations for civilians, be equipped with the material needed, be operated by a civilian and the shelters have to be in good condition. It was during the Cold War era that Sweden built most of its air raid shelters. With a lot of decades and different rules of construction passing, many of these air raid shelters have problems now. The problems concern materials missing, air filters which have passed their best before date, the shelters being renovated to something completely different, or simply that the shelter cannot guarantee the function that it once did. In Sweden, The Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB) is the agency responsible for the condition of the air raid shelters. The agency has the utmost responsibility that the air raid shelters will be safe in case of emergency. To fulfill that, the agency executes supervision and regulatory control of the shelters. In this essay, the condition of the Swedish air raid shelters and the problems that come along with them get examined. We also found it interesting to examine the air raid shelters' relevance to Swedish society from a historic and present-day point of view. A qualitative and legal dogmatic method has been used. The conclusions that could be drawn from this essay is that Sweden’s air raid shelters are in different conditions regarding standard and quality. It can also be established that there aren’t enough regulatory controls being executed. Finally, the Swedish air raid shelters do serve a purpose for the Swedish society even though they have been built for other reasons.

This qualitative study addresses a gap in horizontal crisis management research regarding the way collaboration plays out in practice in times of crisis. It is empirically focused on public actors in Kalmar County and takes aim at complementing earlier critical studies around power displacement and recapture in the realm of crisis collaboration to unearth impediments to interagency collaboration. An interview is carried out with duty officers and crisis management officers in four organizations with key tasks in the institutional crisis management system on the regional and local level, and the ambition is toshed light on how collaboration might be affected by formal, as well as informal, imbalances given that the organizations involved belong to different policy subsystems. It uses earlier theories regarding mandate, clusivity and trust as a point of departure, and asks: what impediments arise when actors from different political subsystems engage in interagency crisis collaboration in Kalmar County? The empirical analysis shows, surprisingly, a stark contrast to earlier stories from around the institutional crisis management system that described dysfunctional and asymmetric crisis collaboration.