Victims of child sex trafficking in prostitution in the United States are often overlooked, misidentified, and among the most underserved type of child victim of crime. The majority of previous research on child sex trafficking has been conducted without a theoretical framework or reliable sampling methods. In this study, a schematic composed of a series of stepping-stones from childhood abuse to prostitution, which has been described by gendered pathways researchers, served as a sensitizing template for the study's development of a strain-reactive pathway into child sex trafficking. Agnew's general strain theory provided the primary theoretical basis for the proposed pathway, supplying both explanations of the generative factors of the pathway and the mechanisms operating within the life trajectory terminating in child sex trafficking in prostitution. Based on this theoretical framework, this study utilized structural equation modeling to examine the pathway by investigating the effects of caregiver strain, child maltreatment, and risk-inflating responses to strain on vulnerability to victimization in child sex trafficking in prostitution. Four structural equation models, incorporating different forms of child maltreatment, were assessed using data from a matched sample of 174 minority females who were residents of one U.S. city and participated in a longitudinal study on the effects of child sexual abuse. Findings show that the occurrence of child maltreatment including child neglect, child physical abuse, and juvenile sexual victimization increased with caregiver strain. Consequentially, neglected and abused children were more likely to have engaged in the risk-inflating responses of running away and earlier initiation of drug or alcohol use, and they also reported higher levels of relational shame. Both running away and early initiation of substance use impacted vulnerability to victimization in child sex trafficking in prostitution. Lastly, implications of the findings related to protection and intervention strategies that are projected to obstruct the progression of minors along the analytically identified pathway into child sex trafficking in prostitution are presented for criminal justice professionals, child protection investigators, and social service providers.

This thesis interrogates García Márquez’s representations of sexualities in the following selected novels: Chronicle of a Death Foretold (1981); The Autumn of the Patriarch (1975); One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967); The Sad and Incredible Tale of Innocent Erendira and her Heartless Grandmother (1972); and Memories of My Melancholy Whores (2004). It is argued here that García Márquez’s employment of the sexuality motif enables him to delve into many worldwide current concerns such as the irrelevance of some socio-cultural sexual practices; commercial sexual exploitation of children; the different manifestations of prostitution; and female powerlessness under autocratic rule. Earlier literary critics have tended to narrowly interpret García Márquez’s employment of the sexuality motif as just a metaphor for colonial exploitation of the colonised. The study also explores the writer’s artistic role and concludes that García Márquez speaks against commercial sexual exploitation of children as he concurrently speaks on behalf of children so exploited. Similarly, the writer speaks on behalf of prostituted womanhood by showing how prostitutional gains do not seem to cascade down to the prostitutes themselves. García Márquez also invests female sexual passivity as a coping mechanism against a dictator’s limitless power over the life and death of his citizens. However, the writer also constructs female agency that grows from the rejection of an initial victimhood to develop into an extremely flawed and corrupt flesh trade that co-opts and indentures children into sex work with impunity. Thus the study breaks new ground to show that García Márquez’s representations of different sexualities are not merely soft porn masquerading as art. His is a voice added to the worldwide concerns over commercial sexual exploitation of children in the main and also the recovery of a self-reliant female self-hood that was previously inextricably bound to male sexual norms. Quite clearly, García Márquez demonstrates that female prostitution is driven by a lack of social safety nets, a lack of other economically viable options and also a distinct lack of educational opportunities for female economic independence, hence the flawed female agency. / English Studies / African Languages

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-12-14T12:34:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Lélia Júlia de Carvalho_.pdf: 3792308 bytes, checksum: 2f6326924961b0e1ff0fe4c0b999021e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-14T12:34:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lélia Júlia de Carvalho_.pdf: 3792308 bytes, checksum: 2f6326924961b0e1ff0fe4c0b999021e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-26 / Nenhuma / O tráfico transnacional de mulheres para fins de exploração sexual é praticado por organizações criminosas que agem em âmbito transnacional, atingindo milhares de mulheres todos os anos. Suas origens retomam a idade da escravidão, e com o passar dos séculos desenvolveu-se alcançando a estrutura e a hierarquia de organizações criminosas que se tem atualmente. Esse crime se beneficia de alguns aspectos, a saber: a globalização, a vulnerabilidade de algumas mulheres, a forma de aliciamento das vítimas, as redes que se formam com o tráfico, o lucro bilionário que advém de suas atividades e, inclusive, as rotas que são utilizadas e alteradas constantemente dificultando sua descoberta. Diante dessa realidade faz-se imprescindível a atuação do Estado, para o combate, a repressão e a prevenção dessa prática delituosa, através de políticas públicas efetivas. Destaca-se que para atuar no combate a um crime de proporções transnacionais, sua realização deve-se dar de forma cooperada com demais países afetados pela ação desse crime. Dessa maneira, tem-se uma atuação mais ampla, o que possibilita maior efetividade na proteção das mulheres contra o tráfico, assim, garantindo a efetivação de seus direitos à vida, à liberdade, inclusive sexual, e à dignidade da pessoa humana. Pensando nesses objetivos, desenvolveram-se tratados e convenções internacionais, bem como ações internas, pelo Estado Brasileiro, que foram fundamentais ao combate do tráfico internacional de mulheres para fins de exploração sexual comercial. Em meio a essas ações, ressaltam-se o Protocolo de Palermo, a Política Nacional e os Planos Nacionais de Enfrentamento ao Tráfico de Pessoas. Sendo assim, para a realização desta pesquisa utilizar-se-á da técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental para a coleta de dados, e aplicar-se-á o método qualitativo objetivado pela análise de conteúdo para a análise desses dados, com o objetivo de verificar se as políticas públicas brasileiras de combate, prevenção e repressão do tráfico transnacional de mulheres para fins de exploração sexual comercial são efetivas em sua atuação e resultados, justificando ainda qual a importância da intervenção cooperada em âmbito nacional, entre os estados brasileiros, e internacionalmente, entre os demais países que também sofrem com a atuação desse crime, para o combate ao presente delito. Portanto, ao se indagar se são as políticas públicas brasileiras internas efetivas no combate ao tráfico transnacional de mulheres para fins de exploração sexual comercial, diante do suporte na atuação cooperada internacional, observou-se que apesar dos esforços do Brasil para o combate, repressão e prevenção ao tráfico, ainda não é o suficiente diante do avanço e estrutura que possuem as organizações criminosas que atuam nessa área, de forma que se o Brasil pretende estabelecer políticas públicas que sejam efetivas em seus objetivos diante do tráfico de mulheres, é preciso maiores investimentos; maior atenção às vítimas, inibindo sua vulnerabilidade; o estabelecimento de um banco de dados compartilhados; a atuação cooperada interna e internacionalmente. Ou seja, é necessário maior comprometimento do Brasil e do ambiente internacional no controle dos dados sobre o tráfico internacional de mulheres. / The transnational traffic of women for sexual exploitation is practiced by criminal organizations that act in transnational scope, reaching thousands of women every year. Its origins retake the age of slavery, and over the centuries it has developed reaching the structure and hierarchy of criminal organizations which now exists.This crime benefits from some aspects: globalization, the vulnerability of some women, the way victims are groomed, the networks formed with traffic, billion-dollar profit that comes from their activities and even the routes which are constantly used and altered making it difficult to discover. Therefore, it is essential that the State act to combat, repress and prevent this criminal practice through effective public policies.It should be emphasized that in order to act against a crime of transnational proportions, its accomplishment must be given in a cooperative way with other countries affected by the action of this crime.In this way, there is a broader action, which allows greater effectiveness in the protection of women against traffic, ensuring their rights to life, freedom (including sexual), and person dignity. Considering these objectives, international treaties and conventions, as well as internal actions, were developed by the Brazilian State, which were fundamental to combat the international traffic of women for sexual exploitation.Among these actions there are the Palermo Protocol, the National Policy and the National Plans to Combat Traffic of Persons.Thus, for the accomplishment of this research will be used the bibliographical and documentary technique for the data collection, and will be applied the qualitative method objectified by the analysis of content for the analysis of these data, with the objective to verify if the Brazilian public policies of combat, prevention and repression of the transnational traffic of women for sexual exploitation are effective in their performance and results, justifying also the importance of the cooperative intervention at national level, between the Brazilian states, and internationally , among other countries that also suffer with the performance of this crime, to combat this crime. Therefore, when it is questioned whether domestic Brazilian public policies are effective in combating transnational traffic of women for sexual exploitation, in the face of international cooperative support, it was observed that despite Brazil's efforts to combat and repress trafficit is still not enough considering the progress and structure of criminal organizations that operate in this area, thus, if Brazil intends to establish public policies that are effective in their goals to face trafficof women, it is necessary greater investments; attention to victims, inhibiting their vulnerability; the establishment of a shared database; national and international cooperated work.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:10:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Railda G Martins 2010.pdf: 598596 bytes, checksum: 2b2aade892809187fc73d55617026006 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-27 / This work is part of the Line Research Training and Professionalization. The goal of research is to know the values that teachers express when dealing with the adolescent involved with commercial sexual exploitation. The teacher and presents as key characters in the process of socialization of the individual, since the school is composed of individuals with certain historical realities, social and cultural references which directly influence the construction and assimilation of values by their students. To read those values, bibliographic searches were conducted and field. In literature, the path query classical and contemporary authors who have focused on studies related to the subject, but also investigations that have as object of study the issue of sexual exploitation of teenagers, both in Brazil and abroad. Regarding the training of teachers and professors, the discussion focused on the teacher knowledge, and as support for their understanding, works by authors who deal with this issue. This is a qualitative research in which empirical study took place in two schools in the municipality of Goiânia-GO. The data collection instruments used were questionnaires, videos related to the issue of commercial sexual exploitation of adolescents (ESCCA) and focus group technique. Data collected and analyzed revealed that the teachers and know the difference between prostitution and ESCCA. Compared to what to do when they realize ESCCA cases, it was evident that they do not know what to do and how to refer the problem to instances of defense and protection, such as child protection agencies, and know their role and how to establish links with this instance . With respect to situations in which adolescents are involved in ESCCA realizes that some teachers have difficulty understanding that the adult is responsible. Indicate that the family played a more rigorous and that now is different, because they lack authority that commands a person, whether or father or mother. Express that sexuality is more present and that the media reinforces these issues influencing adolescents and efficiently disposed of, the girls are involved in ESCCA lack of religion. It was found that academic education is not subsidized, theoretically and practically, teachers to deal with ESCCA, and they draw on knowledge from the professional practice of magazines and newspapers, talking with family, friends, schoolmates, television and, the Church. The data showed that the political-pedagogical project of the two schools does not address the issue of sexual violence, especially ESCCA, although schools in which this reality is present. / O presente trabalho inseri-se na Linha de Pesquisa Formação e Profissionalização Docente. O objetivo da investigação é conhecer quais são os valores que os professores e as professoras expressam ao lidarem com a adolescente envolvida com a exploração sexual comercial. O professor e a professora apresentam-se como personagens fundamentais no processo de socialização do indivíduo, uma vez que a escola é composta por sujeitos com determinadas realidades históricas, sociais e culturais, cujos referenciais influenciam diretamente a construção e a assimilação de valores por parte de seus alunos e suas alunas. Para conhecimento desses valores, foram realizadas pesquisas bibliográfica e de campo. Na pesquisa bibliográfica, o caminho percorrido consulta autores clássicos e contemporâneos que se debruçaram em estudos relacionados com a temática, como também investigações que tiveram como objeto de estudo a questão da exploração sexual de adolescentes, tanto no Brasil quanto no exterior. Em relação a formação de professores e de professoras, a discussão teve como foco os saberes docentes, e, como suporte para sua compreensão, obras de autores que lidam com essa temática. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, na qual a investigação empírica aconteceu em duas escolas do município de Goiânia-GO. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados utilizados foram: questionários, vídeos referentes à temática da exploração sexual comercial de adolescentes (ESCCA) e a técnica do grupo focal. Os dados coletados e analisados permitiram constatar que os professores e as professoras desconhecem a diferença entre prostituição e ESCCA. Em relação ao que fazer quando percebem casos de ESCCA, ficou evidenciado que não sabem o que fazer e como encaminhar o problema para as instâncias de defesa e proteção, como o conselho tutelar, e que desconhecem o seu papel e o como estabelece articulação com essa instância. No tocante às situações em que as adolescentes estão envolvidas com a ESCCA percebe-se que alguns professores e algumas professoras têm dificuldade em compreender que o adulto é o responsável. Apontam que a família desempenhava um papel mais rigoroso e que atualmente é diferente, pois falta autoridade de uma pessoa que comande, seja ou pai ou a mãe. Expressam que a sexualidade está mais presente e que a mídia fortalece essas questões influenciando as adolescentes de forma eficiente e alienada, que as meninas estão envolvidas com a ESCCA pela falta de religião. Constatou-se que a formação acadêmica não tem subsidiado, teórica e praticamente, os professores e as professoras para lidarem com ESCCA, e que eles e elas recorrem aos saberes oriundos da prática profissional, de revistas e jornais, de conversas com familiares, entre amigos, colegas da escola, pela televisão, pela Igreja. Os dados, evidenciaram que o projeto político-pedagógico das duas escolas não aborda a questão da violência sexual, em especial a ESCCA, apesar de serem escolas em que essa realidade está presente.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:15:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Railda G Martins 2010.pdf: 598596 bytes, checksum: 2b2aade892809187fc73d55617026006 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-27 / This work is part of the Line Research Training and Professionalization. The goal of research is to know the values that teachers express when dealing with the adolescent involved with commercial sexual exploitation. The teacher and presents as key characters in the process of socialization of the individual, since the school is composed of individuals with certain historical realities, social and cultural references which directly influence the construction and assimilation of values by their students. To read those values, bibliographic searches were conducted and field. In literature, the path query classical and contemporary authors who have focused on studies related to the subject, but also investigations that have as object of study the issue of sexual exploitation of teenagers, both in Brazil and abroad. Regarding the training of teachers and professors, the discussion focused on the teacher knowledge, and as support for their understanding, works by authors who deal with this issue. This is a qualitative research in which empirical study took place in two schools in the municipality of Goiânia-GO. The data collection instruments used were questionnaires, videos related to the issue of commercial sexual exploitation of adolescents (ESCCA) and focus group technique. Data collected and analyzed revealed that the teachers and know the difference between prostitution and ESCCA. Compared to what to do when they realize ESCCA cases, it was evident that they do not know what to do and how to refer the problem to instances of defense and protection, such as child protection agencies, and know their role and how to establish links with this instance . With respect to situations in which adolescents are involved in ESCCA realizes that some teachers have difficulty understanding that the adult is responsible. Indicate that the family played a more rigorous and that now is different, because they lack authority that commands a person, whether or father or mother. Express that sexuality is more present and that the media reinforces these issues influencing adolescents and efficiently disposed of, the girls are involved in ESCCA lack of religion. It was found that academic education is not subsidized, theoretically and practically, teachers to deal with ESCCA, and they draw on knowledge from the professional practice of magazines and newspapers, talking with family, friends, schoolmates, television and, the Church. The data showed that the political-pedagogical project of the two schools does not address the issue of sexual violence, especially ESCCA, although schools in which this reality is present. / O presente trabalho inseri-se na Linha de Pesquisa Formação e Profissionalização Docente. O objetivo da investigação é conhecer quais são os valores que os professores e as professoras expressam ao lidarem com a adolescente envolvida com a exploração sexual comercial. O professor e a professora apresentam-se como personagens fundamentais no processo de socialização do indivíduo, uma vez que a escola é composta por sujeitos com determinadas realidades históricas, sociais e culturais, cujos referenciais influenciam diretamente a construção e a assimilação de valores por parte de seus alunos e suas alunas. Para conhecimento desses valores, foram realizadas pesquisas bibliográfica e de campo. Na pesquisa bibliográfica, o caminho percorrido consulta autores clássicos e contemporâneos que se debruçaram em estudos relacionados com a temática, como também investigações que tiveram como objeto de estudo a questão da exploração sexual de adolescentes, tanto no Brasil quanto no exterior. Em relação a formação de professores e de professoras, a discussão teve como foco os saberes docentes, e, como suporte para sua compreensão, obras de autores que lidam com essa temática. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, na qual a investigação empírica aconteceu em duas escolas do município de Goiânia-GO. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados utilizados foram: questionários, vídeos referentes à temática da exploração sexual comercial de adolescentes (ESCCA) e a técnica do grupo focal. Os dados coletados e analisados permitiram constatar que os professores e as professoras desconhecem a diferença entre prostituição e ESCCA. Em relação ao que fazer quando percebem casos de ESCCA, ficou evidenciado que não sabem o que fazer e como encaminhar o problema para as instâncias de defesa e proteção, como o conselho tutelar, e que desconhecem o seu papel e o como estabelece articulação com essa instância. No tocante às situações em que as adolescentes estão envolvidas com a ESCCA percebe-se que alguns professores e algumas professoras têm dificuldade em compreender que o adulto é o responsável. Apontam que a família desempenhava um papel mais rigoroso e que atualmente é diferente, pois falta autoridade de uma pessoa que comande, seja ou pai ou a mãe. Expressam que a sexualidade está mais presente e que a mídia fortalece essas questões influenciando as adolescentes de forma eficiente e alienada, que as meninas estão envolvidas com a ESCCA pela falta de religião. Constatou-se que a formação acadêmica não tem subsidiado, teórica e praticamente, os professores e as professoras para lidarem com ESCCA, e que eles e elas recorrem aos saberes oriundos da prática profissional, de revistas e jornais, de conversas com familiares, entre amigos, colegas da escola, pela televisão, pela Igreja. Os dados, evidenciaram que o projeto político-pedagógico das duas escolas não aborda a questão da violência sexual, em especial a ESCCA, apesar de serem escolas em que essa realidade está presente.

abstract: Anti-trafficking research recognizes several populations affected by Commercial Sexual Exploitation (CSE) in the United States (U.S.), yet it has not yet recognized long-term survivors, whose experiences of CSE occurred from the 1960s through the 2000s. Rendering long-term survivors invisible erases the history of CSE in the U.S. and prevents an accurate assessment of the true scope of CSE that it extends from infancy through adulthood. The most grievous CSE cultures target both boys and girls beginning at infancy and extending through early childhood. This project provides a foundation for understanding who long-term survivors are, the types of CSE they experienced, and their experiences of survivency in the decades after exiting. This study utilized interviews and surveys to collect data from 35 long-term survivors, regarding their experiences in the years past exiting. In addition, it also included a systematic analysis of 43 survivor-authors who have documented their experiences in 76 published writings. Findings show that long-term survivors display tenacity and resourcefulness in dealing with complex, intersecting issues. Their experiences of creating new, meaning-filled identities, reconnecting with humanity, and building a positive view of the world can help pave the way for a smoother road of restoration for younger survivors. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Justice Studies 2019

Kommersiell Sexuell Exploatering av Barn (KSEB) är ett ökande globalt problem,vilket är särskilt tydligt utvecklingsländer med en växande turistnäring. CostaRica har gjort omfattande insatser i det förebyggande arbetet mot dessa brott, menstudier visar att dessa ansträngningar är otillräckliga, särskilt rörande hjälpinsatsertill offer. KSEB har fått betydande uppmärksamhet under de senaste åren ochfrivilligorganisationer har anslutit sig till kampen mot dessa brott. Syftet meddenna studie är att förstå de nuvarande utmaningarna som frivilligorganisationeroch Costa Ricas regering står inför, i kampen att hjälpa offren och bekämpaKSEB, samt att undersöka samarbetet mellan Costa Ricas regering ochfrivilligorganisationer som arbetar för att förhindra dessa brott. Dessa frågor harbesvarats genom kvalitativa intervjuer med frivilligorganisationer och statligaorganisationer under en fältstudie i Costa Rica. Resultaten visar att det störstahindret i kampen mot KSEB är bristen på medvetenhet om förekomsten av dessabrott tillsammans med finansiella hinder i det förebyggande arbetet. Resultatrörande hindren av hjälp till offer visar att diskrepanser på hur hjälpen skaförmedlas är det allvarligaste problemet. Utöver detta saknas det fungerandeåteranpassningsprogram. När det gäller samarbete, visar resultaten attkommunikationen och samarbetet totalt sett är tillfredsställande. Det finns dock entydlig brist på organisatorisk samordning och resultaten visar att regeringen ärovetande om de frivilligorganisationer i landet som arbetar med att förhindradessa brott, vilket utpekades som ett stort hinder för samarbetet. / Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC) is an increasing global issue, which is especially evident in developing countries with growing tourist industries. Costa Rica has made extensive efforts in the prevention work against these crimes, however, there is evidence that these efforts are insufficient, especially in terms of assisting victims. CSEC has received substantial attention over the last few years and Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) has joined the fight against these crimes. The aim of this study is to understand the current challenges NGOs and the government is facing in helping victims and combatCSEC, as well as to investigate the collaboration between the Costa Ricangovernment and NGOs who work within counter-trafficking departments. Byusing a qualitative approach during a field study in Costa Rica, the questions ofissue has been answered by interviewing NGOs and government officials abouttheir experiences. The results show that the largest obstacle in combating CSEC isthe lack of awareness about the prevalence of these crimes along with financialstruggles in the prevention work. Moreover, the results regarding challenges inhelping victims was embedded in discrepancies on how to assist the victims,along with a lack of reintegration programs. Regarding collaboration, the resultsshow that the communications and collaboration is overall satisfying. However,there is a clear lack of organizational coordination and counter-trafficking NGOsare not known to the government, which is pointed out as major challenges interms of collaboration.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:38:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DelianeMFS.pdf: 1023536 bytes, checksum: 6eb80cfe2a35b88ab8b429ddd7d40e00 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-31 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The childhood has being highlighted by the great concern about the several contexts in which children are inserted, amongst them, commercial sexual exploitation (CSE). The experience of this violence process brings implications to the person constitution. Thus, this research aimed to understand how commercial sexual exploited adolescents to signify the childhood. Participated of this research four female adolescents that had been assisted by Programa de enfrentamento ao Abuso e Explora??o Sexual de Crian?as e Adolescentes (Sentinela) , with ages between 12 and 17 years. The corpus was composed by the combination of the semi-structured interview and other procedures, like childish stories, draws and photography. Moreover, we used another instruments to constitute the corpus, like the documental research and we proposed the construction of a life story book of each participant. The corpus was analyzed through the Thematic Content Analysis. Five thematic axes emerged from the participants discourse and theoretical perspective: dynamical of family, scholar process, ludic behavior, conception of childhood and insertion on CSE process. The participants presented a conception about childhood as been a preparation and education phase to ingress in adult life. In other words, while children do not grown up, they go to the school, plays, lives with family, are happy and do not have any responsibilities. Nevertheless, the life experience of these girls was implicated by negligence, sexual abuse, child labor, institutionalization and, evidently, the commercial sexual exploitation. Understanding that the childhood experienced by adolescent, as well as, her insertion on CSECA, constitutes her, while person, we investigated how the interrelation expresses it on participants future perspectives. Their goals are defined based on family constitution and professional improvement, although feelings of disillusion and pessimism had been showed up in some moments. According these results, we pointed to the necessity of the effective proposals that promote real improvement of adolescents life quality, through, in which they could to create alternatives to get over the several risks in which they are exposed, mainly, the CSECA condition / Observamos que a inf?ncia vem sendo alvo de grande preocupa??o nos tempos atuais, constituindo-se em diversos contextos, dentre eles, o da explora??o sexual comercial (ESC). A viv?ncia de tal processo de viol?ncia traz implica??es para a constitui??o do sujeito. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa objetivou compreender como adolescentes em situa??o de explora??o sexual comercial significam a inf?ncia. Participaram da pesquisa quatro adolescentes do sexo feminino, com idades entre 12 e 17 anos, atendidas pelo Programa de Enfrentamento ao Abuso e Explora??o Sexual de Crian?as e Adolescentes (Sentinela). Para composi??o do corpus de pesquisa, aliamos a entrevista semi-estruturada a outros procedimentos, como hist?rias infantis, desenho e fotografia. Acrescente-se a esses procedimentos a an?lise documental e a constru??o de um ?lbum da hist?ria de vida de cada participante. O corpus foi analisado ? luz da An?lise de Conte?do Tem?tica. Cinco eixos tem?ticos emergiram dos relatos das participantes e das reflex?es te?ricas, a saber: din?mica familiar, processo de escolariza??o, ludicidade, concep??o de inf?ncia e o processo de inser??o na ESCCA. Pudemos observar que as participantes t?m uma concep??o de inf?ncia marcada pela id?ia desta enquanto fase de prepara??o e de educa??o para o ingresso na cultura adulta. Ou seja, enquanto n?o cresce, a crian?a vai ? escola, brinca, mora com a fam?lia, ? feliz e n?o tem responsabilidades. Por?m, a viv?ncia de inf?ncia dessas meninas foi comprometida por situa??es de neglig?ncia, especialmente materna, abuso sexual, trabalho infantil, institucionaliza??o e, evidentemente, de explora??o sexual comercial. Entendendo que as viv?ncias de inf?ncia, assim como a inser??o na ESCCA, s?o constitutivos do sujeito, investigamos como essa inter-rela??o se manifesta nas perspectivas de futuro das participantes. Essas definem suas metas com base na constitui??o de uma fam?lia e na forma??o profissional, embora sejam atravessadas por sentimentos como desilus?o e pessimismo, em alguns momentos. Diante desses resultados, apontamos para a necessidade da efetiva??o de propostas de melhoria concreta na qualidade de vida dessas adolescentes, a partir das quais poder?o criar alternativas para superar os diversos riscos aos quais est?o expostas, em especial a condi??o de ESCCA

In spite of a paradigm shift redefining domestic minors trafficked through prostitution as victims instead of criminal offenders, many police officers experience uncertainty in the way they evaluate the nature of domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) and assess the culpability status of prostituted minors. This problem often results in revictimizing children and hindering their ability to access needed services. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore police officers' perceptions of minors engaged in prostitution and derive an understanding of the experiences, beliefs, and values that underlie these perceptions. The study also focused on how these factors influence police decision making regarding DMST. Attribution theory provided the framework. Participants included 4 police detectives assigned to a youth sex trafficking unit in a large city in the western region of the United States. Data were derived from individual interviews and significant documents. Coding and category construction were utilized to analyze single cases, and content analysis was used to analyze documents. Through cross-case analysis, data from all cases and sources were examined for common themes and discrepancies. The study's findings indicated all respondents perceived minors involved in prostitution as victims and that police empathy influenced perceptions and police decision making. The results of the study will potentially facilitate positive social change through advancing a deeper awareness of the nature of DMST and informing law enforcement policy and practices.

In this thesis, I use feminist ethnography at a nonprofit organization to analyze the racialized gender in (re)integration of victim-survivors of commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC). Critical race feminism and intersectionality are the theoretical frameworks to guide the analysis of community advocacy. The analysis considers two themes with various subsections that capture CSEC at the site. The first theme analyzes the definition, challenges, coordination and rhetoric of reintegration at the site. The second theme highlights the site’s racial identity, Black victimhood of victim-survivors of CSEC in the context of community, and racialized gender within reintegration. I discuss the strategic use of colorblindness within reintegration at the NGO and the child/adult dichotomy that shapes the organization’s understanding of CSEC.