This thesis examines the relationship of George Villiers, First Duke of Buckingham (1592--1628) to the art and aesthetic ideas of his era. As the intimate and all-powerful favourite of two successive kings, James I and Charles 1, Buckingham profoundly influenced the course of English politics, both at home and abroad, and it is as a political force that he is generally viewed. But, as a major patron of many artists and the builder of one of the largest art collections of the time, his influence in the cultural sphere must have been equally significant. Yet no modern study of this aspect of Buckingham's persona exists. / After a review of the general historiographical material on Buckingham as well as his evaluation by art historians over the years, Chapter I presents an analysis of the concept and role of Favourite in social and cultural terms. It goes on to detail Buckingham's personal position within early Stuart court culture, and argues that while this culture formed and defined him, he simultaneously re-formed and redefined it through his choices and actions. / Chapter II examines the dynamics of art patronage and Buckingham's activity as a patron, beginning with his early dealings with the native English painter, William Larkin. The relationship of Buckingham and the young Anthony Van Dyck is discussed, with parlicular attention to the artist's brief visit to England in 1620--21, and it is suggested that Buckingham was instrumental in bringing about this event. The Duke's dealings with the controversial polymath, Balthazar Gerbier, are explored, as are his many-layered connections with the premier painter of the day, Peter Paul Rubens. / In Chapter III the traditions of art collecting, especially in England are discussed, as is Buckingham's reputation as a collector compared to some of his rivals in the field. The extant documentation of his collection is examined, along with the chronology and methodology of its formation. Particular attention is given to gifts of art to Buckingham by King Charles, the Earl of Arundel and others; the art-buying by Buckingham's agents like Balthazar Gerbier; and the incorporation by the Duke into his own inventory of parts of other collections such as that of the Duke of Hamilton and, more importantly, that of Rubens. / Both in the realm of court culture and in the world of art patronage and art collecting, it was Buckingham more than anyone else who supplied the energy and set the fashion. And he continued to do so even after his premature death: the Duke's image remained bright in the memory of King Charles, whose subsequent expanded relationships with Rubens and Van Dyck owe much of their intensity to both artists' previous connections with Buckingham.

A significant segment of the urban population in many low-income countries derives their living from the harvest of marketable materials from urban waste streams. The activities of so-called "scavengers" or waste pickers in many African, Asian, and Latin American cities have also come to be understood to have environmental benefits: the diversion of materials from the urban waste stream decreases the volume of wastes that need to be collected, transported and disposed of. However, due to their daily contact with garbage, these men, women, and children are usually associated with dirt, disease, and squalor. The work of the scavenger is often conceptualized as being poverty driven and undertaken as a survival strategy or coping mechanism in a harsh urban environment. In recent years, various programs and projects have been developed by nongovernmental organizations, religious institutions, community-based organizations, and local governments to address the needs of scavengers. Such intervention schemes are designed in one way or another to alter the scavengers' existing situations. This study looks at the possible linkages between the evolving understanding of scavenging and the various approaches to intervention that it engenders. This study first examines how scholars and researchers analyze waste picking issues and their suggestions for potential interventions and then relates this understanding to how institutions, citizens, non-governmental organizations, and aid agencies are addressing these issues in practice. It is found that different conceptualizations of waste picking issues have led to different intervention prescriptions, and that the prescribed interventions are motivated by environmental, economic, or humanitarian concerns. This study contends that the recommended and implemented intervention prescriptions are simply promoting market means in an attempt to achieve humanitarian ends, and, therefore, are only short-term measures that will not solve the identified waste picking issues. Data sources used in this effort include academic journals, conference papers, case studies of development programs, newspaper articles, Web sites, and field reports. Data were also obtained by contacting researchers and organizations that have studied or are currently working with waste pickers in a variety of geographical settings.

Several steps are followed in order to evaluate the cycle as the title suggests. The diffusion absorption refrigerator (DAR) cycle performance is evaluated when using helium or hydrogen as auxiliary gas. A slight increase in COP is found when using helium, but it is not sufficient to justify the cost. A secondary simulation of an alternate dual-pressure cycle using a pump is done as feasibility comparison with the same parameters as the diffusion cycle. It was found that the second cycle is not acceptable due to high evaporator temperatures needed to ensure liquid enters the pump instead of partially evaporated solution. This would greatly increase the work input required for what essentially becomes a compressor. Optimisation of the DAR is evaluated by simulating the use of a rectification column and the effects of different design points on overall performance. Meteorological data for Potchefstroom, South Africa is used to perform a yearly analysis on the simulated cycle and to specify a suitable design point. The use of a radiative cooling system as heat sink for the system is then investigated and incorporated into the system model. Finally, the performance characteristics of the simulated DAR cycle are discussed, verified and compared with available data from similar research. It is shown that a 40% solution aqua-ammonia-hydrogen cycle driven by 526 kW of solar thermal energy at 130°C and a system pressure of 1.5 MPa can easily achieve a COP over 0.4 with an air-cooled absorber at 40°C and a water-cooled condenser at 35°C. A 231 kW refrigeration capacity at an average evaporator temperature of –20°C is achieved, satisfying the requirements for a domestic refrigeration system. / Thesis (MIng (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Several steps are followed in order to evaluate the cycle as the title suggests. The diffusion absorption refrigerator (DAR) cycle performance is evaluated when using helium or hydrogen as auxiliary gas. A slight increase in COP is found when using helium, but it is not sufficient to justify the cost. A secondary simulation of an alternate dual-pressure cycle using a pump is done as feasibility comparison with the same parameters as the diffusion cycle. It was found that the second cycle is not acceptable due to high evaporator temperatures needed to ensure liquid enters the pump instead of partially evaporated solution. This would greatly increase the work input required for what essentially becomes a compressor. Optimisation of the DAR is evaluated by simulating the use of a rectification column and the effects of different design points on overall performance. Meteorological data for Potchefstroom, South Africa is used to perform a yearly analysis on the simulated cycle and to specify a suitable design point. The use of a radiative cooling system as heat sink for the system is then investigated and incorporated into the system model. Finally, the performance characteristics of the simulated DAR cycle are discussed, verified and compared with available data from similar research. It is shown that a 40% solution aqua-ammonia-hydrogen cycle driven by 526 kW of solar thermal energy at 130°C and a system pressure of 1.5 MPa can easily achieve a COP over 0.4 with an air-cooled absorber at 40°C and a water-cooled condenser at 35°C. A 231 kW refrigeration capacity at an average evaporator temperature of –20°C is achieved, satisfying the requirements for a domestic refrigeration system. / Thesis (MIng (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Submitted by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-23T18:38:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseNCKA.pdf: 6984169 bytes, checksum: 0f1165e7ccebcd737d82b826c608eac4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-23T18:38:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseNCKA.pdf: 6984169 bytes, checksum: 0f1165e7ccebcd737d82b826c608eac4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-23T18:38:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseNCKA.pdf: 6984169 bytes, checksum: 0f1165e7ccebcd737d82b826c608eac4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-23T18:38:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseNCKA.pdf: 6984169 bytes, checksum: 0f1165e7ccebcd737d82b826c608eac4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-24 / Não recebi financiamento / With population and industry growth, increased consumption of disposable materials, the activity of the recyclable material collectors has become indispensable to society. The work process of recyclable material collectors involves two steps, the first is the collection of material on the city streets, with the help of bags, cart collection and cooperative trucks and the second is performed at cooperative, sorting and selection of materials collected in the street. This research will consist of three phases, the objectives of which are respectively: Characterize two samples of collectors of recyclable materials regarding the sociodemographic, clinical and psychosocial profile; to verify if there is biomechanical risk and differences in two methods of sorting recyclable materials, one performed on fixed work surface and the other with the aid of conveyor belts, through inclinometry; and to compare the movement of dragging the bag on the floor and to pull the bag with the aid of a cart regarding peak force and muscular electric activity in the dominant upper limb. In the first study, 61 collectors answered the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ); Roland Morris Questionnaire related to low back pain (RMQ); Work Ability Index (WAI); Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ); International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ); Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire, which investigates nicotine addiction and the AUDIT questionnaire that investigates alcohol dependence. The second study of the research quantified the postures and velocities of the head, upper back and shoulders adopted by 40 collectors during the sorting process of recyclable materials and analyzed if there was a difference between measurements of two populations of collectors in different sorting processes, one on fixed work surface and another on production line with conveyors belts and the third study of the research consisted of a simulation at the cooperative of recycling, in which the activity of pulling the bag containing recyclable material already selected with and without the aid of a platform cart was compared with the purpose of measuring and comparing the electrical activity of the upper limb muscles and measure the peak of force exerted to pull the bag with a digital dynamometer in 15 collectors. The results of study 1 showed that the collectors studied have the following profile: they are women, young, with low schooling, high consumption of tobacco and alcohol and high turnover in this type of work; report low rates of absenteeism and work-ralated accidents; have good or excellent ability to work; reported to perform a high level of physical activity and present a high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and arterial hypertension. The results of study 2 were that, considering the peak of exposure (P90), the means of flexion of the head and upper back and the elevation of the shoulders were, respectively, 40 °, 30 ° and 45 °. In relation to the movements, the velocities identified in P90 were 63.6 ° / s; 55 ° / s and 140 ° / s for the head, upper back and shoulders, respectively. There was a significant difference between the groups for the velocity of movements in all the evaluated regions and percentiles, indicating greater exposure in the fixed work surface. The results of study 3 showed that the use of the cart reduced the force required in the manual material handling, but increased muscle activation. These results indicate that the use of this device may not be advantageous in reducing biomechanical overload. / Com o crescimento populacional, o crescimento da indústria e o aumento do consumo de materiais descartáveis, a atividade dos catadores de materiais recicláveis se tornou indispensável para a sociedade. O processo de trabalho dos catadores envolve duas etapas principais, a primeira é a coleta do material nas ruas da cidade, com o auxílio dos bags (sacos para coleta de material reciclável) e dos caminhões da cooperativa e a segunda etapa, que é realizada na cooperativa, é a triagem e seleção dos materiais coletados na rua. Esta pesquisa é composta por três estudos, cujos objetivos são: caracterizar duas amostras de catadores quanto ao perfil sociodemográfico, clínico e psicossocial; verificar se existe risco biomecânico e diferenças entre dois métodos de triagem de materiais recicláveis, um realizado em superfície fixa de trabalho e outro com o auxílio de esteiras, por meio da inclinometria; e comparar o movimento de arrastar o bag no chão e puxar o bag com o auxílio de um carrinho de plataforma quanto ao pico de força e atividade elétrica muscular no membro superior dominante. No primeiro estudo foram entrevistados 61 catadores que responderam ao Questionário Nórdico de Sintomas Osteomusculares (QNSO); Questionário Roland Morris de incapacidade relacionada à dor lombar; Índice de Capacidade para o Trabalho (ICT); Escala de Estresse no Trabalho (JCQ); Questionário sobre o nível de atividade física (IPAQ); Questionário sobre a dependência de nicotina (Fagerström) e de álcool (AUDIT). O segundo estudo da pesquisa, quantificou, por meio da inclinometria, as posturas e velocidades dos movimentos da cabeça, tronco superior e ombros adotados por 40 catadores durante o processo de triagem de materiais recicláveis e analisou se houve diferença entre as medidas de duas populações de catadores que utilizavam processos de triagem diferentes, um em superfície fixa de trabalho e outro em linha de produção com esteiras rolantes e o terceiro estudo da pesquisa consistiu em uma simulação nas Cooperativas de Reciclagem, em que foram comparadas as atividades de puxar o bag contendo material reciclável já selecionado com e sem a ajuda de um carrinho de plataforma com a finalidade de mensurar e comparar a atividade elétrica dos músculos do membro superior dominante e medir o pico de força exercido para puxar o bag com um dinamômetro digital em 15 catadores. Os resultados do estudo 1 mostraram que os catadores estudados têm o seguinte perfil: são mulheres, jovens, com baixa escolaridade, alto consumo de tabaco e álcool e alta rotatividade neste tipo de trabalho; relatam baixos índices de afastamentos e acidentes de trabalho; possuem boa ou ótima capacidade para o trabalho; relatam realizar alto nível de atividade física e apresentam alta prevalência de distúrbios musculoesqueléticos e hipertensão arterial. Os resultados do estudo 2 foram que considerando o pico de exposição (P90), as médias de flexão da cabeça e tronco superior e a elevação dos ombros, foram respectivamente, 40°, 30° e 45°. Em relação aos movimentos, as velocidades identificadas no P90 foram de 63,6°/s; 55°/s e 140°/s para a cabeça, tronco e ombros, respectivamente. Houve diferença significante entre os grupos para a velocidade dos movimentos em todas as regiões avaliadas e percentis, indicando maior exposição na triagem em superfície fixa de trabalho. Os resultados do estudo 3 mostraram que o uso do carrinho reduziu a força necessária no manuseio das cargas, entretanto aumentou a ativação muscular. Estes resultados indicam que o uso deste dispositivo pode não ser vantajoso para reduzir a sobrecarga biomecânica.

Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-09-06T18:59:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseMTA.pdf: 3990537 bytes, checksum: 36463fc5dbd2cd23b24eda84ec3a1c52 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-09-25T13:47:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseMTA.pdf: 3990537 bytes, checksum: 36463fc5dbd2cd23b24eda84ec3a1c52 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-09-25T13:47:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseMTA.pdf: 3990537 bytes, checksum: 36463fc5dbd2cd23b24eda84ec3a1c52 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-25T13:58:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseMTA.pdf: 3990537 bytes, checksum: 36463fc5dbd2cd23b24eda84ec3a1c52 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-13 / Não recebi financiamento / The object of this thesis is the work of the collector of recyclable materials, in the context of the institutional changes that had as a milestone the approval of the Solid Waste Law (12.305/2010). The experiences of collective organization of the collectors, inserted in the broader movement of the Solidary Economy, were covered by public policies that aimed at its consolidation, as a strategy of creation of work and income. Within the framework of these public policies, the CATAFORTE program aimed to materially structure and professionally train collectors organized in cooperatives and production networks to be included in the Municipal Plans for Integrated Solid Waste Management, as provided for in the National Policy on Solid Waste. We follow the action of CATAFORTE, observing two networks of cooperatives, one in Maceió and another in Campinas, in a comparative perspective. The intention was to verify if, in this process, the insertion of the collectors would take place in the configuration of precarious work or if the objectives of the Solidary Economy would be fulfilled, of positive insertion in work regimes capable of providing income and dignified conditions. We focus attention on income, access to rights linked to the world of work and management of enterprises. The impact of CATAFORTE was different in the cases observed, resulting in the consolidation of economic sustainability and access to labor rights in one case, and in the absence of these elements, in another. Successful experience points to the possibility that collector cooperatives may be able to generate sufficient income to remove its co-workers from the poverty situation. Regarding management, both experiences demonstrate hybridity between elements of hetero-management and self-management, with hierarchical organization based on consensus. Another aspect that distinguishes them from typical capitalist enterprises is their participation in the municipal political sphere, with expression of the demands in the field of labor. / El objeto de esta tesis es el trabajo de los recolectores de materiales reciclables en el contexto de los cambios institucionales que han tenido como marco la aprobación de la Ley de Residuos Sólidos (12.305 / 2010). Las experiencias de organización colectiva de los recicladores, dentro del más amplio movimiento de la Economía Solidaria, fueron abarcadas por las políticas públicas dirigidas a su consolidación como una estrategia para generar empleo e ingresos. En el conjunto de estas políticas, el programa CATAFORTE tuvo el objetivo de estructurar materialmente y capacitar profesionalmente recicladores organizados en cooperativas y redes de producción, para así se les insertar en los planes municipales de Residuos Sólidos Gestión Integrada tal como se establece en la Política Nacional de Residuos Sólidos. Acompañamos la acción de CATAFORTE, incidiendo en el análisis de dos redes de cooperación, una en Maceió y otra en Campinas, en perspectiva comparada. La investigación consistió en verificar si, en este proceso, la inclusión de los recicladores se desarrollaría en el ámbito del trabajo precario o alcanzaría los objetivos de la Economía Solidaria, como la inserción positiva en regímenes de trabajo capaces de proporcionar ingresos y condiciones dignas. Nos centramos la atención en los ingresos, en el acceso a los derechos vinculado al trabajo y en la gestión de las empresas. El impacto de CATAFORTE fue distinto en los dos casos observados, resultando en la consolidación de la sostenibilidad económica y el acceso a los derechos relacionados con el trabajo en un caso, y en ausencia de estos elementos, en otro. La exitosa experiencia apunta a la posibilidad de que las cooperativas de recicladores sean capaces de generar ingresos suficientes para sacar a los cooperados de la situación de pobreza. En cuanto a la gestión, ambas experiencias demuestran híbrido entre elementos de hetero y de autogestión, con organización jerárquica basada en el consenso. Otro rasgo que las distingue de las empresas capitalistas típicas es la participación en la esfera política municipal, con expresión de las demandas en el ámbito del trabajo. / O objeto desta tese é o trabalho do catador de materiais recicláveis, no contexto das mudanças institucionais que tiveram como marco a aprovação da Lei de Resíduos Sólidos (12.305/2010). As experiências de organização coletiva dos catadores, inseridas no movimento mais amplo da Economia Solidária, foram abarcadas por políticas públicas que visaram a sua consolidação, como estratégia de geração de trabalho e renda. No conjunto destas políticas, o programa CATAFORTE objetivou estruturar materialmente e capacitar profissionalmente catadores organizados em cooperativas e em redes de produção para que fossem inseridos nos Planos Municipais de Gestão Integrada de Resíduos Sólidos, como previsto na Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos. Acompanhamos a ação do CATAFORTE, observando duas redes de cooperativas, uma em Maceió e outra em Campinas, em perspectiva comparativa. Tratava-se de verificar se, neste processo, a inserção dos catadores dar-se-ia na configuração do trabalho precário ou se cumpriria os objetivos da Economia Solidária, quanto à inserção positiva em regimes de trabalho capazes de proporcionar renda e condições dignas. Concentramos atenção na renda, no acesso aos direitos vinculados ao trabalho e na gestão dos empreendimentos. O impacto do CATAFORTE deu-se de forma distinta nos casos observados, resultando em consolidação da sustentabilidade econômica e acesso aos direitos vinculados ao trabalho em um caso, e na ausência destes elementos, em outro. A experiência bem-sucedida aponta para a possibilidade de que as cooperativas de catadores sejam capazes de gerar renda suficiente para retirar os cooperados da situação de pobreza. Quanto à gestão, ambas as experiências demostram hibridismo entre elementos de hetero e de autogestão, com organização hierárquica baseada no consenso. Outro traço que as distingue de empresas capitalistas típicas é a participação na esfera política municipal, com expressão das demandas no campo do trabalho.

Esta investigação tem o foco no processo de elaboração dos perfis profissionais dos trabalhadores de materiais recicláveis. Seu contexto de trabalho foi o Programa de Certificação Profissional e Formação Inicial e Continuada – CERTIFIC, desenvolvido no âmbito institucional da Diretoria de Políticas da Educação Profissional e Tecnológica na Secretaria de Educação Profissional e Tecnológica – SETEC do Ministério da Educação – MEC, no período de abril de 2011 a agosto de 2012. A pesquisa consistiu em um estudo de caso como método e na observação participante como técnica, associada ao uso de memorial e de análise documental. O objetivo da pesquisa foi investigar no âmbito do processo de construção dos perfis profissionais, quais os fatores que o influenciaram e como isso pode ser entendido à luz das políticas públicas e das experiências dos integrantes do Grupo Interdisciplinar envolvido. Os dados coletados foram analisados e interpretados sob a ótica das bases teórico-metodológicas das Ciências da Educação com enfoque nas concepções relacionadas à Educação Profissional e nos pressupostos teóricos das Ciências Sociais. Os resultados expõem o forte debate entre concepções de qualificação que se apresentam antagônicas no sentido dos seus focos, quando na atividade dos processos produtivos formalizados em normas e procedimentos e na relação entre o trabalhador e seu contexto com características de construção coletiva do conhecimento. Os perfis resultantes, se por um lado apresentaram os elementos construtivos definidos pela segunda abordagem, por outro apresentaram inconsistências quanto à abordagem pedagógica no seu referencial sobre os sujeitos da política pública em questão. Outro resultado reporta-se à influência da lógica das políticas públicas no que se refere à temporalidade de trabalho e de sua sequência e ao interencadeamento com outras políticas públicas que se referenciam aos trabalhadores de materiais recicláveis. Por fim, apresento outros focos de pesquisa possíveis de serem desenvolvidos a partir das conclusões estabelecidas nesta investigação. / This research focuses on the process of developing professional profiles for recyclable material collectors. The context for the investigation was the Professional Certification Program along with Initial and Continuing Education - CERTIFIC, developed under the Directorate of Professional and Technological Education Public Policies in the Department of Professional and Technological Education – SETEC, at the Ministry of Education - MEC, from April 2011 to August 2012. The research methodology consisted of a case study and participant observation was the technique employed, associated with the use of memorials and document analysis.The objective of the research was to investigate which factors influenced the process of elaborating the professional profiles and how this can be understood in the light of public policies and of the individual experiences of members of the Interdisciplinary Group involved. The collected data were analyzed and interpreted from the perspective of the theoretical and methodological bases of Educational Sciences focusing on concepts related to professional education and to the conceptual framework of Social Sciences. Results expose the sharp debate between qualification conceptions that depict antagonistic views towards their focus both in the activity of production processes formalized in standards and procedures and in the relationship between the worker and his/her context of collective construction of knowledge. The resulting profiles, on one hand presented the constructive elements defined by the second approach, on the other hand showed inconsistencies regarding the pedagogical approach referred to for the subjects of the public policy in question. Another result concerns the influence of the public policy structure in regards to the temporality of work and its sequence and interconnection with other public policies that refer to recyclable materials collectors. Finally, from the findings established by this investigation, other possible research themes for future studies are presented.

In first part of this thesis was create a questionnaire, which has been applied to the chosen locality in České Budějovice. In the questionnaire were these types of questions: if inhabitants know what is the organic household refuse, if they take advantage of separating facillity of these refuse, what kind of separation meet they own needs, if they know about facillity of throw away of organic household refuse through the protabel collective truck in the year 2009 and next questions relevant to these theme. In the second part was get at the legislative and other conditions for the treatment of organic refuse in towns of the Czech republic. In these part was specified average value of annual organic househole refuse in České Budějovice and was process the information about waste collectors, containers and other waste-processing equipments

Submitted by Noeme Timbo (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2018-03-05T19:34:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Andreiza Dantas.pdf: 767550 bytes, checksum: a7b7f8d0112aa8c2aedb9b5ec9696fa1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-05T19:34:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andreiza Dantas.pdf: 767550 bytes, checksum: a7b7f8d0112aa8c2aedb9b5ec9696fa1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-31 / One of the main problems of today's society is the high production of urban waste. The main cities of Brazil find it difficult to dispose of this material in the soil. Thus, the present study had as objectives: to investigate the practice of selective garbage collection, its difficulties, benefits and improvements, and check what the consumer does with the garbage, study the collectors, the city of São Bernardo do Campo, and the conditions of reuse of what was collected by them, because there are materials that do not have a market for recycling. For this, the concepts of Brandalise et al. (2014) due to environmental education, Bernardo and Ramos (2016) due to the selective collection, Demajorovic et al. (2014) due to the reverse logistics, Baptista (2015) due to the cooperative of collectors. As for the method for the elaboration of this work, a quantitative approach was adopted, based on the theory of Godoi et al. (2010), the data were obtained through semi-structured interviews, 8 interviewees were interviewed, 4 interviewees have a direct relationship with the recycling chain, and 4 interviewees, who are consumers, who have no relation to the chain in question. It was found in the study that there is an indication that the level of consciousness needs to increase, although people know the existence and importance of garbage collection, the practice does not always match what people say about being aware and knowledge about the existence of the law that deals with this. Another piece of information relates to the public power, which needs to act with more expression and commitment to the environment, due to the manipulation of information and knowledge that can cause an increase in environmental awareness in society, on the structuring of the city to receive And to work selective collection of garbage, regarding the application of the PNRS law, as a form of prevention of natural resources, To be proactive in the activities of collectors' cooperatives in relation to private sector companies, there is a high concern with the production of waste versus what is collected for recycling, it is also concerned with the destination and the return of this material to the productive chain. That the law may charge applications of responsibilities and punish possible noncompliance regarding the environmental context. However, the more one invests in the prevention of environmental resources, the smaller the occurrences to public health. / Um dos principais problemas da sociedade atual é a alta produção de lixo urbano. As principais cidades do Brasil encontram dificuldades para dispor esse material no solo. Dessa forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivos: investigar a prática da coleta seletiva de lixo, suas dificuldades, benefícios e melhorias, assim como verificar o que o consumidor faz com o lixo, estudar os catadores, a prefeitura de São Bernardo do Campo e as condições de reaproveitamento do que foi coletado por eles, em razão de haver materiais que não possuem mercado para a reciclagem. Para tanto, foram utilizados os conceitos de Brandalise et al. (2014) em função da educação ambiental, Bernardo e Ramos (2016) em função da coleta seletiva, Demajorovic et al. (2014) em função da logística reversa, Baptista (2015) em função da cooperativa de catadores. Quanto ao método para a elaboração desse trabalho foi assumida uma abordagem qualitativa, com base na teoria de Godoi et al. (2010), os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, foram oito pessoas entrevistadas, sendo que quatro entrevistados possuem relação direta com a cadeia produtiva da reciclagem e os outros quatro entrevistados são consumidores, que não possuem relação com a cadeia em questão. Constatou-se no estudo que há indicação que o nível de consciência precisa aumentar, embora as pessoas saibam da existência e da importância da coleta de lixo, a prática nem sempre condiz com o que as pessoas dizem de ter consciência e conhecimento sobre a existência da lei que trata disso. Outro dado apurado diz respeito ao poder público, que precisa atuar com mais expressão e compromisso com o meio ambiente, em virtude da manipulação da informação e do conhecimento que podem causar um aumento na conscientização ambiental na sociedade, sobre a estruturação da cidade para receber e trabalhar a coleta seletiva de lixo, quanto à aplicação da lei da PNRS, como forma de prevenção dos recursos naturais, ser proativo na atuação das cooperativas de catadores em relação às empresas do setor privado. Existe uma alta preocupação com a produção de lixo versus o que é recolhido para a reciclagem, preocupa-se também com a destinação e o retorno desse material para a cadeia produtiva, que a lei possa cobrar aplicações de responsabilidades e punir possíveis descumprimentos referentes ao contexto ambiental. Contudo, quanto mais se investe na prevenção dos recursos ambientais, menores serão as ocorrências à saúde pública.

Cette étude utilise la méthode ethnographique pour décrire le quotidien des groupes des femmes collecteurs des matériels recyclables d'une ville du secteur métropolitain de Porto Alegre. En partant de la question sur comme les relations de genre et de travail sont configurées, la recherche a été développé à trois endroits où les collecteurs étaient : la rue, le hangar de recyclage et les ateliers de formation. En commençant de cet itinéraire, la relation est discutée avec le noyau du Mouvement national des Collecteurs de Matériels Recyclables, les difficultés trouvées dans la recherche et les particularités d'un chercheur masculin pour développer la recherche remarquablement dans un contexte féminin. Il est cherché pour comprendre, aussi, la voie comme les femmes collecteurs travaillent leurs corps pendant des moments différents, aussi bien que les hiérarchies existantes dans le travail et les espaces de travail où les relations de genre n'obéissent pas à une logique capable de naturaliser la division sexuelle du travail. Finalement, on concluit que les manières de travail des collecteurs sont liées à la manière comment les relations de genre sont configurées et à la manière comment les femmes collecteurs travaillent leurs corps dans les diverses contextes, ce qui envoie à un état progressivement precaire du travail féminin. / Este estudo utiliza o método etnográfico para descrever o cotidiano de grupos de catadoras/es de materiais recicláveis de uma cidade da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre. Partindo da questão de como se configuram as relações de gênero e de trabalho, o trabalho de campo foi desenvolvido em três locais onde as/os catadoras se faziam presentes: a rua, o galpão de reciclagem e as oficinas de formação. A partir deste itinerário, discute-se a relação com um núcleo do Movimento Nacional dos Catadores de Materiais Recicláveis, as dificuldades encontradas na pesquisa e as peculiaridades de um pesquisador do sexo masculino desenvolver a pesquisa em um contexto marcadamente feminino. Busca-se compreender, também, a maneira como as/os catadoras lidam com seu corpo em diferentes momentos, assim como as hierarquias existentes no trabalho e os espaços de trabalho onde as relações de gênero não obedecem a uma lógica naturalizante da divisão sexual do trabalho. Por fim, conclui-se que os modos de trabalhar das/os catadoras/es estão ligados a maneira como se configuram as relações de gênero e a maneira como as/os catadoras/es lidam com seus corpos nos diversos contextos, o que remete a uma precarização do trabalho feminino. / This study uses the ethnographic method to describe the daily events of groups that collect recyclable materials from a town in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre. Starting with the question of how gender relations in the workplace are configured, the study was conducted at three sites where the groups were present: the street, the recycling centers and workshops. From this itinerary, we discuss the relationship of the core of the National Movement of Collectors of Recyclable Materials, the difficulties encountered in the research and the peculiarities of a male researcher developing a research in a context markedly feminine. We also seek to understand the way the collectors deal with their bodies at different times, as well as the existing hierarchies in the workplace and working environments where gender relations do not obey the logic of sexual division in the workplace. Finally, we conclude that their way of work is directly linked to the way they deal, with their bodies in various contexts, with leads to a precariousness of women‟s work.