Venture capital é espécie de empreendimento que vincula dois agentes econômicos, empreendedor e investidor, visando ao desenvolvimento de uma ideia inovadora para posterior comercialização no mercado. O empreendedor é detentor de conhecimento sobre a ideia e o investidor possui os recursos para desenvolver o projeto. O negócio se diferencia dos demais pelo alto grau de incerteza e risco do empreendimento e requer o uso de tipos contratuais adequados para sua limitação. O projeto se inicia com a etapa de contratação, na qual as partes negociam a divisão de riscos e retorno do negócio, seguindo-se a etapa de monitoramento do desenvolvimento das atividades. Ao final ocorre o desinvestimento, com a saída do investidor e venda do negócio. Do ponto de vista da Economia, utilizamos a Teoria dos Jogos e apresentamos os problemas informacionais, riscos e incertezas do negócio, e os incentivos para organizar a cooperação entre as partes. Do ponto de vista de Finanças, debatemos a decisão de financiamento do negócio e as alternativas para diversificação dos riscos do investimento, isto é, a possibilidade de limitação dos riscos pela adoção de estratégias de contenção, que aumentam o interesse em contratar o negócio. Do ponto de vista do Direito, avaliamos qual a estrutura contratual ideal para organizar esse tipo de empreendimento. Analisamos as principais formas usadas para organização do negócio, em especial as sociedades limitadas e as sociedades anônimas fechadas. Avaliamos o suporte normativo aplicável, com destaque para a possibilidade de limitação dos riscos do projeto pela aplicação das normas de Direito Societário a esses empreendimentos. Os principais riscos aplicáveis são os riscos de contratação do negócio, os riscos de alocação do poder de decisão entre os sócios e os riscos de interrupção prematura do projeto. Devido à natureza e características do negócio de venture capital, concluímos que esse tipo de projeto é mais bem organizado como um contrato plurilateral e que não há tipo contratual ideal para alinhar os interesses. Dos tipos existentes, a sociedade anônima fechada é o mais adequado, mas incapaz de limitar todos os riscos do negócio. A conclusão é confirmada, parcialmente, pelas evidências empíricas apresentadas. / Venture capital is a business that links two economic agents, entrepreneur and investor, aiming to develop an innovative idea for future sale on the market. The entrepreneur holds knowledge about the idea and the investor has the resources to develop the project. It is distinguished from others by the high degree of uncertainty and risk of the project and requires the use of appropriate contract types for its restriction. The project begins with the contracting stage, in which the parties negotiate the division of risks and return business, followed by the monitoring of the development of the business activities. At the end occurs the divestment, in which the finished business is sold by the investor. From the point of view of Economics, we use Game Theory to present the informational problems, business risks and uncertainties, and the incentives to organize the cooperation between the parties. From the standpoint of Finance, we discuss the decision to finance the business, and alternatives for risk diversification, that is, the possibility of limiting the risks by adopting containment strategies that may increase the interest in contracting. From the point of view of Law, we evaluate the ideal contractual structure for organizing this kind of project. We analyze the main existing contract types, in particular, the limited liability companies and the closed corporations. We present our concerns about the normative support applicable to that type of business, emphasizing the Corporate Law problems. We evaluate the normative support applicable, emphasizing the possibility of limiting the project risks by applying the Corporate Law rules to such ventures. The main risks are the risks applicable to the contracting phase, the risk of incorrect allocation of decision rights between the partners and the risk of premature termination of the project. Due to the nature and characteristics of the venture capital business, we conclude that this type of design is best organized as a plurilateral agreement and that there is no contract type that can be considered ideal to align the interests. Considering all the existing types, the private corporation contract is the most appropriate form, but also unable to limit all the business risks. The conclusion is partially supported by the empirical evidence presented.

This project aims to study general relativity to the extent to understand the occurrence and behaviors of closed timelike curves (CTCs) in several exact solutions of Einstein’s field equations. The rotating black hole solution, the Gödel universe and the cosmic string solutions are studied in detail to show how CTCs arise in these spacetimes. The chronology-violationing paradoxes and other unphysical aspects of CTCs are discussed. The spacetimes where CTCs arise possess properties which are argumented to be unphysical, such as lack of asymptotic flatness and being innite models. With quantum computational networks it is possible to resolve the paradoxes which CTCs evoke. With all these attempts of resolving CTCs, our conclusion is that CTCs exist quantum mechanically, but there is a mechanism which inhibits them to be detected classically. / Detta projekt åsyftar att studera allmän relativitet i den grad att kunna förstå uppkomsten och företeelsen av tidsliknande slutna kurvor (CTC) i några exakta lösningar till Einsteins ekvationer. Dessa lösningar inkluderar Gödel universen, kosmiska strängar och det roterande svarta hålet, där CTC studeras i mer detalj. CTC är kronologi-kränkande företeelser och paradoxen som uppstår presenteras, samt de argument som ligger till grund till att CTC inte är fysikaliskt verkliga objekt. De tidrum där CTC uppkommer delar gemensamma egenskaper som anses ofysikaliska, som att vara icke asymptotiskt platta tidrum, samt att vara oändliga modeller. Med kvantinformatiska nätverk kan CTC illustreras och de klassiska kronologi-paradoxen kan rättas ut. Slutsatsen är att CTC existerar kvantmekaniskt, men det fnns en mekanism i verkligheten som förhindrar dessa att bli detekterade klassiskt.

This thesis examines the life of James Wesley Silver, a professor of history at the University of Mississippi for twenty-six years and author of Mississippi: The Closed Society, a scathing attack on the Magnolia State's history of racial oppression. In 1962, Silver witnessed the campus riot resulting from James Meredith's enrollment as the first black student at the state's hallowed public university and claims this was the catalyst for writing his book. However, by examining James Silver's personal and professional activities and comparing them with the political, cultural, and social events taking place concurrently, this paper demonstrates that his entire life, the gamut of his experiences, culminated in the creation of his own rebel yell, Mississippi: The Closed Society. Chapter 1 establishes Silver's environment by exploring the history and sociology of the South during the years of his residency. Chapter 2 discusses Silver's background and early years, culminating with his appointment as a faculty member of the University of Mississippi in 1936. Chapter 3 reveals Silver's personal and professional life during the 1940s, as well as the era's notable historical events. The decade of the 1950s is discussed in chapter 4, particularly the civil rights movement, Silver's response to these changes, and those in his own life. Chapter 5 follows the path of James Meredith's integration of Ole Miss, the publication of Silver's book, and its aftermath. The conclusion is a brief epilogue of Silver's post-Mississippi life.

Um aspecto importante relacionado à operação de sistemas de distribuição é o referente à segurança nas ações de restabelecimento pós-perturbações, em manobras emergenciais e programadas, onde necessite de transferência de cargas entre alimentadores aéreos primários de uma mesma subestação ou para uma subestação adjacente, de forma segura e confiável. Devem-se observar os requisitos de carregamento, tensão a nível sistêmico, proteção, entre outros. Atualmente as decisões e tomadas de ações referentes às manobras necessárias para os remanejamentos de cargas são de competência dos operadores que atuam nas salas de controle de operações e, em muitos casos, respaldadas somente na experiência de cada operador, acumulada ao longo do tempo. Este trabalho visa o estudo dos fenômenos físicos envolvidos em situações que coloquem alimentadores aéreos primários de distribuição em paralelo ou mesmo quando se forme uma configuração em anel fechado. Estas manobras podem ser executadas através de alimentadores e transformadores distintos, de mesma potência ou de potências diferentes, estabelecendo diretrizes e respaldando os operadores das salas de controle em situações de emergência, urgência ou programadas no sistema aéreo de distribuição. O objetivo principal é oferecer informações técnicas, possibilitando as tomadas de decisões mais adequadas na coordenação de manobras no sistema aéreo de distribuição, em tempo real. Cada uma delas tem condições que se pode considerar como a mais adequada para a execução dos procedimentos estabelecidos, porém sem os principais subsídios técnicos. Desta forma, algumas variáveis como tensão mínima, limites de carregamento de equipamentos, ângulo de fase dos transformadores, restrições operativas do sistema e de consumidores, devem ser aplicadas em tempo real para a tomada de decisão por parte dos operadores do sistema elétrico. / An important aspect related to the distribution systems operation concerns the safety required in the post-disturbances restorement actions or in the emergency and scheduled maneuvers, which involve the need for load transfer between primary overhead feeders of a same sub-station or for an adjacent sub-station, in a safe and reliable way, complying with the loading requirements, voltage at systemic level and protection, among others. Currently the decisions and taking actions related to the necessary maneuvers to carry out the load transfers are responsibility of the operators who work in the operations control rooms, and in many cases, only endorsed by each operator´s own experience, gathered along the time. This paper aims at the study of the involved physical phenomena in situations that place distribution primary overhead feeders in parallel or even when a configuration in closed ring is formed, via distinct transformers and feeders of same or different powers, establishing guidelines and endorsing the control rooms operators in emergency, urgency or scheduled situations in the distribution overhead system. The main objective is to provide technical information, enabling more adequate taking decisions in the distribution overhead system maneuvers coordination, in real time. Each of them has conditions that can be considered the most adequate to carry out the established procedures, however without the main technical information. Thus, some variables such as minimum voltage, equipment loading limits, transformers´ phase angle, the operational restrictions of the system and customers must be applied in real time for the taking decision by the electrical system operators.

This thesis discusses the history of the closed shop as a form of union security and the changes that arose with the passage of the Taft-Hartley Law in 1947 which declared the closed shop illegal and morally reprehensible.

Closed-end funds (CEFs) are popular investments amongst the Swedish population as they provide diversification to investors and have in many cases historically outperformed the market. In deciding whether to invest in a CEF, the method of valuation differs from classical financial ratios used to value most companies, as the revenue-bringing operations differ significantly. The Net Asset Value (NAV) per share is compared to the market price per share of a CEF, to determine if the share is traded at a discount or premium. The purpose is based upon the rationalization that a share’s market price and the value of the closed-end fund’s underlying assets cannot drift too far apart from each other. In other words, the discount cannot drift too far from its mean over time, as there would be an upward pressure on the share price if the NAV-discount is large, and a downward pressure on the share price if the premium is large. Tests of unit roots and cointegration are applied and analysed in the light of previous findings for discounts in CEFs. Our findings show that the majority of selected CEFs’ prices and NAVs have long-run equilibrium relationships. Additionally, the discount appears to be stationary over time for the majority of CEFs, supporting the notion of mean reversion in the discount. For certain Swedish CEFs, the findings allow for investment decisions to be made upon the deviation from the mean. This study contributes to previous research done on the topic of mean reversion in the financial market as it finds statistical evidence of mean-reverting process for the NAV-discount of Swedish CEFs. The thesis also provides additional value to the plethora of research provided in the financial field as it specifies its findings to the Swedish market of CEFs.

Den ökade konsumtionen i dagens samhälle leder till en större efterfrågan på nya råvaror. Samtidigt är jordens resurser begränsade och råvarupriserna höjs i samband med att resurserna håller på att ta slut. Därför är det viktigt att ta till vara på de resurser som finns genom att öka nyttjandegraden av material och sluta produkters livscykler, då kan materialet återvinnas och återanvändas vid tillverkning av nya produkter. Om tillverkande företag väljer att använda återvunnet material i sin produktion sparas jordens resurser in eftersom inte en lika stor mängd jungfruligt material behövs. Det bidrar till en ekologisk vinst som i vissa fall också kan leda till en ekonomisk vinst. Syftet med arbetet var att undersöka om materialåtervinningen kan göras ekonomiskt lönsam för de företag som väljer att sluta produkters livscykler och samla in returmaterialet. Detta genomfördes genom att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar den ekonomiska lönsamheten i värdekedjan och hur insamlingssystemet bör utformas för att maximera mängden insamlat installationsspill. För att kunna genomföra arbetet har vetenskaplig litteratur i form av rapporter och artiklar studerats för de ämnesspecifika områdena som studien behandlar, dessa stod till grund för rapportens teoretiska del. Sedan genomfördes en empirisk datainsamling i form av kvalitativ numerisk data, intervjuer hölls med golvläggare och logistikansvarig för extern returmaterialshantering. Utöver detta genomfördes observationer av uppvisade beteenden relaterat till insamling av installationsspill ute på byggarbetsplatser. En kvantitativ fältstudie genomfördes också som inkluderade respektive installationsprojekt. Resultatet av studien visar att generellt sätt är golvläggare positiva till att samla in returmaterial utan att företaget får betalt genom ekonomiska styrmedel så länge insamlingen inte medför något extra arbete. De resterande aktörerna i den omvända flödeskedjan har ett större ekonomiskt incitament än ett ekologiskt incitament till att medverka för att samla in returmaterial. Det försvårar för producenten att skapa en ekonomiskt lönsam returmaterialshantering då det skapas höga kostnader som produktens vinstmarginal ska klara av att täcka. Transport är den faktor som ackumulerar störst kostnad per insamlad enhet. För att sänka kostnaderna är det nödvändigt att returmaterial i höga kvantiteter och med hög kvalitet samlas in. Om ett företag lyckas skapa en lönsam returmaterialshantering kan det leda till minskade kostnader i form av material- och produktionskostnader. Resultatets betydelse från studien är viktig då det saknas studier som direkt behandlar och visar hur returmaterialshantering kan genomföras och göras ekonomiskt lönsam. Därmed bidrar studien till vidare diskussion och inspiration. Studien avgränsas till att analysera den ekonomiska lönsamheten av den externa returmaterialshanteringen. / The increased consumption in the modern society leads to a higher demand for new raw materials. At the same time, the earth's resources are limited and the prices increase when the resources decrease. Therefore, it is important to take advantage of the resources by increasing the utilization rate of material and close product lifecycles. The material can be recycled and reused in the manufacture of new products. If manufacturing companies choose to use recycled materials in their production the earth’s resources would be saved because less virgin material is needed. This contributes to an ecological profit which in some cases may also lead to a financial gain. The purpose of this work was to investigate whether recycling of materials could be economically profitable for the companies that choose to close product lifecycles and collect the end-of-use material. This was done by examining the factors that affect the economic viability of the value chain and how the collection system should be designed to maximize the amount of collected installation waste. In order to implement the work, scientific literature in the form of reports and articles are studied in the subject-specific areas that the study covers, these were the basis for the report's theoretical part. An empirical data collection was also done in the form of qualitative numerical data, interviews were held with flooring contractors and the logistics manager for external recycled material, and observations were conducted of exhibited behaviors related to the collection of installation waste out on construction sites. A quantitative field study was also conducted which included each installation project. The results of the study show that the flooring contractors are generally positive to collecting recycling material without any financial benefits as long as it does not involve any additional work. The remaining companies in the reverse supply chain have a higher financial incentive than an ecological incentive to participate and collect recycling material. This makes it difficult for the producer to create an economically viable collection system of recycling materials since it creates too high costs for the product's profit margin to be able to cover these costs. Transport is the factor that accumulates the highest cost per collected unit. To reduce the costs it is necessary to return material in high quantities and with high quality. If a company manages to create a profitable return of used materials it can lead to reduced costs in terms of material and production costs. The impact of the result is important because there are no or just a few previous studies that directly treat and show how a system of collecting recycling material can be implemented in a company and be economically viable. The study contributes to further discussions and inspiration. The study is limited to analyzing the economic viability of the external collection system of recycling material.

Introduktion: Under de senaste 20 åren har icke-tekniska färdigheters betydelse för patientsäkerheten belysts mer och mer i forskningen. Interprofessionell utbildning med CRM som simulatorkoncept används för att träna icke-tekniska färdigheter och teamarbete men att träna under pågående operation är ovanligt. Syfte: Syftet är att utvärdera hur deltagarna upplever användandet av icke-tekniska färdigheter under en interprofessionell lärandeaktivitet på en dagkirurgisk operation. Metod: Tvärsnittsstudie med enkät som deltagarna (N=239) blev tillfrågade att svara på efter deltagande vid operation. Enkäten utvärderas deltagarnas upplevelse av kommunikation och teamarbete. Deskriptiv statistik och analys med Chi2, Wilcoxon sign rank test och Kruskal-Wallis användes. Resultat: Användandet av kommunikation inom och mellan professionerna har rankats som mycket högt av majoriteten av deltagarna i alla frågor, vid kontroll med Chi2 analys är det statistiskt signifikanta svar. Deltagarna upplever en ökad förståelse för andra professioner i teamet efter deltagande och de flesta anser att de blir en mer effektiv medlem i teamet och samt att patienter har fördel av att ett team löser patientens problem. Ingen statistisk signifikant skillnad sågs mellan professionerna. Slutsats: Träning under en pågående operation är möjligt att genomföra samt är uppskattat av deltagarna och viktigt för deras utveckling av icke-tekniska färdigheter Nyckelord: Icke-tekniska färdigheter, interprofessionellt lärande, CRM, SBAR, closed-loop-kommunikation. / Introduction: During the past two decades, there has been increased interest in non-technical skills and how they affect patient safety. The number of articles published in the field has increased. Interprofessional education with the concept of CRM has been shown to be an effective way to train non-technical skills and teamwork, but training during ongoing surgery is uncommon.  Purpose: The purpose is to evaluate how the participants experienced the use of non-technical skills in an interprofessional learning activity during ambulatory surgery. Method: This was a cross-sectional study in which the participants (N=239) were asked to answer an evaluation survey following ambulatory surgery, concerning their experience of communication and teamwork. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics with chi-square, Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Kruskal-Wallis were used to analyse the material.  Results: The use of communication within and between the professions was ranked as very high by the majority of the participants in all the questions in the survey, and control using chi-square showed the results to be statistically significant. The participants experienced an increased understanding of the other professions in the team, and deemed that they had become more effective team members. They were also of the opinion that patients have an advantage when a medical team solves their problems. There were no statistically significant results between the professions. Conclusion: Training can be implemented during ongoing surgery. This is a popular activity with participants, and is vital for their development of non-technical skills. Keywords: Non-technical skills, interprofessional education, CRM, SBAR, closed-loop communication

Bakgrund: På operationssalar samarbetar flera olika kompetenser mot ett gemensamt mål, att ge patienten god och säker vård och omvårdnad. Forskning har visat att det krävs ett gott teamarbete bland personalen för att patientsäkerheten ska kunna säkerställas.  Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva operationsteamets erfarenheter av vilka faktorer som påverkar teamarbetet på operationssal. Metod: Studien har genomförts med kvalitativ metod och induktiv ansats. Ett strategiskt urval användes som urvalsmetod. Två personer från varje yrkeskategori i teamet; anestesisjuksköterskor, anestesiologer, operationssjuksköterskor, operationsundersköterskor och operatörer handplockades till kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer. Data har analyserats med kvalitativ innehållsanalys.  Resultat: Studien resulterade i sex huvudkategorier: Att samarbeta och ha en personlig relation till kompetenta kollegor, Att ha en god stämning där alla är inkluderade och känner sig trygga, Att vara väl förberedd, ha ett gemensamt mål och uttalade roller, Att vara fokuserad, engagerad och visa respekt även under stress, Att lyssna på varandra och kommunicera högt och tydligt med closed loop och Att arbeta strukturerat och använda de hjälpmedel och verktyg som finns.  Slutsats: Teamarbetet är viktigt för patientsäkerheten och för en god omvårdnad. Faktorer som samarbete, personliga relationer, en god stämning, gemensamma mål, respekt och kommunikation upplever operationsteamet påverkar teamarbetet. Faktorerna kan kännas självklara, samtidigt påtalar deltagarna den förbättringspotential som finns, vilket belyser det komplexa med teamarbetet.

The emergency nurse specialist provides advanced nursing care to critically ill patients in the emergency care setting. The resuscitation room at the emergency department is where critically ill patients are treated and cared for. It is fundamental for nurses to create an opportunity for patients to participate in their given care. Person centered care sees the person as an individual and requires nurses to work from the individual's need, and not only as a person with a medical condition. Including the patient in clinical decisions and making them a part of the team is vital for person centered care. Communication with the nurse specialist, patient and family is a necessary prerequisite for person centered care. Poor communication amounts to almost 70 percent of deviation rapports. Standardised means of communication amongst healthcare staff have been put in place to reduce these risks. The use of closed loop communication can have significant reductions in errors made when caring for critically ill patients. The aim of the study was to observe communication in the resuscitation room.  The study used a quantitative research design. Ten real-time observations were conducted at a tertiary teaching hospital in Stockholm, Sweden. Two observers were present in the resuscitation room using an observational sheet to document communication.  Closed loop communication was not seen to be used by all healthcare staff and was found to be dependent on the team working. Communication with the patient was the highest overall documented speech in the resuscitation room, which could suggest good patient participation.  The results show predominantly positive amounts of time spent communicating with the patient. Whereas closed loop communication was used equally as much as non-closed loop communication. / Sjuksköterskor med specialistutbildning inom akutsjukvård ger avancerad omvårdnad till kritiskt sjuka patienter i en akutvårdskontext. Kritiskt sjuka patienten ges omvårdnad och medicinsk vård på akutmottagningen i ett akutrum. Det är grundläggande för sjuksköterskan att i akutrummet skapa en möjlighet för patienten att vara delaktig i sin egen vård. Personcentrerad vård bidrar till det att skapa den möjligheten och är ett förhållningssätt där patienten ses som en individ med individuella behov och inte enbart som en person med en medicinsk åkomma. Att inkludera patienten i kliniskt beslutsfattande och göra den till en del av teamet är grundläggande inom den personcentrerade vården och kommunikationen mellan akutsjuksköterskan, patienten och familjen är av största vikt. Dålig kommunikation bidrar även till att patientsäkerheten försämras och 70 % av alla avvikelserapporteringar innefattar bristfällig kommunikation. Därför används standardiserad kommunikation mellan sjukvårdspersonal för att minska risken för bristfällig kommunikation. Användandet av closed loop kommunikation kan bidra till att kommunikationen vid vårdande av kritiskt sjuka patienter förbättras vilket minskar risken för misstag.  Syftet med studien var att observera kommunikation på akutrummet  Studien använde en kvantitativ forskningsdesign. Tio realtidsobservationer utfördes på ett akutsjukhus i Stockholm, Sverige. Två observatörer var närvarande på akutrummet och observerade kommunikation med hjälp av ett verktyg skapat för ändamålet.  Closed loop kommunikation användes inte av all vårdpersonal utan var beroende av vilket larmteam som tjänstgjorde. Andelen kommunikation med patienten var den högst mätta parametern gällande tal på akutrummet vilket skulle kunna tyda på god patientdelaktighet.  Resultatet visar en övervägande positiv andel tid som spenderas genom att kommunicera med patienten på akutrummet. Användandet av closed loop kommunikation var lika vanligt som kommunikation som inte kategoriseras som closed loop.