Les agences et comités de bassin français, qui ont inspiré la législation brésilienne, célèbrent les 50 ans de leur création par la loi de 1964. J‘écris leur histoire à partir d'un point de vue singulier: après une formation d‘ingénieur, j‘ai travaillé dans une agence de l‘eau avant de m‘installer au Brésil pour y étudier l'anthropologie sociale. Je décris en premier lieu la façon dont le regard que je porte sur les agences et les comités s‘est progressivement transformé. D‘abord passionné par ces organismes, j‘ai pris conscience de certaines de leurs limites en 1998, lorsqu‘elles ont été remises em cause et menacées de suppression. Après une première prise de distance en Afrique, je suis arrivé au Brésil en 2003 pour y entreprendre des études d‘anthropologie. J‘y ai rencontré des comités de bassin différents de ceux que je connaissais, m‘amenant à formuler les questions qui constituent mon projet de recherche. A partir de ce point de vue, je retrace la création des agences et comités de bassin dans la France des années soixante. Je décris les parcours des personnes et des idées, les conflits et les négociations, qui ont aboutit à l‘invention de ces institutions. Le processus de transformation des idées en loi met en évidence les tensions entre centralisation et décentralisation qui sont au coeur de l'équilibre politique des agences et des comités. Une fois votée la loi de 1964, les menaces que représentaient les agences pour les administrations en place rend leur mise en place longue et délicate. Les discussions sur les redevances montrent comment différents modèles et théories coexistaient, laissant ouvert le champ des possibles pour leur application. Je porte ensuite mon attention sur les premières années de fonctionnement des comités et des agences Seine-Normandie et Rhône-Méditerranée-Corse, examinant de quelles façons les pionniers de cette expérience ont répondu aux questions auxquelles sont aujourd‘hui confrontées les agences de bassin nouvellement crées au Brésil. En particulier, je montre que la mise en oeuvre très rapide des programmes d‘intervention ont convaincu les membres des deux comités à voter des redevances qu'ils considéraient pourtant élevées. Je mets en avant les dimensions émotionnelles et affectives de cette aventure collective, loin de théories fondées sur d‘hypothétiques choix rationnels d‘acteurs économiques. Je conclus par une analyse des jeux d‘acteurs au sein du Comité de Bassin Seine- Normandie au cours des quarante années suivantes, mettant l'accent sur le mode de représentation des usagers domestiques et ses conséquences sur les négociations des redevances et aides financières. Cette réflexion, détaillée en français dans le second volume de cette thèse, me permet de conclure que le fonctionnement actuel des agences et comités de bassin français a peu de rapports avec ses principes initiaux, bien que les acteurs de ce système continuent à s‘y référer. J‘arrive ainsi à une nouvelle compréhension de la crise de 1998 que j‘ai évoquée au début du texte, ouvrant des perspectives de réflexion sur l‘avenir possible des agences et des comités de bassin, en France comme au Brésil. / A experiência francesa das agências e dos comitês de bacia é conhecida, no Brasil, por ter inspirado a atual legislação de gestão de recursos hídricos. No momento em que as agências e os comitês celebram os cinqüenta anos de sua criação pela Lei de 1964, proponho neste trabalho uma releitura desta história a partir de uma perspectiva peculiar: formado como engenheiro na França, trabalhei em uma dessas agências antes de mudar para o Brasil para estudar antropologia social. Meu texto acompanha as construções e transformações de meu olhar sobre as agências e os comitês de bacia. Começo entusiasta pelos princípios e pelo funcionamento desses organismos. Tomo consciência de alguns de seus limites em 1998, quando são criticados e ameaçados pelo governo francês. Passo pela África, como primeiro distanciamento. Chego ao Brasil em 2003, onde estudo antropologia e encontro comitês de bacia diferentes dos que conhecia, levando-me a formular as questões que conformam meu projeto de pesquisa. A partir desse ponto de vista, apresento uma narrativa da criação das agências e dos comitês de bacia na França no início da década de sessenta. Descrevo trajetórias de pessoas e de idéias, conflitos e negociações, levando funcionários públicos e parlamentares franceses a inventarem essas instituições. O processo de transformação de idéias em Lei explicita as tensões entre centralização e descentralização, no cerne do equilíbrio político das agências e dos comitês. O processo de transformação da Lei em instituições explicita as ameaças que representavam as agências para as administrações existentes. As discussões acerca da cobrança pelo uso da água evidenciam a coexistência de vários modelos e teorias, deixando aberto o campo das possibilidades para sua aplicação. Dirijo, então, minha atenção aos primeiros anos de atuação dos comitês e das agências Seine-Normandie e Rhône-Méditerranée-Corse. Busco, nessas experiências, responder perguntas formuladas a partir dos primeiros anos de atuação de agências de bacia no Brasil. Em especial, os membros de ambos os comitês de bacia somente aceitaram votar valores de cobrança que consideravam altos, em razão dos Programas de Intervenção que tais cobranças permitiram realizar, quase imediatamente. Enfatizo a importância das dimensões emocionais e afetivas dessa aventura coletiva, longe das teorias baseadas em hipotéticas escolhas racionais de atores econômicos. Termino com uma análise dos jogos políticos no Comitê de Bacia Seine-Normandie durante os quarenta anos seguintes, com foco no modo de representação dos usuários domésticos e suas conseqüências nas negociações das cobranças e ajudas financeiras. A reflexão detalhada em francês, na forma do segundo tomo desta tese, me permite concluir que o funcionamento atual das agências e dos comitês de bacia franceses tem pouco a ver com seus princípios iniciais, apesar dos atores desse sistema continuarem a se referir a tais princípios. Chego, assim, a um novo entendimento da crise de 1998, evocada no início do texto, abrindo perspectivas para pensar outros futuros possíveis para as agências e os comitês de bacia, na França como no Brasil. / The French experience of water agencies and basin committees is known in Brazil by have inspired the current Brazilian legislation of water resources. When these institutions celebrate the 50th anniversary of its creation for 1964 Law, I propose on this work a rereading of this history from a peculiar point of view: graduated as an engineer in France, I worked in a water agency before moving to Brazil to study social anthropology. I describe how my understanding of water agencies and basin committees was gradually built and transformed. First fascinated by these organizations, I became aware of some of their limitations in 1998, when the French government criticized and planed suppress them. Taking a distance, I spent two years in Africa, and then I arrived in Brazil in 2003 to study anthropology. I met with basin committees very different from those I knew, leading me to formulate my research project. From this point of view, I present a narrative of the creation of water agencies and basin committees in France in the early sixties. I describe the trajectories of people and ideas, conflicts and negotiations, leading French civil servants and parliamentarians to invent these institutions. The process of transforming ideas into law makes explicit the tension between centralization and decentralization at the heart of the political meaning of water agencies and basin committees. The process of transforming law into institutions makes explicit how the agencies were considered a threat to the existing administration. Discussions about water charges show the coexistence of various models and theories, opening many possibilities for their application. Then I focus on the first years of water agencies and basin committees Seine- Normandie and Rhône-Méditerranée-Corse, looking at how the pioneers of this experiment responded to questions posed by stakeholders in news basins committees and water agencies in Brazil. In particular, I highlight the importance of intervention programs be implemented almost immediately, that convinced members of basin committees to vote water charges they considered high. I highlight the emotional and affective dimensions of this collective adventure, far from theories based on hypothetical rational choice of economic actors. I conclude with a discussion of the next political forty years in the Seine-Normandie basin committee, focusing on the mode of representation of domestic users and its impact on the negotiations of water charges and financial aids. This study, written in French in the second volume of this thesis, shows that the current practice of French water agencies and basin committees is far from its original principles, although these remain the reference of many stakeholders. This analysis leads me to a new understanding of the crisis of 1998 that I mentioned at the beginning of the text, and news ideas for the possible future of water agencies and basin committees in France and Brazil.

Cette étude à l’intersection entre pouvoir et espace porte sur le contrôle du cinéma par les autorités des concessions, l’intervention de pouvoirs concurrents dans le champ du cinéma et les activités de l’industrie cinématographique entre 1927 et 1943. Dans les années 1920, Shanghai, en particulier par ses concessions, devient la capitale du cinéma en Chine. En 1927, les autorités de la Concession internationale et celles de la Concession française établissent l’une après l’autre un système de censure cinématographique en prenant en compte l’expérience de leurs métropoles ou de leurs colonies et coopèrent entre elles dans sa mise en œuvre. Pour maintenir les bonnes mœurs et l’ordre public, les censeurs examinent les films en fonction de critères qui relèvent de la morale publique, de la prévention de la criminalité, de la sensibilité nationale ou du rapport avec la politique. Le cinéma en effet n’est pas seulement un outil de divertissement. Il devient aussi un enjeu de la lutte croissante entre les divers pouvoirs. Ainsi les autorités chinoises utilisent le nationalisme en manipulant l’émotion populaire et parviennent à orchestrer des mouvements de protestation « spontanée » pour s’emparer du droit de censure dans les concessions. Le Japon, acteur clé dans l’histoire moderne de la Chine, joue également un rôle dans ce tableau. Avec l’occupation du territoire chinois de Shanghai à partir de 1937, dans la mesure où l’armée japonaise considère le cinéma comme un outil de propagande, elle cherche à contrôler ce secteur. Les autorités des concessions doivent adapter leurs critères de censure au gré des mutations politiques, sociales et culturelles afin de préserver la stabilité sociale ainsi que leurs propres intérêts. Ces mesures ont une influence sur l’industrie du cinéma qui doit trouver un équilibre entre le contrôle exercé par divers pouvoirs et le marché. Une culture spécifique du cinéma s’est ainsi construite. Cette étude entend analyser à la fois l’évolution du système de censure cinématographique et son influence sur l’industrie cinématographique dans le contexte historique, culturel, ethnique, économique et politique de Shanghai entre 1927 et 1943. / This study at the crossroad of power and space focuses on the control of films the authorities of the foreign settlements implemented in Shanghai, the intervention of competing powers in the field of cinema and the activities of the film industry under their control between 1927 and 1943. In the 1920s, Shanghai, and particularly its settlements, became the capital of cinema in China. In 1927, the authorities of the International Settlement and the French Concession both established a system of film censorship that drew on the experience of their metropolitan states or their colonies and began to cooperate in its implementation. To maintain a sound moral environment and public order, the censors examined the films based on criteria such as morality, crime prevention, national sensitivity or politics. Movies were not only a means of entertainment, but also a major issue in the growing struggle among various authorities. In order to take hold of the right of censorship in settlements, the Chinese authorities took advantage of nationalism by manipulating popular emotion and succeeded in provoking campaigns of “spontaneous” protests. In such a context, Japan, a key player in modern Chinese history, also played an important role. After the occupation of the Chinese territory of Shanghai in 1937, the Japanese army, considering that movies were a means of propaganda, tried to control the film industry in Shanghai. The settlements’ authorities had to adapt their censorship criteria to political, social and cultural changes in order to maintain social stability and ensure their own interests. These measures influenced the film industry which had to find a balance between the control by various powers and market forces. A specific film culture thus emerged. This study aims at analysing both the evolution of the film censorship system and its influence on the film industry in the historical, cultural, ethnic, economic and political context of Shanghai between 1927 and 1943.

Submitted by ANA PAULA NOVAIS PIRES null (anapaulapires05@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-11-23T01:53:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana P. N. Pires Tese.pdf: 4263879 bytes, checksum: 388d56218c88d82844ce685890fbff55 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-11-25T17:02:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pires_apn_dr_prdu.pdf: 4263879 bytes, checksum: 388d56218c88d82844ce685890fbff55 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-25T17:02:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pires_apn_dr_prdu.pdf: 4263879 bytes, checksum: 388d56218c88d82844ce685890fbff55 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-11 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O Comitê da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio São Francisco (CBHSF), criado por Decreto Presidencial em 2001, objetiva concretizar a gestão descentralizada e participativa das águas do Rio São Francisco. O Rio escoa superficialmente por 2.700 km entre a nascente, na Serra da Canastra (MG), à foz, em meio aos estados Sergipe (SE) e Alagoas (AL). O Rio compreende ainda os estados da Bahia (BA), Pernambuco (PE), parte de Goiás (GO) e do Distrito Federal (DF). Assim sendo, este estudo objetiva analisar a gestão hídrica na bacia hidrográfica do Rio São Francisco a partir do CBHSF e o papel do comitê perante à transposição do Rio São Francisco para as bacias hidrográficas do Nordeste Setentrional. Por meio de uma abordagem qualitativa, a pesquisa é dividida em pesquisa teórica, embasada em autores que estudam a temática da água e a sua transformação em recurso, as nuances do coronelismo das águas no Nordeste Semiárido no contexto da transposição; a dinâmica natural e a política na bacia hidrográfica – ecossistema aberto e espaço institucional; além do papel dos comitês de bacias no processo de descentralização na gestão hídrica brasileira, especificando o Rio São Francisco, seu comitê interestadual e os comitês estaduais. As pesquisas documentais são contempladas na Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos, Lei Federal N.º 9.433/1997; nos acervos documentais do CBHSF, além de órgãos que participam do projeto de transposição, como a Agência Nacional de Águas (ANA), o Ministério da Integração Nacional e o Ministério do Meio Ambiente (MMA). Tais pesquisas objetivam entender como se configura a gestão das águas do Rio São Francisco, a atuação do CBHSF e dos demais comitês da bacia frente ao projeto e obras da transposição, a partir do papel deliberativo exposto pela legislação hídrica. Demais dados foram obtidos com a utilização, como técnica de pesquisa, de roteiro de entrevista estruturado à Diretoria Executiva do CBHSF e dos comitês estaduais, e aos servidores da ANA que atuam no apoio à gestão das águas do Rio São Francisco, bem como com a participação na XXVIII Plenária Ordinária do Comitê. Pôde-se evidenciar, portanto, que o projeto de transposição do Rio São Francisco foi aprovado, contrariando o posicionamento do CBHSF e apesar do comitê ter judicializado a questão, não há na legislação hídrica brasileira uma jurisprudência para conflitos pelo uso da água entre diferentes bacias hidrográficas (bacia doadora e receptoras). Assim, as grandes obras hídricas, como é o caso da transposição, trazem à tona os limites de atuação dos comitês de bacias e reforçam o fortalecimento do agrohidronegócio no Semiárido nordestino, fortalecido por políticas públicas para os recursos hídricos, conforme propô-se na hipótese de estudo. / The River Basin Committee San Francisco was created by Presidential Decree in 2001, aims to achieve a decentralized and participatory of the São Francisco River waters. The river flows superficially 2,700 km between the source in Serra da Canastra (Minas Gerais), the mouth, among the states Sergipe (SE) and Alagoas (AL). Rio also includes the states of Bahia (BA), Pernambuco (PE), part of Goiás (GO) and the Federal District (FD). Therefore, this study aims to analyze water management in the basin of the Rio San Francisco from CBHSF and the role of the committee before the transposition of the São Francisco River for the river basins of northern Northeast. This question is problematic as the functional power of the committee, contrary to the project, whose budget was approved by the Federal Government and the works were initiated. Therefore, this study aims to analyze water management in the basin of the São Francisco River from its committee in order to understand how the approval of the project and the works of transposition countered the committee's activities. Through a qualitative approach, the research is divided into theoretical research, based on authors who study the theme of water and its transformation into a resource, the historical coronelismo of the water in the Northeast semi-arid region in the context of implementation; the natural dynamics and politics in the basin - open ecosystem and institutional space; beyond the role of the basin committees in the decentralization process in Brazilian water management, specifying the São Francisco River, its interstate committee and state committees. The documentary research are addressed in the National Water Resources Policy, Law No. 9.433/1997; the documentary collections of the committee, and bodies participating in the implementation of the project, such as the National Water Agency the Ministry of National Integration and the Ministry of Environment. These studies aim to understand how to configure the management of the São Francisco waters, the performance of San Francisco committee and other committees in the bowl against the design and construction of the transposition from the deliberative role exposed by water legislation. Other data were obtained with the use as a research technique, interview structured report to the Executive Board of San Francisco committee and state committees, and servers ANA operating in support for water management of the São Francisco River, as well as the participation in the XXVIII Ordinary Session of the Committee. It was possible to show, therefore, that the transposition project of the São Francisco River was approved, contrary to the position of CBHSF and despite the committee have judicialized the question, it is in the Brazilian water law jurisprudence to conflict over water use between different basins river (donor and recipient basin). Thus, large water works, as is the case of transposition, bring out the limits of action of the basin committees and reinforce the strengthening of agrohidronegócio in the northeastern semi-arid strengthened by public policies for water resources, as propose the hypothesis study. / CNPq: 141777/2013-3

Les agences et comités de bassin français, qui ont inspiré la législation brésilienne, célèbrent les 50 ans de leur création par la loi de 1964. J‘écris leur histoire à partir d'un point de vue singulier: après une formation d‘ingénieur, j‘ai travaillé dans une agence de l‘eau avant de m‘installer au Brésil pour y étudier l'anthropologie sociale. Je décris en premier lieu la façon dont le regard que je porte sur les agences et les comités s‘est progressivement transformé. D‘abord passionné par ces organismes, j‘ai pris conscience de certaines de leurs limites en 1998, lorsqu‘elles ont été remises em cause et menacées de suppression. Après une première prise de distance en Afrique, je suis arrivé au Brésil en 2003 pour y entreprendre des études d‘anthropologie. J‘y ai rencontré des comités de bassin différents de ceux que je connaissais, m‘amenant à formuler les questions qui constituent mon projet de recherche. A partir de ce point de vue, je retrace la création des agences et comités de bassin dans la France des années soixante. Je décris les parcours des personnes et des idées, les conflits et les négociations, qui ont aboutit à l‘invention de ces institutions. Le processus de transformation des idées en loi met en évidence les tensions entre centralisation et décentralisation qui sont au coeur de l'équilibre politique des agences et des comités. Une fois votée la loi de 1964, les menaces que représentaient les agences pour les administrations en place rend leur mise en place longue et délicate. Les discussions sur les redevances montrent comment différents modèles et théories coexistaient, laissant ouvert le champ des possibles pour leur application. Je porte ensuite mon attention sur les premières années de fonctionnement des comités et des agences Seine-Normandie et Rhône-Méditerranée-Corse, examinant de quelles façons les pionniers de cette expérience ont répondu aux questions auxquelles sont aujourd‘hui confrontées les agences de bassin nouvellement crées au Brésil. En particulier, je montre que la mise en oeuvre très rapide des programmes d‘intervention ont convaincu les membres des deux comités à voter des redevances qu'ils considéraient pourtant élevées. Je mets en avant les dimensions émotionnelles et affectives de cette aventure collective, loin de théories fondées sur d‘hypothétiques choix rationnels d‘acteurs économiques. Je conclus par une analyse des jeux d‘acteurs au sein du Comité de Bassin Seine- Normandie au cours des quarante années suivantes, mettant l'accent sur le mode de représentation des usagers domestiques et ses conséquences sur les négociations des redevances et aides financières. Cette réflexion, détaillée en français dans le second volume de cette thèse, me permet de conclure que le fonctionnement actuel des agences et comités de bassin français a peu de rapports avec ses principes initiaux, bien que les acteurs de ce système continuent à s‘y référer. J‘arrive ainsi à une nouvelle compréhension de la crise de 1998 que j‘ai évoquée au début du texte, ouvrant des perspectives de réflexion sur l‘avenir possible des agences et des comités de bassin, en France comme au Brésil. / A experiência francesa das agências e dos comitês de bacia é conhecida, no Brasil, por ter inspirado a atual legislação de gestão de recursos hídricos. No momento em que as agências e os comitês celebram os cinqüenta anos de sua criação pela Lei de 1964, proponho neste trabalho uma releitura desta história a partir de uma perspectiva peculiar: formado como engenheiro na França, trabalhei em uma dessas agências antes de mudar para o Brasil para estudar antropologia social. Meu texto acompanha as construções e transformações de meu olhar sobre as agências e os comitês de bacia. Começo entusiasta pelos princípios e pelo funcionamento desses organismos. Tomo consciência de alguns de seus limites em 1998, quando são criticados e ameaçados pelo governo francês. Passo pela África, como primeiro distanciamento. Chego ao Brasil em 2003, onde estudo antropologia e encontro comitês de bacia diferentes dos que conhecia, levando-me a formular as questões que conformam meu projeto de pesquisa. A partir desse ponto de vista, apresento uma narrativa da criação das agências e dos comitês de bacia na França no início da década de sessenta. Descrevo trajetórias de pessoas e de idéias, conflitos e negociações, levando funcionários públicos e parlamentares franceses a inventarem essas instituições. O processo de transformação de idéias em Lei explicita as tensões entre centralização e descentralização, no cerne do equilíbrio político das agências e dos comitês. O processo de transformação da Lei em instituições explicita as ameaças que representavam as agências para as administrações existentes. As discussões acerca da cobrança pelo uso da água evidenciam a coexistência de vários modelos e teorias, deixando aberto o campo das possibilidades para sua aplicação. Dirijo, então, minha atenção aos primeiros anos de atuação dos comitês e das agências Seine-Normandie e Rhône-Méditerranée-Corse. Busco, nessas experiências, responder perguntas formuladas a partir dos primeiros anos de atuação de agências de bacia no Brasil. Em especial, os membros de ambos os comitês de bacia somente aceitaram votar valores de cobrança que consideravam altos, em razão dos Programas de Intervenção que tais cobranças permitiram realizar, quase imediatamente. Enfatizo a importância das dimensões emocionais e afetivas dessa aventura coletiva, longe das teorias baseadas em hipotéticas escolhas racionais de atores econômicos. Termino com uma análise dos jogos políticos no Comitê de Bacia Seine-Normandie durante os quarenta anos seguintes, com foco no modo de representação dos usuários domésticos e suas conseqüências nas negociações das cobranças e ajudas financeiras. A reflexão detalhada em francês, na forma do segundo tomo desta tese, me permite concluir que o funcionamento atual das agências e dos comitês de bacia franceses tem pouco a ver com seus princípios iniciais, apesar dos atores desse sistema continuarem a se referir a tais princípios. Chego, assim, a um novo entendimento da crise de 1998, evocada no início do texto, abrindo perspectivas para pensar outros futuros possíveis para as agências e os comitês de bacia, na França como no Brasil. / The French experience of water agencies and basin committees is known in Brazil by have inspired the current Brazilian legislation of water resources. When these institutions celebrate the 50th anniversary of its creation for 1964 Law, I propose on this work a rereading of this history from a peculiar point of view: graduated as an engineer in France, I worked in a water agency before moving to Brazil to study social anthropology. I describe how my understanding of water agencies and basin committees was gradually built and transformed. First fascinated by these organizations, I became aware of some of their limitations in 1998, when the French government criticized and planed suppress them. Taking a distance, I spent two years in Africa, and then I arrived in Brazil in 2003 to study anthropology. I met with basin committees very different from those I knew, leading me to formulate my research project. From this point of view, I present a narrative of the creation of water agencies and basin committees in France in the early sixties. I describe the trajectories of people and ideas, conflicts and negotiations, leading French civil servants and parliamentarians to invent these institutions. The process of transforming ideas into law makes explicit the tension between centralization and decentralization at the heart of the political meaning of water agencies and basin committees. The process of transforming law into institutions makes explicit how the agencies were considered a threat to the existing administration. Discussions about water charges show the coexistence of various models and theories, opening many possibilities for their application. Then I focus on the first years of water agencies and basin committees Seine- Normandie and Rhône-Méditerranée-Corse, looking at how the pioneers of this experiment responded to questions posed by stakeholders in news basins committees and water agencies in Brazil. In particular, I highlight the importance of intervention programs be implemented almost immediately, that convinced members of basin committees to vote water charges they considered high. I highlight the emotional and affective dimensions of this collective adventure, far from theories based on hypothetical rational choice of economic actors. I conclude with a discussion of the next political forty years in the Seine-Normandie basin committee, focusing on the mode of representation of domestic users and its impact on the negotiations of water charges and financial aids. This study, written in French in the second volume of this thesis, shows that the current practice of French water agencies and basin committees is far from its original principles, although these remain the reference of many stakeholders. This analysis leads me to a new understanding of the crisis of 1998 that I mentioned at the beginning of the text, and news ideas for the possible future of water agencies and basin committees in France and Brazil.

Le stade de Colombes est sans doute l'une des constructions sportives françaises les plus éminentes du XXème siècle. Champ de course jusqu'en 1907, le site est repris par le journal Le Matin et devient, après d'importants travaux, le stade de l'olympiade parisienne de 1924. Théâtre des plus importantes épreuves internationales (Ex : Coupe du monde de football 1938), il est également le stade national français jusqu'en 1972 et la réalisation du nouveau Parc des Princes. Témoin du sport français pendant plus de cinquante années, le stade Yves-du-Manoir, copropriété du Racing Club de France et du Comité National des Sports, est néanmoins constamment confronté à la question d'un grand stade de 100 000 places. Plus grande installation sportive de l'hexagone, il n'est qu'un stade par défaut, une tentative avortée d'un projet monumental qui a jalonné toute son existence. Ce travail reprend ainsi les origines de la question du grand stade et les premiers temps du site sportif colombien, analyse les mécanismes complexes qui ont abouti à la réalisation du stade olympique, étudie l'exploitation de cette construction sportive et sa gestion par le RCF avant d'examiner son destin contrarié, celui d'un stade concurrencé, critiqué et toujours menacé. / The stadium of Colombes is probably one of the most eminent French sports construction in the twentieth century. Indeed, in 1907, the installation which replaced the former racecourse became a stadium for the 1924 Olympic Games. Colombes was a place for the most important international events, but was especially the French national stadium until 1972 when the new Parc des Princes was built. French sport's witness during fifty years, Yves-du-Manoir' stadium, owned by Racing Club de France and the Comité National des Sports, is constantly linked with the question of a 100,000 seat big stadium. Despite being the French biggest sports installation, Colombes is a “by default stadium”, a wrecked attempt of a monumental project which has punctuated its whole existence. Therefore we first analyze the origins of this question at the beginning of the 20th century and then go back over the mechanisms which led to the construction of the Olympic enclosure. The study of its running and its management constitute an other main line. At last, we study the thwarted destiny of this stadium, the rivalry with other constructions, the negative image of the place and the threat of a monumental stadium.

Les agences et comités de bassin français, qui ont inspiré la législation brésilienne, célèbrent les 50 ans de leur création par la loi de 1964. J‘écris leur histoire à partir d'un point de vue singulier: après une formation d‘ingénieur, j‘ai travaillé dans une agence de l‘eau avant de m‘installer au Brésil pour y étudier l'anthropologie sociale. Je décris en premier lieu la façon dont le regard que je porte sur les agences et les comités s‘est progressivement transformé. D‘abord passionné par ces organismes, j‘ai pris conscience de certaines de leurs limites en 1998, lorsqu‘elles ont été remises em cause et menacées de suppression. Après une première prise de distance en Afrique, je suis arrivé au Brésil en 2003 pour y entreprendre des études d‘anthropologie. J‘y ai rencontré des comités de bassin différents de ceux que je connaissais, m‘amenant à formuler les questions qui constituent mon projet de recherche. A partir de ce point de vue, je retrace la création des agences et comités de bassin dans la France des années soixante. Je décris les parcours des personnes et des idées, les conflits et les négociations, qui ont aboutit à l‘invention de ces institutions. Le processus de transformation des idées en loi met en évidence les tensions entre centralisation et décentralisation qui sont au coeur de l'équilibre politique des agences et des comités. Une fois votée la loi de 1964, les menaces que représentaient les agences pour les administrations en place rend leur mise en place longue et délicate. Les discussions sur les redevances montrent comment différents modèles et théories coexistaient, laissant ouvert le champ des possibles pour leur application. Je porte ensuite mon attention sur les premières années de fonctionnement des comités et des agences Seine-Normandie et Rhône-Méditerranée-Corse, examinant de quelles façons les pionniers de cette expérience ont répondu aux questions auxquelles sont aujourd‘hui confrontées les agences de bassin nouvellement crées au Brésil. En particulier, je montre que la mise en oeuvre très rapide des programmes d‘intervention ont convaincu les membres des deux comités à voter des redevances qu'ils considéraient pourtant élevées. Je mets en avant les dimensions émotionnelles et affectives de cette aventure collective, loin de théories fondées sur d‘hypothétiques choix rationnels d‘acteurs économiques. Je conclus par une analyse des jeux d‘acteurs au sein du Comité de Bassin Seine- Normandie au cours des quarante années suivantes, mettant l'accent sur le mode de représentation des usagers domestiques et ses conséquences sur les négociations des redevances et aides financières. Cette réflexion, détaillée en français dans le second volume de cette thèse, me permet de conclure que le fonctionnement actuel des agences et comités de bassin français a peu de rapports avec ses principes initiaux, bien que les acteurs de ce système continuent à s‘y référer. J‘arrive ainsi à une nouvelle compréhension de la crise de 1998 que j‘ai évoquée au début du texte, ouvrant des perspectives de réflexion sur l‘avenir possible des agences et des comités de bassin, en France comme au Brésil. / A experiência francesa das agências e dos comitês de bacia é conhecida, no Brasil, por ter inspirado a atual legislação de gestão de recursos hídricos. No momento em que as agências e os comitês celebram os cinqüenta anos de sua criação pela Lei de 1964, proponho neste trabalho uma releitura desta história a partir de uma perspectiva peculiar: formado como engenheiro na França, trabalhei em uma dessas agências antes de mudar para o Brasil para estudar antropologia social. Meu texto acompanha as construções e transformações de meu olhar sobre as agências e os comitês de bacia. Começo entusiasta pelos princípios e pelo funcionamento desses organismos. Tomo consciência de alguns de seus limites em 1998, quando são criticados e ameaçados pelo governo francês. Passo pela África, como primeiro distanciamento. Chego ao Brasil em 2003, onde estudo antropologia e encontro comitês de bacia diferentes dos que conhecia, levando-me a formular as questões que conformam meu projeto de pesquisa. A partir desse ponto de vista, apresento uma narrativa da criação das agências e dos comitês de bacia na França no início da década de sessenta. Descrevo trajetórias de pessoas e de idéias, conflitos e negociações, levando funcionários públicos e parlamentares franceses a inventarem essas instituições. O processo de transformação de idéias em Lei explicita as tensões entre centralização e descentralização, no cerne do equilíbrio político das agências e dos comitês. O processo de transformação da Lei em instituições explicita as ameaças que representavam as agências para as administrações existentes. As discussões acerca da cobrança pelo uso da água evidenciam a coexistência de vários modelos e teorias, deixando aberto o campo das possibilidades para sua aplicação. Dirijo, então, minha atenção aos primeiros anos de atuação dos comitês e das agências Seine-Normandie e Rhône-Méditerranée-Corse. Busco, nessas experiências, responder perguntas formuladas a partir dos primeiros anos de atuação de agências de bacia no Brasil. Em especial, os membros de ambos os comitês de bacia somente aceitaram votar valores de cobrança que consideravam altos, em razão dos Programas de Intervenção que tais cobranças permitiram realizar, quase imediatamente. Enfatizo a importância das dimensões emocionais e afetivas dessa aventura coletiva, longe das teorias baseadas em hipotéticas escolhas racionais de atores econômicos. Termino com uma análise dos jogos políticos no Comitê de Bacia Seine-Normandie durante os quarenta anos seguintes, com foco no modo de representação dos usuários domésticos e suas conseqüências nas negociações das cobranças e ajudas financeiras. A reflexão detalhada em francês, na forma do segundo tomo desta tese, me permite concluir que o funcionamento atual das agências e dos comitês de bacia franceses tem pouco a ver com seus princípios iniciais, apesar dos atores desse sistema continuarem a se referir a tais princípios. Chego, assim, a um novo entendimento da crise de 1998, evocada no início do texto, abrindo perspectivas para pensar outros futuros possíveis para as agências e os comitês de bacia, na França como no Brasil. / The French experience of water agencies and basin committees is known in Brazil by have inspired the current Brazilian legislation of water resources. When these institutions celebrate the 50th anniversary of its creation for 1964 Law, I propose on this work a rereading of this history from a peculiar point of view: graduated as an engineer in France, I worked in a water agency before moving to Brazil to study social anthropology. I describe how my understanding of water agencies and basin committees was gradually built and transformed. First fascinated by these organizations, I became aware of some of their limitations in 1998, when the French government criticized and planed suppress them. Taking a distance, I spent two years in Africa, and then I arrived in Brazil in 2003 to study anthropology. I met with basin committees very different from those I knew, leading me to formulate my research project. From this point of view, I present a narrative of the creation of water agencies and basin committees in France in the early sixties. I describe the trajectories of people and ideas, conflicts and negotiations, leading French civil servants and parliamentarians to invent these institutions. The process of transforming ideas into law makes explicit the tension between centralization and decentralization at the heart of the political meaning of water agencies and basin committees. The process of transforming law into institutions makes explicit how the agencies were considered a threat to the existing administration. Discussions about water charges show the coexistence of various models and theories, opening many possibilities for their application. Then I focus on the first years of water agencies and basin committees Seine- Normandie and Rhône-Méditerranée-Corse, looking at how the pioneers of this experiment responded to questions posed by stakeholders in news basins committees and water agencies in Brazil. In particular, I highlight the importance of intervention programs be implemented almost immediately, that convinced members of basin committees to vote water charges they considered high. I highlight the emotional and affective dimensions of this collective adventure, far from theories based on hypothetical rational choice of economic actors. I conclude with a discussion of the next political forty years in the Seine-Normandie basin committee, focusing on the mode of representation of domestic users and its impact on the negotiations of water charges and financial aids. This study, written in French in the second volume of this thesis, shows that the current practice of French water agencies and basin committees is far from its original principles, although these remain the reference of many stakeholders. This analysis leads me to a new understanding of the crisis of 1998 that I mentioned at the beginning of the text, and news ideas for the possible future of water agencies and basin committees in France and Brazil.

La question bancaire dans la construction européenne fait rarement l’objet d’études exclusives, étant associée le plus souvent à l’union économique et européenne. Ce travail vise à combler cette lacune en se concentrant sur les modalités de gouvernance adoptée par la Commission européenne pour bâtir le marché commun et sur son recours pérenne à trois comités d’experts entre 1969 et 1989. Il permet d’évaluer l’application à ce chantier des principes stratégiques, qui fondent la gouvernance : l’harmonisation des législations, puis la reconnaissance mutuelle des législations, et enfin le contrôle des banques installées hors du territoire national par le pays d’origine. La thèse analyse les influences croisées de la politique communautaire et des politiques bancaires de la République fédérale d’Allemagne, du Royaume-Uni et de la France. En mettant en évidence la formation d’une communauté épistémique entre les comités d’experts européens et le Comité de Bâle, la thèse traite de la circulation des idées en matière de régulation et de supervision. Elle contribue ainsi à revaloriser le rôle de la Communauté européenne dans la mise en œuvre du système international de régulation dans les années 1980 et à cerner son influence sur la modernisation des politiques bancaires des pays membres. Elle illustre enfin l’émergence de la coopération entre autorités de contrôle et entre gouvernements des pays membres de la Communauté européenne. / The Banking issue in the European construction is rarely subject to exclusive studies, being associated generally with the economic and monetary union. This work seeks to fill the gap by focusing to the governance processes of the European Commission to build the common market and his sustainable recourse to three expert committees between 1969 and 1989. It allows to evaluate the implementation to this project of strategic guidelines : the harmonization of laws, then the mutual recognition, and, finally, the home control country on banks settled outside of national territory. The thesis analyses the cross-influences between the community policy and the banking policies of German Federal Republic, United Kingdom and France. By highlighting the formation of an epistemic community between the European experts committees and the Basel Committee, the thesis deals with the flows of ideas in the field of regulation and supervision. It plays a part in enhancing the role of the European Community in the implementation of the international system of regulation in the eighties, and in identifying its influence on the modernization of banking policies of state members. Finally, it highlights the emergence of cooperation between control authorities, between governments of the EEC states members.

Contrairement aux contrats de droit privé où l'exécution est surtout l'affaire des parties, l'exécution des marchés publics est soumise à des contrôles multiples qui ont proliféré en Tunisie au gré de l'évolution des politiques publiques. Dans une perspective systémique, trois niveaux de contrôle différents mais interdépendants peuvent être distingués : celui exercé par les parties contractantes, celui exercé par des organes plus ou moins dépendants de l'administration, et celui, décisif, exercé par les tribunaux. L'étude des interactions entre ces différents éléments, dans un contexte nouveau caractérisé par l'adoption d'une nouvelle Constitution d'inspiration libérale et par l'adoption d'un nouveau code des marchés publics, aura permis de mettre l'accent sur les tensions qui continuent d'affecter l'équilibre général du système. En dépit du changement de contexte, le système de contrôle demeure en effet essentiellement tourné vers la protection de l'intérêt public. L'incertitude qui continue d'entourer la validité des normes de contrôle issues de l'ordre ancien et les carences du système de recours ne permettent pas aux autorités de contrôle de maintenir la balance entre l'intérêt public et l'intérêt des opérateurs économiques qui acceptent de contracter avec l'administration.À l'heure où s'amorce l'entreprise de refondation des institutions, le législateur et le juge pourraient s'inspirer utilement du mouvement général qui caractérise l'évolution de l'exécution des marchés publics en France, en tant que source principale d'influence du droit tunisien, pour concevoir les solutions qui pourraient mettre fin à l'inefficacité globale du système. / Unlike private law contracts whose implementation system is mainly the responsibility of both parties, the implementation of public procurement contracts is subject to several controls that have proliferated in Tunisia along the evolution of public policies. Following a systemic approach, three different and yet interdependent levels of control can be distinguished: the control exercised by the contracting parties; the control exercised by authorities, which are in a certain extent dependent of the administration; and the, critical one, the control exercised by courts. The study of the interactions between these actors in a context characterized by the adoption of a new liberal Constitution and a new Code of Public Procurements, would make it possible to shed light on the tensions that continue to affect the general equilibrium of the system. The research concluded that, despite the changing context, the control system remains essentially focused on protecting the public interest.The research also concluded that the uncertainty surrounding the validity of the old regime's control norms and the deficiencies of the legal remedies' system remains and does not allow the monitoring authorities to maintain the balance between the public interest and the interests of economic operators contracting with the administration.

Objectif : Il existe un besoin de structuration de l’engagement des patients dans des organisations de santé mentale. Toutefois, peu est connu concernant l’implantation de structures de ce type, et encore moins à un niveau stratégique. L’objectif est d’étudier l’implantation d’un comité organisationnel stratégique pour l’engagement des patients à travers son processus d’initiation et d’opérationnalisation, les facteurs qui facilitent et limitent l’implantation, et les conséquences perçues dans l’organisation. Méthode : Une approche qualitative a été utilisée, plus spécifiquement une étude de cas unique. Les différentes sources de données étaient des entrevues semi-structurées, des groupes de discussion, et des documents organisationnels. Les participants étaient différents acteurs (usagers des services, gestionnaires de différents niveaux, chercheurs, clinicien, membres de la direction générale et du comité d’usagers) en lien avec l’engagement des patients. Résultats : Le processus d’initiation incluait un besoin de formalisation et l’introduction d’une vision de la pleine citoyenneté. Le processus d’opérationnalisation incluait la composition et le rôle du comité, l’élaboration d’un encadrement pour la participation et son application continue incluant l’évaluation. Plusieurs facteurs facilitants ont été identifiés, incluant le soutien de la direction générale, du leadership et une vision pour la participation. Les facteurs limitants concernaient la résistance contre la participation et l’existence de la stigmatisation. Les conséquences étaient une augmentation et un meilleur engagement des patients, et une réduction de la stigmatisation dans l’organisation. Conclusion : Cette étude illustre le processus d’implantation d’un comité organisationnel stratégique pour l’engagement des patients en incluant des nombreux éléments, d’acteurs et de facteurs. L’importance d’un leadership provenant de plusieurs acteurs, ainsi qu’une vision pour la participation afin d’encadrer efficacement l’engagement des patients sont mises en évidence. / Objective: There is a need for structure for patient engagement to function within mental healthcare organizations. Despite this, little is known about how to implement these kinds of structures, and even less on a strategic level. The aim is to study the implementation of a strategic organizational committee for patient engagement through its initiation and operationalization process, the factors that are facilitating or limiting the implementation, and the perceived consequences within the organization. Method: A qualitative approach has been used in this study. A single case study has been carried out with semi-structured interviews, focus groups and organizational documents as data sources. The participants were different actors (service users, managers on different levels, researchers, clinician, members of top management and user’s committee) taking part in the patient engagement. Results: The initiation process included a need for formalization, and the introduction of a vision of full citizenship, while the operationalization process contained the composition and role of the committee, the elaboration of a frame for the participation, and its ongoing application including evaluation. Several facilitating factors were identified, including top management support, leadership, and a vision behind the participation. The limiting ones mainly concerned resistance towards the participation and the existence of stigma. The consequences included increased and improved patient engagement, and reduced stigma within the organization. Conclusion: This study illustrates the process of implementation of a strategic organizational committee for patient engagement including multiple elements, actors, and influencing factors. It highlights the importance of leadership by many actors and a vision behind the participation, to successfully frame the patient engagement.

Cette recherche dresse un portrait de la situation de la relève syndicale au Québec et des tentatives des organisations syndicales pour stimuler la participation de leurs membres de moins de 30 ans. Elle brosse d’abord un aperçu des habitudes sociales, des valeurs et des caractéristiques en emploi des jeunes. Elle nuance et recadre ensuite la problématique des jeunes en ce qui concerne l’identité collective qu’ils partagent instinctivement et les modalités de socialisation à l’interne façonnant leur participation. Cette recherche remet en question la fenêtre de recrutement estimée où les jeunes seraient en mesure d’entâmer leur participation dans les structures syndicales. Au demeurant, elle décrit l’ampleur des innovations syndicales destinées à stimuler la participation des jeunes et démystifie le mandat de l’une d’elle, les comités jeunes, qui peuvent agir à la fois comme porte-parole de leur organisation, comme la voix des jeunes membres et comme pépinière de la relève syndicale. Les données empiriques utilisées pour ce mémoire proviennent d’une vingtaine de groupes de discussion et de huit entretiens semi-dirigés (n=228), tenus dans deux organisations syndicales d’importance au Québec, disposant d’un comité jeunes et organisés par les chercheures d’un projet de recherche plus vaste sur la participation syndicale des jeunes. Nos résultats démontrent en premier lieu une identité collective construite autour de la précarité et des injustices perçues par les nouveaux travailleurs. L’âge ne serait pas significatif dans la construction de l’identité des jeunes qui semblent en phase de conquérir leur identité. En second lieu, le cadre strict de plusieurs modalités de socialisation avait un effet inhibiteur sur la participation, favorisait des relations d’échanges instrumentales et ne tenait pas compte de la sensibilité de cette nouvelle génération pour les interactions réciproques avec leurs représentants syndicaux. Nous avons aussi observé une utilisation limitée des nouvelles technologies, qui présentent des potentialités intéressantes en matière de transfert des connaissances de surcroît. Par ailleurs, nos résultats à l’égard de l’identité collective observée et de la durée du processus de socialisation soulèvent des questionnements sur la pertinence même des structures jeunes dans leurs paramètres actuels. Le parcours d’un jeune vers la militance syndicale apparaît plus tardif qu’escompté. Plus encore, la problématique jeunes met en lumière les tensions intrinsèques au mouvement syndical quant à la libre négociation sociale des intérêts défendus et du consensus interne nécessaire à leur légitimité. / This research addresses the situation of Québec’s trade unions’ youth and the trade unions’ attempts to stimulate the participation of those under 30 years old. It also helps to describe social habits, values and characteristics at work of young workers. Then it qualifies and reframes the youth issue in terms of their shared identity and the socialization mechanisms shaping their participation. This research brings into question the actual recruitment window when young members could start participating into their unions. Finally, it describes some trade unions’ strategies to stimulate youth’s participation and clarifies one of the, the youth committees, who not only have the mandate to act as the unions’ spokesperson, but also as the youth’s voice from the inside and as a school for the trade unions’ next generation of members. The chosen qualitative methodology comes from twenty focus groups and eight semi-structured interviews (n=228) held in two notorious trade unions in Québec which had youth committees and organized by the researchers of a larger research project on youth’s participation. Our results show a collective identity built around precariousness and perceived unfair treatments by the newest workers. We found that age was not a significant factor in building collective identity and young members were still battling to express their own collective identity. Besides, it shows how the rigid frame of many socialization mechanisms had inhibiting effects on participation, positionned members in an instrumental relationship with their trade union and did not take into account this generation’s sensitivity for reciprocal interactions with their union representatives. We also observed weak engagement coming from trade unions towards new technologies, which seemed a great opportunity for knowledge transfer regarding the new generations of workers. In addition, our results about the observed collective identity and the actual duration of the socialization process bring into question the relevance of youth structures within their actual parameters. The journey of a young member towards union activism seemed to take more time than estimated. Moreover, the youth issue highlights inherent tensions to the labour movement’s social negotiation of the defended interests and the consensus needed for their legitimacy.