The level of fluency in the genre specific language of schooling, also known as Academic English (AE), determines students’ success in school. Government agencies that legislate school policies therefore give teachers the directive to conduct education in ways that promote communicative abilities in academic English across all curricula. While the acquisition of an AE register entails hard work for native English-speaking students it presents an enormous challenge for English language learners (ELLs) who are faced with the triple burden of leaning basic interpersonal communicative skills (BICS) in addition to content knowledge and academic English. Classroom practices, teachers’ training, and students’ cognitive abilities are predictive factors in the successful acquisition of academic English by ELLs. This literature review, which draws on cognitive theory in addition to systemic functional linguistics theory, contributes to the topic of how to most effectively teach AE to ELLs in English speaking classrooms. The results from seven peer reviewed research sources indicate that teaching practices differ depending on the nature of the subject, but that systemic learning theory, scaffolding, and contextual awareness are reoccurring elements. Furthermore, the results imply that there are challenges including that ELLs constitute a very heterogeneous student body with varying cognitive abilities that require a variety of teaching approaches. In addition educators’ attitudes, competences and training in teaching AE across all curricula pose a challenge to the quality of instruction. Further research on the topic could involve making actual classroom observations in addition to conducting teacher interviews in schools that have content and language integrated learning in Sweden to explore what instructional methods are used to teach AE in CLIL- education.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-09-01T19:26:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciano Gonçalves De Lima.pdf: 1294606 bytes, checksum: dccdca1a28a0a58223d4d0b0cd9a050a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-01T19:26:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciano Gonçalves De Lima.pdf: 1294606 bytes, checksum: dccdca1a28a0a58223d4d0b0cd9a050a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-29 / The area of entrepreneurship with the fragmented studies has inhibited some consensual aspects to explain the phenomenon of entrepreneurial behavior. The replies are sought in several subjects under the most varied aspects, but it is in psychology which is supported for the explanations in order to establish characteristics that lead to understanding the entrepreneurial behavior: need for achievement, initiative, the statement, the orientation to efficiency, systematic planning and commitment to work (McClelland, 1961). In the context of positive psychology arises the organizational behavior giving rise to the psychological capital. Thus, four important forces are formed that produces a state of psychological growth in the individual: self-efficacy, optimism, hope and resilience (Luthans, Luthans, & Luthans, 2004). Not unlike the social cognitive theory, in the perspective of human agency, the psychological capital has fundamental characteristics such as intentionality in which people form intentions that include plans and action strategies to accomplish them (anticipation). This involves more than make plans directed to the future, but to create goals for yourself predicting outcomes likely to prospective acts in order to guide and motivate the efforts in advance (Bandura, 2001). Considering the characteristic of these two theories, the general purpose of this research is to analyze the entrepreneurial behavior in light of the components of the construct of psychological capital and social cognitive theory, in the perspective of human agency. For this purpose, the phenomenological procedure as research strategy was chosen in this study. Therefore, the researcher can identify the essence of human experiences described by participants. The research emphasizes the understanding of the life story of 21 entrepreneurs, who make up the Board of Commercial and Business Association, the Council of Woman Entrepreneur and the Council Young Entrepreneur in Paranavaí city, state of Paraná, Brazil. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview. It allows security and flexibility to the researcher to the issues of research interest are addressed while giving freedom to the interviewed to express their experiences. The interviews were recorded with the consent of the participants in order to facilitate the transcription and preserve the essence of the data. The results showed that both the need for self-realization, initiative, relationship, ability to handle adversity and family basis are striking features in all the entrepreneurs of the three survey groups. One aspect that has not been investigated in the research, but that emerged in the results of this research was the solidarity. This construct is more present in the behavior of the Board of ACIAP (Commercial and Business Association) and women entrepreneurs of CME (Council of Woman Entrepreneur) to be elected the solidarity actions as a way of giving back to society by business success that was won by them over time. How the enterprises of young entrepreneurs participating in the research are at the initial stage or phase of maturation, this construct was not relevant in the study and can touch on over time during the entrepreneurial path. This way, the actions that elect an individual with entrepreneurial behavior can be explained through the optics of these two theories that supported this research. However, the psychological capital showed greater explanation because it has among other components the construct of self-efficacy that has been the basis of human agency. It is concluded that entrepreneurs bring sufficient subsidies to exhibit beliefs of self-efficacy, optimism, hope, resilience, intentionality, anticipation, self-relativity and self-reflection that can be analyzed and explained from the perspective of both the psychological capital and human agency. The three groups of entrepreneurs have psychological capital and human agency. This leads us to believe they can be characterized by their entrepreneurial behavior and stigmatized as entrepreneur. / A área de empreendedorismo face aos estudos fragmentados tem inibido alguns aspectos consensuais para explicar o fenômeno do comportamento empreendedor. As respostas são buscadas em várias disciplinas sob os mais variados aspectos, porém é na psicologia que se encontra suporte para os esclarecimentos e entendimentos com vistas a estabelecer características que levam a compreender o comportamento empreendedor: necessidade de realização, a iniciativa, a afirmação, a orientação para a eficiência, o planejamento sistemático e o comprometimento com o trabalho (McClelland, 1961). No contexto da psicologia positiva, surge o comportamento organizacional positivo, contexto que deu origem ao capital psicológico, cujo constructo é formado por quatro importantes forças que produzem um estado de acréscimo psicológico no indivíduo: autoeficácia, otimismo, esperança e resiliência (Luthans, Luthans, & Luthans, 2004). Não diferente, a teoria social cognitiva na perspectiva da agência humana possui características fundamentais como a intencionalidade, onde as pessoas formam intenções que incluem planos e estratégias de ação para realizá-las; antecipação, visto que isso envolve mais do que fazer planos direcionados ao futuro, mas criar objetivos para si mesmos e prever os resultados prováveis de atos prospectivos para guiar e motivar seus esforços antecipadamente (Bandura, 2001). Considerando-se a característica dessas duas teorias, o objetivo geral desta tese é analisar comportamento empreendedor à luz dos componentes do constructo do capital psicológico e da teoria social cognitiva, na perspectiva da agência humana. Para tanto foi eleita a pesquisa fenomenológica como estratégia de investigação em que o pesquisador identifica a essência das experiências humanas descritas pelos participantes. A pesquisa enfatiza a compreensão da história de vida de 21 empreendedores que integram a diretoria da Associação Comercial e Empresarial, o Conselho da Mulher Empresária, e o Conselho do Jovem Empresário da cidade de Paranavaí - PR. A entrevista em profundidade apoiada em um roteiro semiestruturado foi o instrumento de coleta de dados, pois ela permite segurança e flexibilidade ao pesquisador para que os assuntos de interesse da pesquisa sejam abordados, ao mesmo tempo em que dá liberdade ao entrevistado de expressar suas experiências. As entrevistas foram gravadas com o consentimento dos participantes visando facilitar a transcrição e preservar a essência dos dados. Os dados foram categorizados por meio da análise de conteúdo e tratados à luz destas teorias. Os resultados evidenciaram que tanto a necessidade de autorrealização, iniciativa, relacionamento, capacidade de lidar com adversidade e base familiar, são características marcantes em todos os empreendedores dos três grupos participantes da pesquisa. Um aspecto não investigado na pesquisa, mas que surgiu nos resultados foi a solidariedade. Este constructo está mais presente no comportamento dos empreendedores diretores da ACIAP e nas mulheres empreendedoras do CME, ao elegerem as ações de solidariedade como uma forma de retribuir à sociedade pelo sucesso do negócio conquistado por eles ao longo do tempo. Como os empreendimentos dos jovens empreendedores participantes da pesquisa estão na fase inicial ou fase de maturação, este constructo não se mostrou relevante, podendo vir aflorar com o tempo no decorrer da trajetória empreendedora. Dessa forma, fica evidente que as ações que elegem um indivíduo com comportamento empreendedor podem ser explicadas através da ótica dessas duas teorias que embasaram o estudo. Porém o capital psicológico mostrou maior poder de explicação por possuir entre outros componentes que formam o constructo a autoeficácia, que é base da agência humana. Conclui-se que os empreendedores trazem subsídios suficientes ao exibirem crenças de autoeficácia, otimismo, esperança, resiliência, intencionalidade, antecipação, autorreatividade e autorreflexão que podem ser analisados e explicados sob a ótica tanto do capital psicológico, quanto da agência humana. Os três grupos de empreendedores adotam, no seu dia a dia, ações provenientes do capital psicológico e da agência humana, evidenciando que seus comportamentos os caracterizam como empreendedores.

Bakgrund: Hamstringsskada är den vanligaste skadan inom elitfotboll och har hög återfallsrisk. I samband med hamstringsskador är arbetet intensivt då spelaren helst ska vara tillbaka snabbt för att bidra till lagets prestation. Rehabiliteringen behöver trots sin intensitet vara av långsiktig karaktär och förhindra att skadan återkommer i framtiden. Syfte: Att undersöka fysioterapeuters upplevelser av faktorer som påverkar rehabilitering av hamstringsskador hos herrfotbollsspelare i svenska elitfotbollsklubbar. Metod: Kvalitativ semistrukturerad intervjustudie med deskriptiv design. Ett ändamålsenligt urval gjordes och fem fysioterapeuter inom svensk elitfotboll intervjuades. Data analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys med en induktiv ansats. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i fem kategorier och 19 underkategorier. Kategorierna var fysioterapeutens förutsättningar, spelarens förutsättningar, yttre press, bemötande av spelare och återgångens omständigheter. Med utgångspunkt i fysioterapeuters upplevelser framhålls spelaren, tränaren och den egna kunskapen som de mest betydande faktorerna av rehabiliteringen av hamstringsskador. Slutsats: Upplevelserna kunde kopplas till fysioterapeuten som individ, dess omgivning och beteende. Fysioterapeuterna upplevde att det krävdes anpassning av sitt beteende efter omständigheter i omgivningen för att åstadkomma en lyckosam rehabilitering. Studiens resultat är svårt att generalisera då antalet fysioterapeuter som medverkade i studien var få. / Bakground: Hamstring injury is the most common injury in elite football and has a high re- injury rate. The rehabilitation of hamstring injuries are intense since the player should preferably be back quickly to contribute to the team performance. Despite the intensity of the rehabilitation, it needs to be of a long-term perspective and prevent future re-injury. Aim: To explore physiotherapists’ experiences of factors that affect rehabilitation of hamstring injuries in male football players in Swedish elite football clubs. Method: Qualitative semistructured interview study with descriptive design. A purposive sample of five physiotherapists, working with Swedish elite football were interviewed. The data collection was analyzed with qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach. Result: The analysis resulted in five categories and 19 subcategories. The categories were the physiotherapist’s conditions, the player’s condition, external pressure, approach with the player and the circumstances of the return to play. The physiotherapists’ experienced that the player, the coach and the knowledge of the physiotherapist are the most important factors in rehabilitation of hamstring injuries. Conclusion: Physiotherapists experienced that adaptation of their behavior was required according to the circumstances of the surrounding environment to achieve successfull rehabilitation. The study’s result is difficult to generalize as the number of physiotherapists involved in the study was few.

The requirement for affordable, secure and sustainable energy production is a pressing global challenge and the production of electricity with low carbon emissions is crucial. This usually entails large quantities of renewable energy generation, which is intermittent and often highly distributed throughout the electricity supply system. One of the proposed schemes to manage such generation is the smart grid, the transition to which forms the context for this research. The aim is to investigate the effect of certain psychological and social influences on the adoption of technology necessary to enable smart grids, in order to understand the implications for effective energy policy. In particular, the case of photovoltaic (PV) system adoption in the UK is studied. Empirical data detailing PV installations registered for the Feed in Tariff is analysed in order to understand rates of adoption and how they vary across both time and space. This analysis is combined with a review of policy intervention and literature from psychology to understand drivers for adoption among householders. The results from this study are then used to inform the design of an Agent Based Model of technology adoption within the smart grid context. The decision making of householders is modelled using an algorithm based on Social Cognitive Theory. The model is used to simulate different conditions and generate adoption scenarios in order to understand the potential effects of different parameters on adoption rates. In order to combine the analysis resulting from these methods, the multi-level perspective on transition in socio-technical systems is used to understand how a transition to a smart grid could be described and how adoption of PV in the UK under the Feed in Tariff incentive fits into such a transition. The results show that whilst economic incentive policies have had success in some areas adoption is also dependent on many non-financial parameters. Simulations show that the observability of adoption and the perceived inconvenience or urgency of adoption can have dramatic effects on rates of adoption, in some cases outweighing the rational economic effects of financial incentives. The implication for smart grid related policy is that non-financial factors should be taken into account as well as the more typical financial considerations in efforts to encourage adoption of necessary enabling technology by householders. The models developed could be used in further work to examine in detail adoption of other technologies such as smart home energy management systems and the interaction between adoption rates of multiple smart technologies.

This study focuses in the students’ perception of self-regulation in learning as influenced by the teaching-learning-environment. The study was conducted at the University of Pretoria. The participants in the study were first year students registered for a second semester module in Educational Psychology in the faculty of education. The size of the sample was nine (22,5%) male students and 31 (77,5%) female students. At the time of participation, the participants had attended university for a period of at least six months and had written tests and one examination. The Interactive Qualitative Analysis (IQA) method as described by Northcutt and McCoy (2004) was used to elicit participants’ knowledge and experiences of the research phenomenon. The participants were expected to complete an instrument that required them to indicate the direction of three relationships between all combinations of the themes which were selected on the basis of literature review. The participants were required to indicate how they perceive the nature of relationships between themes that were developed by the researcher as associated with self-regulated learning in a system of cause and effect. The main findings of the study indicate that language of instruction and student personality are primary drivers that determine the academic success of the students. The two themes exert great influence on other themes that are involved in the teaching-learning environment. Academic success emerged as primary outcome which means that it is a theme that depends to a large extent on how the other themes that exist in the teaching-learning environment are structured. The findings of the study indicate that there is no significant difference that exists in the male and female participants’ perception of the factors that influence self-regulation in learning. In both sample primary drivers were language of instruction and students’ personality and the primary outcome was academic success. / Dissertation (MEd (Educational Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Educational Psychology / unrestricted

This study focuses on educational psychology students’ self-efficacy beliefs in career counselling. The research was conducted in the Department of Educational Psychology of the University of Pretoria. An Interactive Qualitative Analysis (IQA) as described by Northcutt and McCoy (2004) was done. The constituency comprised seven students who have provided career counselling to at least one client.</p.> The IQA approach to research postulate that the ideal in qualitative research is to create a process that invite participants to produce data while minimizing the effect of the research process on the content. With the IQA approach the participants in the research have a remarkable degree of freedom and are empowered to generate and analyze their own data with minimal external influence. The role of the researcher in this process is to facilitate the process and to teach participants the process while guiding them to generate and analyze their own data. The central assumption in IQA, namely that the people closest to the phenomenon are in the best position to report about the phenomenon was confirmed by the researcher. The main findings of the study indicate that self-efficacy develops through formal and personal development. The identification of possible areas of growth and how this is communicated by the supervisor is fundamental for both formal and personal development processes of students. A positive cooperative developmental approach during feedback sessions is conducive to the growth of the career counsellor. The importance of experiential learning and modelling as a means to develop self-efficacy was confirmed by the research participants. The reduction of anxiety with the increase of self-efficacy was reported as a very important benefit of increased self-efficacy. / Dissertation (MEd (Educational Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Educational Psychology / unrestricted

Health information technology (HIT) aims to improve healthcare services by means of technological tools. Patient centered technologies such as personal health records are relatively new HIT tools that enable individuals to get involved in their health management activities. These tools enable the transformation of health consumer behavior from one of passive health information consumers to that of active managers of their health information. This new role is more interactive and engaged, and with such tools, patients can better navigate their lives, and exercise more control over their treatments, hence potentially also leading to improvement in the quality of health services. Despite the benefits of using personal health record systems for health consumers, the adoption rate of these systems remains low. Many free and paid services have not received the uptake that had been anticipated when these services were first introduced. This study investigates some factors that affect the adoption of these systems, and may shed light on some potential reasons for low adoption rates. In developing the theoretical model of this study, social cognitive theory (SCT) and technology acceptance model (TAM) were utilized. The theoretical model was validated through a quantitative survey-based methodology, and the results were derived using structural equation modeling techniques. The key findings of this study highlight the role of individual and environmental factors as determinants of end-user behavior in the adoption of personal health records. The results show that in addition to perceptions of usefulness and ease of use, factors such as social norms and technology awareness are also significantly associated with various factors that directly and indirectly affect intention to use PHRs Based on the results obtained in this study, recommendations are offered for technology providers, and possible directions are proposed for academic researchers.

Plant-based food has recently been a frequently addressed topic for scientific research, mainly because of its benefits for the environmental sustainability, human health and animal welfare. Nonetheless, there is limited research on how people maintain a plant-based diet, as well as research gaps on the topic in relation to media and communication studies. The purpose of this research is to provide new empirical data on how social media can inspire and/or influence a person to maintain a plant-based lifestyle. Using a qualitative method of in-depth interviews, the aim is to understand how content on social media motivates people to make sustainable movements in their real life. In other words, the research will provide insights on how a lifestyle can be upheld with the help of social media. As a theoretical basis for the study, the following theories have been applied: The uses and gratification theory, cultivation analysis theory and social cognitive theory. The findings suggest that social media is a useful tool for a person that wants to maintain a plant-based diet. Facebook, YouTube and Instagram are preferred online platforms for seeking and sharing information about the lifestyle and the most interesting contents for upholding a plant-based diet are food pictures, personal blogs and vlogs, documentaries about the environment and animal welfare, as well as product news and different discussions in virtual groups. The result also shows that people are most likely to change a behaviour after seeing content on social media that makes them emotional, in a positive or negative way.

Orientador: Nelson Antonio Pirola / Resumo: A transição do 5º para o 6º ano é marcada por mudanças na vida escolar dos alunos que envolvem tanto os aspectos cognitivos, como os afetivos e atitudinais. Pesquisas desenvolvidas na área da Psicologia da Educação Matemática têm mostrado que tais aspectos articulam-se no processo de ensino e aprendizagem da Matemática, afetando significativamente o desempenho. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar as relações entre algumas variáveis consideradas importantes para o desenvolvimento do aluno, a saber: as crenças de autoeficácia, as atitudes e a atribuição de causalidade de alunos no período de transição do 5º para o 6º ano. A abordagem metodológica adotada na investigação foi a mista, ou seja, combinou o método quantitativo e o método qualitativo. A proposta consistiu na realização de duas coletas de dados: o primeiro momento, com os alunos cursando o 5º ano do Ensino Fundamental, e o segundo momento, com o mesmo grupo de alunos cursando o 6º ano do Ensino Fundamental. Os participantes foram 95 alunos do 5º ano e 78 alunos do 6º ano, oriundos de quatro escolas públicas estaduais do município de Bauru, SP, que ofereciam os anos iniciais e os anos finais do Ensino Fundamental, concomitantemente. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: um questionário de caracterização, uma escala de crenças de autoeficácia e uma escala de atitudes em relação à Matemática, aplicados na primeira etapa da coleta de dados, um questionário de atribuições causais e uma prova de Matemática, aplica... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The transition from year 5 to year 6 is marked by changes in students' school life that involve cognitive, affective and attitudinal aspects. Research developed in the area of Psychology of Mathematics Education has shown that these aspects are articulated in the teaching and learning process of Mathematics, significantly affecting performance. This research aimed to investigate the relationships between some variables considered important for student development such as self-efficacy beliefs, attitudes towards mathematics and causal attribution by students in the transition period from year 5 to year 6. The methodological approach adopted in the investigation was the mixed one, that is, it combined the quantitative and the qualitative methods. The proposal consisted of two data collections: the first moment, with students attending year 5 of elementary school, and the second, with the same group of students, then attending year 6. The participants were 95 year-5 students, and 78 year-6 students from 4 public state schools in Bauru, SP, which offered the initial and final grades of elementary school, at the same time. The instruments used were: a characterization questionnaire, a self-efficacy belief scale, and an attitude scale towards mathematics, which were applied in the first stage of data collection, a causal attributions questionnaire and a math exam, applied in the second stage of the data collection, and a semi-structured interview, used in the third and last stage. ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

I denna studie undersöktes hur sångpedagoger ser på prestationsångest och mentala blockeringar hos sina elever. Prestationsångest hos sångare är ett relativt outforskat område, men det är en känsla som drabbar de flesta som utövar musik. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur sångpedagoger både resonerar kring och hur de hanterar sina elevers prestationsångest och andra mentala blockeringar. Arbetet genomfördes i första hand genom en enkät som sedan låg till grund för intervjuer med åtta verksamma sångpedagoger. Studien vilar på en sociokognitiv teori. Resultatet visar att alla sångpedagoger frekvent möter elever med prestationsångest och att de alla har liknande verktyg för att hantera det. En upptäckt som gjordes var att det sällan talas om prestationsångest i musikundervisning, där många paralleller gjordes till idrottspsykologi som är ett mer utforskat ämne. Sångpedagogerna använde många verktyg som tangerade mental träning men ingen av dem ansåg sig använda någon särskild metod. Det är i nuläget ovanligt att lyfta mental träning i musikundervisning men ett konstaterande som görs är att sångpedagogen måste lära sig att hantera elevers prestationsångest för att kunna hjälpa dem vidare i utvecklingen. Resultatet visar att ett gemensamt ordförråd och gemensamma verktyg att ta till vore gynnsamt. / This study examined vocal coaches’ view on performance anxiety and mental blockages in their students. Performance anxiety is a relatively unexplored area, but it’s a feeling that affects most people who practice music. The purpose of the study was to investigate how vocal coaches both reason about and how they handle their students’ performance anxiety and other mental blockages. The work was carried out through a pilot study that formed the basis for interviews with eight practicing vocal coaches. The study is based on a social cognitive theory. Results show that all vocal coaches meet students with performance anxiety on a daily basis and that they all have similar tools to work with it. A discovery that was made was that the subject of performance anxiety was rarely talked about in music education and many parallels were made to sports psychology, which is a more explored area. The vocal coaches used many tools that are used in mental training, but they all made it clear that they did not use any particular method. It is currently unusual to highlight mental training in music education, but it’s clear that the vocal coach must learn to handle the students’ performance anxiety in order to help them further in development. The result show that a common vocabulary and common tools to use would be beneficial.