[pt] A crescente participação das Forças Armadas (FA) em cooperação com a Defesa Civil em situações de desastres naturais tem demonstrado a importância do aprofundamento e aprimoramento dos estudos da logística humanitária no campo militar. Sabendo que a excelência nos processos pode gerar economia dos recursos a serem mobilizados para alcançar as necessidades da população afetada, bem como a minimização do tempo de resposta, este estudo objetiva apresentar e analisar as atividades de resposta a desastres naturais desempenhadas pela Força Aérea Brasileira (FAB), sob a ótica da modelagem de processos. Para isso, realiza-se um estudo de caso pautado no mapeamento das atividades realizadas pela Aeronáutica com base nas legislações em vigor e com base na operação real de apoio às vítimas do desastre da região serrana fluminense em 2011, considerada uma das maiores tragédias climáticas ocorridas no Brasil. Simultaneamente, é conduzida uma comparação de adequação ao padrão em relação à literatura acadêmica. Os resultados deste trabalho apontam para processos realizados pela FAB que podem ser considerados na elaboração de uma doutrina específica relativa ao tema e ainda os processos não previstos nas legislações vigentes, os quais podem ser objeto de futuras pesquisas na FAB, além de sugerir a inclusão de processos não representados nos modelos de processos de resposta a desastre da literatura acadêmica. Com isso, almeja-se subsidiar futuras pesquisa no meio acadêmico sobre o tema, bem como contribuir para a elaboração de uma doutrina específica relativa a essas atividades, a fim de se obter uma maior eficácia e eficiência no apoio da FAB em missões humanitárias. / [en] The growing participation of the Armed Forces (AF) in natural disasters situations has ratified the importance of deepening and improvement of studies in humanitarian logistics in the military field. Knowing that excellence in processes can generate savings of resources to be mobilized to meet the needs of the affected population as well as minimizing the response time, this study aims to present and analyze the response activities to natural disasters performed by the Brazilian Air Force (BRAF), from the perspective of process modeling. For this, a case study is carried out according to the mapping of activities performed by the BRAF based on the legislation in place and on a real operation of support to victims of a disaster in the mountainous region of Rio de Janeiro in 2011, considered one of the biggest climate tragedy in Brazil. Simultaneously, a pattern matching comparability in relation to the academic literature is conducted. The results of this study point to processes performed by the BRAF that can be considered in the preparation of a specific doctrine on the subject and to processes not considered in current legislation, which may be the subject of future research in the BRAF. It also suggests the inclusion of processes not represented in process models of disaster response in the academic literature. Thus, it aims to support future studies in academic research on the subject, as well as contribute to the development of a specific doctrine on these activities in order to achieve greater effectiveness and efficiency in the BRAF support for humanitarian missions.

Orientador: Alvaro de Oliveira D'Antona / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T03:38:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cerqueira_DiomarioCoelho_M.pdf: 1994157 bytes, checksum: e712b1d5d695de9b593a7da668128029 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Os deslizamentos são perigos ambientais frequentes nas aglomerações urbanas brasileiras. Em Cubatão, município situado no Estado de São Paulo, os deslizamentos são perigos ambientais potencializados pela combinação de ocupações em morros com altitudes que variam entre 100 e 700 m e alta pluviosidade na região, chegando a precipitações médias anuais de 2.240 mm. De acordo com a caracterização sociodemográfica das áreas de risco de deslizamentos realizada em 2007 pelos governos municipal e estadual, há 22.080 pessoas que habitam em 7.832 moradias, ou seja, em 21% das moradias do município de Cubatão. O presente estudo partiu inicialmente da caracterização sociodemográfica da população residente nessas áreas e, posteriormente, em trabalho de campo, buscou-se evidenciar quais as estratégias de prevenção dos deslizamentos por parte dos moradores em um dos bairros mais atingidos pelos eventos. Foram utilizados dados sociodemográficos sistematizados pelo Programa de Recuperação Socioambiental da Serra do Mar que prevê, conforme diferentes graus de risco de deslizamentos, a remoção e o reassentamento das populações residentes nas áreas de risco. Dentre os dados sociodemográficos apresentados destacam-se maior proporção de domicílios com rendimentos de até 3 salários mínimos e de moradores com mais de 6 anos de idade com ensino fundamental incompleto e responsáveis por domicílios com até 10 anos de residência no local. Os dados obtidos a partir do trabalho de campo através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas realizadas em domicílios em um área de risco indicaram que moradores utilizam estratégias diversas para enfrentarem os deslizamentos, tais como ajuda de vizinhos e familiares / Abstract: Landslides are common environmental hazards in urban Brazil. In Cubatão, a county located in the state of São Paulo, the slips are environmental hazards potentiated by combining the existence of occupations in the hills with altitudes ranging between 100 and 700 m high rainfall in the region, reaching an annual rainfall of 2,240 mm. According to the sociodemographic characteristics of areas at risk of landslides took place in 2007 by municipal and state governments, there are 22,080 people living in 7,832 dwellings, ie 21% of households in the city of Cubatão. This study was based initially in sociodemographics of the population residing in these areas and later in fieldwork aimed to highlight the strategies for the prevention of landslides by the residents in one of the neighborhoods hardest hit by the events. We used demographic data systematized by the Socio-Environmental Restoration Program of the Serra do Mar which, according to different degrees of risk of landslides, removal and resettlement of populations living in risky areas. Among the demographic data presented highlight a greater proportion of households with incomes of up to three minimum wages and residents with more than six years of primary school age and account for households with up to 10 years of local residence. The data obtained from fieldwork through semi-structured interviews in households in a risk area residents indicated that they use different strategies to cope with slips, such as help from neighbors and relatives / Mestrado / Mestre em Demografia

This paper is an in-depth study on the role of Home Front Volunteerism in California during World War II. It argues that Volunteerism was integral to America’s eventual victory. This paper fills a gap in historical writings on World War II and shows that Volunteerism is a topic worthy of study. Volunteerism played a major role in California. It helped to keep morale high even when the war was progressing poorly. Volunteerism also helped to create new communities out of those shattered by the upheaval of the Great Depression. It provided a patriotic outlet for Americans desperate to aid the war effort. Minority groups took part in volunteer activities in order to show that they too were Americans and in doing so raised their status in society. Throughout the war, volunteers collected scrap metal which was melted down into weaponry. “Radishy victory gardens” sprung up throughout California. The Red Cross experienced an unprecedented surge in volunteerism and new methods in preservation and transportation of donated blood saved thousands of lives. The USO, created during the war, provided entertainment to soldiers both on the home front and overseas. Celebrities and civilians volunteered with the USO. This paper discusses many other ways in which Californian’s volunteered. Each volunteer activity provided an outlet for Americans desperate to aid the war effort in any way that they could.

[pt] Nas últimas décadas, situações de desastres têm se tornado cada vez mais comuns. Resultantes de processos estruturais profundamente desiguais, os desastres vêm sendo tratados, hegemonicamente, como eventos isolados, sem relação com o sistema social no qual se inserem. Esta tese de doutorado teve como principal objetivo conhecer o lugar ocupado por assistentes sociais na gestão de desastres no Brasil. O estudo partiu de uma revisão bibliográfica da teoria crítica, especialmente em relação às categorias desastres e riscos, consideradas fundamentais para a compreensão da temática, e contou com a realização de uma pesquisa baseada na triangulação de método, a partir da qual as abordagens quantitativa e qualitativa são compreendidas como complementares. A etapa quantitativa da pesquisa envolveu 142 órgãos municipais de proteção e defesa civil de todo o país, enquanto a segunda etapa, de caráter qualitativo, foi composta de um estudo de caso com base em entrevistas realizadas em cinco municípios afetados pelo impacto de 2011, no interior do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstraram uma significativa ausência de assistentes sociais nos órgãos municipais de proteção e defesa civil, assim como o predomínio de uma intervenção voltada para a execução de ações pontuais e fragmentadas, geralmente desenvolvidas a partir da convocação de profissionais lotadas nos órgãos responsáveis pela política de assistência social nos municípios. Entende-se que tanto a ausência de assistentes sociais quanto o tipo de trabalho realizado não se encontram descolados da lógica predominante na gestão de desastres atualmente, na qual o foco nas ações desenvolvidas após a ocorrência dos impactos prevalece reforçando o caráter subalternizado do Serviço Social junto às equipes multiprofissionais, ainda que sejam ensejados esforços no sentido contrário. A partir destas conclusões, o estudo em questão volta-se para a defesa de uma maior participação de assistentes sociais nas estruturas de proteção e defesa civil, a necessidade de investimento em estudos sobre o campo dos desastres, assim como aponta para iniciativas que busquem um maior alinhamento entre as ações desenvolvidas por assistentes sociais na gestão de desastres e o projeto ético-político que vem sendo construído por segmentos da categoria desde as duas últimas décadas do século XX. / [en] In recent decades, disasters have become increasingly common. Resulting from profoundly unequal structural processes, disasters have been treated, hegemonically, as isolated events, unrelated to the social system in which they are inserted. This doctoral thesis had as main objective to know the place occupied by social assistants in the management of disasters in Brazil. The study was based on a bibliographical review of critical theory, especially in relation to the categories of disasters and risks, considered fundamental for the understanding of the thematic, and was based on the research based on the triangulation of method, from which the quantitative and Are understood as complementary. The quantitative phase of the survey involved 142 municipal protection and civil defense agencies throughout the country, while the second qualitative phase was composed of a case study based on interviews conducted in five municipalities affected by the impact of 2011 on Interior of the state of Rio de Janeiro. The results of the research demonstrated a significant absence of social workers in the municipal protection and civil defense agencies, as well as the predominance of an action directed to the implementation of punctual and fragmented actions, usually developed after the call of crowded professionals in the organs responsible for Social assistance policy in municipalities. It is understood that both the absence of social workers and the type of action performed are not detached from the prevailing logic in disaster management, in which the focus on the actions developed after the impacts occur prevails, reinforcing the Subalternized character of the Social Service with the multiprofessional teams, although efforts are made in the opposite direction. Based on these conclusions, the study in question turns to the defense of a greater participation of social workers in civil protection and defense structures, the need to invest in studies on the field of disasters, and points to initiatives that seek Greater alignment between actions developed by social workers in disaster management and the ethical-political project that has been built by segments of the category since the last two decades of the twentieth century.

The civilian level of motivation to defend Austria in case of an invasion is shown to be rather low compared to other European countries, where only 15-30 % of the Austrian population say they are willing to defend the country. The use of civilian support in war has been shown as an important factor during the Russo-Ukrainian war, where thousands of volunteers joined the armed forces to defend their country. Using civilians as a part of the civil defense is also shown to have a powerful deterrent effect for a foreign invasion.   This study contributes to an in-depth understanding how Austrian officers’ and cadets’ motivation is affected by the low civilian level of motivation to defend the nation. This was done by collecting qualitative data by doing semi-structured interviews with four officers and four cadets, seven men and one woman. The results from the interviews were later analysed with a textual analysis to identify common themes and patterns.   The study shows that the motivation among the military personnel was not affected by a low civilian will to defend the country. A majority of the respondents also saw several risks with having a low support from the civil society. This could create challenges regarding securing personnel and maintaining a high moral among the troops during wartime.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / A capabilities-based approach to contingency planning offers important opportunities to strengthen both Homeland Defense and Homeland Security. The Department of Defense (DOD) and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) have already begun moving beyond traditional threat-based and scenario-based planning methodologies toward a more capabilities-based approach, but require embracing this concept more in order to counter challenges in developing contingency plans against current threats to the US Homeland. Additionally, given the critical responsibilities of state and local governments in Homeland Security, this planning approach might be applied far beyond the Federal government. This thesis examines ways that a specialized capabilities-based planning process might be applied to Homeland Defense and Homeland Security, and applies the proposed methodology to two case studies: the US Navy Component of US Northern Command and the New York City Fire Department. / Lieutenant Colonel, United States Army

O conceito de resiliência urbana colabora nas discussões de como as cidades podem se preparar ou se adaptar para lidar com desastres naturais num contexto de eventos extremos. Resiliência urbana entende-se enquanto processo que envolve capacidades de aprendizado e adaptação com vistas à redução do risco de desastres naturais, ao retorno às funções desejadas e à melhoria da qualidade de vida das pessoas. Os escorregamentos configuram um dos desastres que mais causaram mortes no município de Santos, no litoral do Estado de São Paulo; no entanto, o número de vítimas fatais reduziu-se significativamente após a implementação do Plano Preventivo de Defesa Civil (PPDC) operado anualmente desde 1989. Entendendo que a Defesa Civil municipal é a instituição que lida diretamente com a questão dos desastres, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar os instrumentos relativos à gestão de risco de escorregamentos utilizados pela Defesa Civil de Santos e analisar a aplicação dos mesmos na promoção da resiliência urbana. A partir de uma pesquisa qualitativa que envolveu revisão bibliográfica, pesquisa documental e pesquisa de campo, identificaram-se os seguintes instrumentos: Monitoramento Meteorológico; Carta de Suscetibilidade a Movimentos Gravitacionais de Massa e Inundações, Plano Municipal de Redução de Riscos e Carta Geotécnica Morros de Santos e São Vicente. Concluiu-se que a promoção da resiliência urbana pela Defesa Civil de Santos ocorre parcialmente, pois os instrumentos ainda estão em processo de implementação e desafios precisam ser superados como a articulação das secretarias municipais em prol da redução de risco. / The concept of urban resilience has entered discussions of how cities can prepare, adapt and deal with natural disasters in a context of extreme events. Urban resilience is understood as a process that involves learning and adaptation capabilities in order to reduce the risk of disasters, restore desired functions and improve quality of life. Landslides constitute one of the disasters that caused more deaths in the municipality of Santos (the São Paulo state coast), however, the number of fatalities dropped significantly after the implementation of the Civil Defense Preventive Plan (PPDC) operated annually since 1989. Taking into consideration that the municipal civil defense is the institution that deals directly with the issue of disasters, the aim of this research was to identify the instruments concerning the landslide risk management used by the Civil Defense and analyze their application in promoting urban resilience. From qualitative research including literature reviews, as well as document research and field research, the following instruments were identified: weather monitoring; a chart mapping susceptibility to gravitational mass movements and floods, a risk reduction plan and a geotechnical aptitude to an urbanization chart. In conclusion, the promotion of urban resilience by the Civil Defense of Santos is partially because the instruments are still in the implementation process and challenges need to be overcome as the articulation of municipal departments in favor of risk reduction.

Com a urbanização crescente no Brasil, o mapeamento de eventos perigosos mostra-se cada vez mais necessário para que se reduzam transtornos socioeconômicos nos municípios brasileiros. O objetivo principal da pesquisa foi elaborar mapas de suscetibilidade a eventos perigosos de natureza geológica e hidrológica, para a área urbana e de expansão urbana (148,97 km²) do município de São Carlos – SP. A análise foi feita em ambiente de SIG (Sistemas de Informação Geográfica), e combinou abordagens qualitativas e quantitativas de mapeamento de eventos perigosos, propostas pelo Working Group Committee on Risk Assessment (1997). Como método, analisou-se a freqüência dos eventos históricos em função da área (km²) dos condicionantes cartografados nos mapas temáticos (probabilidades iniciais). Os condicionantes foram analisados isoladamente e combinados, na forma de classes de terreno. O inventário dos registros históricos (482 registros) dos eventos foi feito com os dados de jornais, defesa civil e imagens de satélite entre os anos de 1965 a 2016. Foram elaborados os mapas de suscetibilidade para: movimentos de encosta, erosão pluvial, solos colapsíveis e enchentes/inundações. O método utilizado mostrou-se eficiente, visto que os objetivos da pesquisa foram alcançados. Foi possível validar os mapas de suscetibilidade, com as características do meio físico observadas em trabalhos de campo e dados de ensaios geotécnicos. Os eventos mais críticos para o município são as enchentes/inundações e alagamentos, erosões pluviais e movimentos de encostas causam pequenos transtornos, principalmente em consequência do relevo suave da região. Apesar da base cartográfica estar na escala 1:10.000, os mapas são apresentados na escala 1:20.000, com o objetivo destes serem impressos em papéis no formato A1. / With the increasing urbanization in Brazil, hazardous events mapping has become increasingly necessary to reduce socioeconomic disorders in Brazilian citys. The main goal of the research was to elaborate susceptibility maps to dangerous events of geological and hydrological nature, for the urban area and urban expansion (148,97 km²) to the city of São Carlos - SP. The analysis was done in a GIS environment (Geographic Information Systems), and combined qualitative and quantitative approaches of hazardous events mapping, proposed by the Working Group Committee on Risk Assessment (1997). The frequency of historical events was analyzed according to the area of the conditioners mapped on the thematic maps (prior probabilitys). The conditioners were analyzed separately and then combined, in the form of land classes. The inventory of historical records (482 records) of events was done with acquired data from newspapers, civil defense and satellite images between the years 1965 to 2016. Susceptibility maps were developed for slope movements, water erosion, collapsible soils and floods. This method proved to be efficient, since the research objectives were achieved. It was possible to validate the susceptibility maps, with the characteristics of the physical environment observed in field work and geotechnical data. The most critical events in São Carlos are floods, rainfall erosions and slope movements cause minor damage, as a result of the region\'s soft relief. Although the cartographic base is in the 1:10.000 scale, the maps are presented in the 1:20.000 scale, with the purpose of being printed on A1 format paper.

This dissertation argues that the origins of civil defense are to be found in pre-World War II Britain and that a driving force of this early civil defense scheme was fear of poison gas. Later iterations of civil defense, such as the Cold War system in America, built on already existing regimes that had proven their worth during WWII. This dissertation demonstrates not only that WWII civil defense served as a blueprint for later civil defense schemes, but also that poison gas anxiety served as a particular tool for the implementation and success of civil defense. The dissertation is organized thematically, exploring the role of civilians and volunteers in the civil defense scheme, as well as demonstrating the vital importance of physical manifestations of civil defense, such as gas masks and air raid shelters, in ensuring the success of the scheme. By the start of World War II, many civilians had already been training in civil defense procedures for several years, learning how to put out fires, recognize bombs, warn against gas, decontaminate buildings, rescue survivors, and perform first aid. The British government had come to the conclusion, long before the threat became realized, that the civilian population was a likely target for air attacks and that measures were required to protect them. World War I (WWI) saw the first aerial attacks targeted specifically at civilians, suggesting a future where such attacks would occur more frequently and deliberately. Poison gas, used in WWI, seemed a particularly horrifying threat that presented significant problems. Civil defense was born out of this need to protect the civil population from attack by bombs or poison gas. For the next five years of war civil defense worked to maintain British morale and to protect civilian lives. This was the first real scheme of civil defense, instituted by the British government specifically for the protection of its civilian population.

This thesis examines civil defense in the United States under the Nixon, Carter and Reagan administrations. Throughout the late Cold War period civil defense policy planners employed a philosophy of dual-use. The Defense Civil Preparedness Agency (DCPA) and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) instructed the American public to plan for a nuclear attack as well as natural disasters. Civil defense directors implemented crisis relocation plans for Americans that lived in designated high-risk areas. In an imminent nuclear attack, Americans in high-risk areas would temporarily relocate to host communities in low-risk areas of the county. This study is a blend of both civil defense policy and the reactions to nuclear war through the prism of popular culture in the late Cold War period.