Written communication is an integral part of any organisation regardless of size or the nature of its business. The writer chooses words that should be understood by the readers. However, these words have been chosen based on a variety of factors, one of which is personality type, and the writer's personality type may differ from that of the readers. The research question underpinning this study is - In what ways, if at all, do personality types (as determined by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and most frequently found in management positions), select and use different words and phrases when writing business communication? To investigate this question, the psychological type theory of Jung, the personality type theory of Briggs and Myers, and organisational communication theory are applied. The methodology used is descriptive research with the documents analysed using content analysis, employing NUD.IST Vivo in conjunction with manual assessment. The research findings confirm that each personality type does use different words, validating personality type theory and therefore, making a contribution to the expanding body of research in this field. The knowledge gained from this study has significance in areas related to organisations as well as education and communication theory.

This master's thesis named The influence of communication channels on decision making of first-time voters shown on the elections to the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic in 2017 focuses on the influence and use of the consumption of communication channels on the decision making of first-time voters. This thesis also portrays the phenomenon of contemporary opinion leaders, such as YouTubers, bloggers, and other Internet celebrities. The theoretical section of the thesis describes the organization of elections to the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic, defines the first-time voter in terms of psychological and sociological, discusses the impact of socialization within family, school, and media, presents the concept of political efficacy, and describes the electoral participation of adolescents. In addition, this thesis focuses on current trends in the consumption of communication channels by young people and opinion leaders. This section draws upon particular international studies and other relevant literature. The analytical section presents the methodology of the research, defines the research sample and its selection, and describes the results of the research. The established hypotheses are based on the results of international studies and for...

Context:- Software companies have changed their strategies from “innovating for customers” and “innovating with customers” to innovating “by customers” which is also known as customer-driven innovation. Actually, companies move toward customer-driven innovation programs because they need to collect as many ideas as possible from suitable customers to ensure their global competitiveness and set the stage for profitable growth. As customer-driven innovation is comparatively a new trend, the objective of our research is to explore its status in the new era of software development. Objectives:- The main aim of our study is to investigate customer-driven innovation in the modern era of software development. It also explores the motives, benefits, communication channels and barriers between customers and software companies to cooperate with each other. Methods:- Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and industrial interviews are two basic types of data collection methods which are utilized to accomplish the objectives of our study. Then qualitative data analysis software is used to perform thematic analysis (Grounded Theory) in order to draw conclusions and highlight useful information from the collected data. Results:- Based on the SLR and interviews result the conclusion was made that there are different types of motives and benefits for company and customer to cooperate with each other during idea generation stage of product and service innovations. We identified various types of activities and communication channels in the context of customer-driven innovation. In addition, we identified different types of barriers that can limit the cooperation between company and customers. Conclusions:- The comparison between theory and practice explored most important motive and benefit for company and customers to cooperate with each other during ideation process of product and service innovation. It also identified most significant activities and communication channels for idea generation in the context of customer-driven innovation. In addition, we identified most common barriers which prevent company and customers to cooperate with each other during ideation process. / In this thesis different aspects of customer-driven innovation were investigated. In this type of innovation customers feedbacks are considered as a driving force for products and services improvement. Therefore, companies let their customers to drive idea generation stage for products and services in order to be become marketplace leader. In this case, customers’ are considered to be primary sources of ideas and suggestions. While the role of company is to listen carefully, analyze, filter and implement the retrieved customers feedbacks into new products and services, then deliver to the customers and receives once again feedbacks from them. In this competitive era, customer is a ‘king’ because he will buy only the products that satisfy their needs and wants therefore company need to actively involve customers in innovation. This study evidences show that customers could be involved in idea generation process for products and service which is beneficial to the company sustainable competence. In addition, we have provided different examples of the companies i.e., Sony Ericsson, Telenor, Sun and Hallmark that have developed products and service with customer cooperation. They claim that the innovative idea should not be only provided by internally but by externally via customers because customer-driven innovation had a better chance of succeeding than company-driven innovation. One of the main issue is aimed to be discussed in this paper was to understand that how company can receive customers feedbacks (ideas, suggestions, complaints) about their products and services. The results of our study indicates that company are using different types of communication channels to retrieve customers feedbacks about their products and services i.e., website, blogs, twitter, facebook, call center, live chat, email, focal point software, share point software, CRM software, software toolkits, video conference, linkedIn and suggestion box. Another main issue that we were aimed to be presented in this paper was to understand different activities organized by companies in order to identify customers’ needs and demands. These different types of activities for idea generation in customer-driven innovation are facebook survey, website popup survey, client survey, market survey, closed feedback loop (call center survey), workshop with customers, brainstorming together with customers, idea contests, focus group, user cases, run a 360, following up meeting with customers, user stories and customers interviews. Based on the SLR and interviews results the conclusion was made that there are different types of motives and benefits for company and customer to cooperate with each other during idea generation process for products and services. The company motives and benefits behind a cooperation are increase customer satisfactions, achieve competitive advantages, collecting new ideas, reduction of market uncertainties, financial benefits and etc. On the other hands, customers achieved various types of benefits to cooperate with company i.e., cognitive or learning benefits, social integrative benefits, personal integrative benefits, monetary rewards, non-monetary rewards and etc. Potential barriers that can limit the cooperation between customers and company were identified. Based on theoretical material and interviews results the conclusion was made hat each side have their own barriers which prevent them to cooperate. The company side barriers are lack of secrecy, lack of expertise, lack of communication channels, hard to implement customers’ ideas and etc. While there are various customer side barriers that can limit cooperation with company during ideation process i.e., customers’ incapability to express, they don’t know whom they may contact, they afraid that the company will raise the cost of the products by identifying their demands and etc. Ultimately, it is not the ability of company to only innovate but their ability to innovate continuously and consistently that is very important. Company can no longer assumes that they have all the knowledge and abilities for innovating for customers nor it is enough to innovate with customers but company need to let their customers’ to drive innovation. In future, successful companies will be those that take benefit from customer-driven innovation in order to increase their growth, enter to new market and be competitors in their market. / Email: dirdard@yahoo.com Phone # +46 723255451

Syfte: Undersökningens syfte är att undersöka kommunikationen mellan entreprenör, byggledaren och projektör i ett anläggningsprojekt där en generalentreprenad genomförts. Kommunikation ses bristande mellan dessa aktörer i tidigare forskning vilket har bidragit till negativa aspekter i form av ekonomi och tid. Denna undersökning skall resultera i förbättringsförslag för att minska kommunikationsproblemen.Metod: Undersökningens problematik grundades genom en insamling av primär- och sekundärdata om kommunikationsproblem inom anläggningsprojekt och generalentreprenad. Den primära datan består utav semistrukturerade intervjuer och den sekundära utav tidigare forskning. Detta ligger till grund för att besvara uppsatsens frågeställningar.Resultat: Undersökningen resulterar i att kommunikationsproblem mellan entreprenör och konsult finns och att problemen påverkar projekten negativt. Undersökningen fann även att andelen generalentreprenad minskar.Konsekvenser: Slutsatsen i undersökningen visar att genom en ökad möjlighet för tvåvägskommunikation bidrar detta till förbättrade kommunikationsmöjligheter mellan de deltagande aktörerna. Rekommendationer för att öka möjligheten är: Användning av videosamtal ger parterna en tvåvägskommunikation. Direktkontakt mellan entreprenör och projektör vid tekniska problem (generalentreprenad) ger effektivare tekniska lösningar samt minskar risken för feltolkningar. Mer vikt vid erfarenhetsåterföring till alla parter. Tillåta projektören att vara delaktig under hela produktions skedet ger möjlighet till bättre kommande handlingar. Begränsningar: Arbetet begränsas till kommunikation mellan entreprenör och konsult i en generalentreprenad. Intervjuerna begränsades till Pontarius AB och NCC Construction med hänsyn till arbetets tidsram. Undersökningen är generellt anpassad till andra företag inom branschen. / Purpose: The purpose of the survey is to investigate the communication between the contractor and the consultant in a construction project with general contract as a procurement form. Communication is lacking in previous research, which has contributed to negative aspects in terms of economics and time. This survey will result in improvement proposals to reduce communication problems.Method: The problem of the study was based on a literature study on communication problems in construction projects. The literature study has also been used to build the theoretical framework. Semi-structured interviews formed the basis for answering the questions in depth. In order to strengthen the interview response.Findings: The survey results in communication problems between the contractor and the consultant and the problems affect the projects negatively. The survey also found that the proportion of general contracts is decreasing.Implications: The conclusion of the survey is that through an increased opportunity for a two-way communication that contributes to improved communication opportunities between the participating players. Recommendations to increase the opportunity are: Use of video calls gives the parties a two way communication. Direct contact between contractor and consultant on technical issues (general contract) provides more efficient technical solutions and reduces the risk of misinterpretation. More importance in providing feedback to all parties. Allow the consultant (projector) to participate throughout the production phase allows for better upcoming actions. Limitations: The work is limited to communication between contractor and consultant in a general contract. Interviews were limited to Pontarius AB and NCC Construction with regard to the work time frame. The survey is generally adapted to other companies in the industry.

Master of Public Health - MPH / Introduction:Highest-risk malaria areas in South Africa share borders with Mozambique, Swaziland and Zimbabwe. Ongoing migration between these neighbouring areas impacts on malaria control interventions. For example, 30% of the adult population in Bushbuckridge originate from Mozambique. Despite these dynamics, no studies were found which investigated knowledge,attitudes and behaviours towards malaria in Bushbuckridge. Methods:This study was undertaken as a descriptive cross-sectional survey. A field-piloted structured questionnaire was administered to 602 randomly selected households, where only one household member was interviewed. Interviewees were heads of households, but in their absence, responsible adults above 18 years were included.Results:Of 602 respondents, 93% (n=559, 95% CI: 90.4 – 94.7%) had heard about malaria, mainly from health facilities (29%, n=175) and radios (20%,n=119). Most respondents correctly associated malaria with mosquito bites. There were no differences in knowledge of the causes of malaria between males and females, whereas age and educational level influenced malaria knowledge.Younger and more educated respondents were more knowledgeable than their older and less educated counterparts. Despite 91% of respondents (n=546, 95% CI: 88.0 – 92.8%) knowing that malaria can kill if untreated; only 48% could identify one or two symptoms of malaria. Most (99%, n=595, 95% CI: 97.5 – 99.5%) of the respondents would seek treatment at health facilities,82% (n=488) of whom would do so within 24 hours of onset of malaria symptoms.Discussion and conclusion : Most respondents showed a fair amount of knowledge on the causes of malaria, but not enough people were able to correctly identify the key symptoms of malaria. Health facility and radio were the main sources of malaria information. Most respondents sought treatment at health care facilities, contrary to most African countries where treatment is first sought at non-public health facilities.Word count: 288

Abstract  Bachelor´s thesis, Enterprising and Business Development, Linnaeus University School of Business and Economics, 2EB01E, VT 2017  Authors: Malin Borg and Emma Hattenhauer Tutor: Dan Halvarsson  Title: ”Is doing good ever good enough?” - a study of Swedish consumers’ perception and attitude towards companies using green marketing. Background: More now than ever are people interested in how they themselves affect the environment and how the companies work green. By implementing a “green marketing” strategy, companies use their environmental work as a marketing tool with different agendas. Some authors claim that this strategy is used in order to find new markets and new consumers while some say that it is a way for companies to encourage further green work to their market shares. Not all green work is however shown to the public, in some cases it is done in the dark in order to lower the external pressure of possible scrutiny, a strategy also called lean or muted greening. Theory explains that in contrast to this muted strategy consumers perceive transparency within a company and its green work highly important, as well as how a green marketing campaign is presented with words and terminology. It is of great important to consider what the consumers demand from a company in order for them to fully succeed with their green marketing campaign and build trust between the company and the consumer.  Purpose: The purpose of this study is to create understanding of Swedish consumers’ perception and attitude towards companies that are using a green marketing strategy. Method: This study uses a deductive approach with a qualitative nature, where words and explanations are of interest and is carried out through eight individual semi-structured interviews with respondents all living in Sweden found through a convenience sampling method. With a used hermeneutic approach the respondents subjective opinions has lead the research in the direction it has taken and further pre-understandings has been created. Conclusion: Through this study it has been found that the main-key to a successful green marketing campaign among Swedish consumers is trust. Without trust towards a company Swedish consumers explain themselves as not believing in green marketing done by a company. Social media is a communication channel that, among Swedish consumers is not perceived credible and should therefore not be used when doing a green marketing campaign. The concept of lean or muted greening is something that 6/8 respondents considered positive while 2/8 felt the opposite, however all considered transparency as a highly important factor in order to not miss trust a company and believing that, if something is hard to find maybe it is not done as presented. Language and terminology are two closely related and much important aspects that need to be clear and easily understood, however not excluding important aspects but rather give further explanations about concepts that might be considered complicated.

The thesis is focused on developing a common communication strategy of Mortimer English Club Praha 4, a branch of a franchise language school that provides English courses for children and adults. The thesis consists of two parts, a theoretical one and a practical one. The theoretical part deals with the process of developing the company's strategy that would lead to the fulfillment of business objectives using information acquired with situational analysis. The second part applies the steps of this procedure to the subject of research. The outcome of the thesis is a recommendation on what target group the language school should focus, together with a list of communication channels with which it can reach it.

Vid varje nyanställning sker en introduktion för nyanställda, en så kallad onboarding. Onboardingprocessen är en viktig process som, om den genomförs korrekt, kan generera att nyanställda lättare förstår sin roll, får ökad motivation till dagligt arbete och känner en högre lojalitet till sina medarbetare. En effektiv onboardingprocess kan leda till en rad olika fördelar, bland annat ökad lönsamhet för företag. På grund av covid-19 har dessa processer behövts genomföras digitalt på distans. Denna studie undersöker fenomenet onboardingprocess och jämför den digitala onboardingprocessen med den fysiska onboardingprocessen. Syftet är att ta reda på vilka skillnader det finns i de två olika processerna och bidra med förståelse för vilka verktyg och kommunikationskanaler som med fördel kan användas. För att undersöka detta genomfördes sju semi-strukturerade intervjuer och en webbenkät. För att undersöka hur processen ser ut och struktureras upp genomfördes intervjuer med de som genomför onboardingen. För att vidare mäta uppfattningar från de som genomgår onboarding delades en webb-enkät. Insamlad data analyserades sedan med hjälp av en tematisk analys för den data som var kvalitativ och sambandsanalys för den data som var kvantitativ.  Resultatet visade att strukturen i de olika onboardingprocesserna inte skiljde sig mycket. Däremot upptäcktes det att flera delar, såsom organisationssocialisering, var svårare att uppnå i den digitala onboardingprocessen. Det visade sig även att både för digitala onboardingprocesser samt för fysiska onboardingprocesser är handledning i form av bland annat mentorskap ett önskvärt och positivt verktyg för nyanställda. Dessa delar resoneras kring i diskussionen där både fördelar och nackdelar tas upp om samma teman. Detta gav slutsatsen om att de största bristerna vid den digitala onboardingprocessen på distans låg vid bristande verktyg som inte lyckas generera tillräckligt bra socialisering och tillhörighet för nyanställda.  Med hjälp av teori och empiri ges förslag på hur företag kan tänka för att kunna förbättra deras onboardingprocesser. Det finns dock fler utvecklingsmöjligheter som tas upp i förslag till vidare forskning, där denna uppsats kan ligga som grund för undersökningsämnen. / At each new employment, there is an introduction for new employees, a so-called onboarding. The onboarding process is an important process which, if carried out correctly, can generate that new employees more easily understand their role, gain increased motivation for daily work and feel a higher loyalty to their employees. An efficient onboarding process can lead to a number of different benefits, including increased profitability for companies. Due to covid-19, these processes have had to be carried out digitally remotely. This study examines the phenomenon of the onboarding process and compares the digital onboarding process with the physical onboarding process. The purpose was to discover what differences there are in the two processes and contribute with an understanding of which tools and communication channels can be used to its advantage. To examine this, seven semi-structured interviews and an online survey were conducted. To investigate how the process is structured, interviews were conducted with those who carry out the onboarding. To further measure perceptions from those who undergo onboarding, a web survey was shared. Collected data were further analyzed using a thematic analysis and a correlation analysis.  The results showed that the structure of the different onboarding processes did not differ much. However, it was discovered that several elements, such as organizational socialization, were more difficult to achieve in the digital onboarding process. It also turned out that supervision in the form of mentorship is a desirable and positive tool for new employees, both for digital onboarding processes and for physical onboarding processes. These parts are discussed in the discussion where both advantages and disadvantages are addressed on the same themes. The conclusion of the study was that the biggest shortcomings of the digital onboarding process were the lack of tools that do not succeed in generating good enough socialization and a sense of belonging for new employees. With the help of theory and empirical data, suggestions are given on how companies can think in order to improve their onboarding processes. However, there are more development opportunities that are addressed in proposals for further research, where this thesis can be the basis for research topics.

Actualmente, las empresas invierten en diversas herramientas de gestión en busca de generar mayores resultados empresariales, por lo que la comunicación corporativa y el canal juegan un papel importante para fortalecer las relaciones con los stakeholders. Teniendo esto en cuenta, la presente investigación se plantea como propósito mostrar las posturas principales que generan controversia sobre qué canal de comunicación tiene mayor impacto en los resultados empresariales en organizaciones de diversos sectores, como el hotelero, de servicios, entre otros. Cabe mencionar que estos estudios fueron publicados entre el periodo 2015-2020. Los resultados obtenidos de los artículos presentados mencionan el uso del canal digital y del tradicional para comunicar a las partes interesadas temas como responsabilidad social, comunicación interna (endomarketing), comunicación externa y marketing, así como sobrellevar situaciones de crisis y mitigar las barreras de comunicación que pueden darse al momento de interactuar comercialmente en el mercado internacional. En lo referente a las conclusiones del estudio, algunos autores se orientaron por generar relaciones comerciales empleando los canales digitales como redes sociales, inteligencia artificial, sesiones online, entre otros, a fin de conseguir mejores resultados empresariales. Mientras que otros autores abordaron la comunicación tradicional para fortalecer las relaciones con cercanía y empatía, pues afirmaron que de ese modo se obtienen mejores resultados en el desempeño empresarial. / Currently, companies seek to generate greater business results by investing in various management tools, where corporate communication and the channel play an important role in strengthening relationships with stakeholders. The purpose of this article is to show the main positions that generate controversy about which communication channel has a greater impact on business results in organizations from various sectors such as hotels, services, among others. It is worth mentioning that these studies were published between 2015 and 2020. The results obtained from the articles make mention of the use of the digital channel and the traditional channel to communicate to stakeholders issues such as social responsibility, internal communication (endomarketing), external communication and marketing, and to cope with crisis situations as well as mitigate the barriers of communication that can occur when interacting commercially in the international market. Finally, the conclusions of the study, some authors are oriented to generate commercial relationships using digital channels such as social networks, artificial intelligence, online sessions, among others to have better business results. While other authors are oriented by traditional communication to strengthen relationships with closeness and empathy, they affirm that in this way better results are obtained in business performance. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

This thesis is focused on internal crisis communication during the Covid-19 pandemic at the medical faculty of a major Swedish university (MSU). This thesis aims to examine how the use of internal communication channels at MSU contributed to including employees in internal crisis communication during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our research questions are “How did the organization utilize internal communication channels during the COVID-19 pandemic?”, “What did the employees feel was especially challenging during the COVID-19 pandemic with respect to the internal communication in the organization?” and “How did the employees perceive that the internal communication channels during the COVID-19 pandemic contributed to inclusion? “. Through semi-structured interviews with a convenience sample of eight employees, empirical data was collected and codified using the direct qualitative content analysis approach and applied to the Triage and Assessment System Model and the Contingency Theory of strategic conflict. The methodology is constructivist with a critical epistemology. The cultural environment of an organization utilizing a Scandinavian management style during the crisis highlights the extreme shift in the need and desire for a more apex-driven informational directive approach during the crisis. Our findings suggest that improving value-added feedback channels throughout the organization can increase employee inclusion in crisis communication. Employee inclusion could be further increased by developing a professional development curriculum and establishing clear policies and guidelines.