Neste trabalho, são propostos e analisados algoritmos autodidatas eficientes para a equalização de canais de comunicação, considerando a transmissão de sinais QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation). Suas funções de erro são construídas de forma a fazer com que o erro de estimação seja igual a zero nas coordenadas dos símbolos da constelação. Essa característica os possibilita ter um desempenho similar ao de um algoritmo de equalização supervisionada como o NLMS (normalized least mean-square), independentemente da ordem da constelação QAM. Verifica-se analiticamente que, sob certas condições favoráveis para a equalização, os vetores de coeficientes dos algoritmos propostos e a correspondente solução de Wiener são colineares. Além disso, usando a informação da estimativa do símbolo transmitido e de seus símbolos vizinhos, esquemas de baixo custo computacional são propostos para aumentar a velocidade de convergência dos algoritmos. No caso do algoritmo baseado no critério do módulo constante, evita-se sua divergência através de um mecanismo que descarta estimativas inconsistentes dos símbolos transmitidos. Adicionalmente, apresenta-se uma análise de rastreio (tracking), que permite obter expressões analíticas para o erro quadrático médio em excesso dos algoritmos propostos em ambientes estacionários e não-estacionários. Através dessas expressões, verifica-se que com sobreamostragem, ausência de ruído e ambiente estacionário, os algoritmos propostos podem alcançar a equalização perfeita, independentemente da ordem da constelação QAM. Os algoritmos são estendidos para a adaptação conjunta dos filtros direto e de realimentação do equalizador de decisão realimentada, levando-se em conta um mecanismo que evita soluções degeneradas. Resultados de simulação sugerem que a utilização dos esquemas aqui propostos pode ser vantajosa na recuperação de sinais QAM, fazendo com que seja desnecessário o chaveamento para o algoritmo de decisão direta. / In this work, we propose efficient blind algorithms for equalization of communication channels, considering the transmission of QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) signals. Their error functions are constructed in order to make the estimation error equal to zero at the coordinates of the constellation symbols. This characteristic enables the proposed algorithms to have a similar performance to that of a supervised equalization algorithm as the NLMS (normalized least mean-square), independently of the QAM order. Under some favorable conditions, we verify analytically that the coefficient vector of the proposed algorithms are collinear with the Wiener solution. Furthermore, using the information of the symbol estimate in conjunction with its neighborhood, we propose schemes of low computational cost in order to improve their convergence rate. The divergence of the constant-modulus based algorithm is avoided by using a mechanism, which disregards nonconsistent estimates of the transmitted symbols. Additionally, we present a tracking analysis in which we obtain analytical expressions for the excess mean-square error in stationary and nonstationary environments. From these expressions, we verify that using a fractionally-spaced equalizer in a noiseless stationary environment, the proposed algorithms can achieve perfect equalization, independently of the QAM order. The algorithms are extended to jointly adapt the feedforward and feedback filters of the decision feedback equalizer, taking into account a mechanism to avoid degenerative solutions. Simulation results suggest that the proposed schemes may be advantageously used to recover QAM signals and make the switching to the decision direct mode unnecessary.

The purpose of the case study is to research whether the brand Hollister can establish themselves to their target audience working with communication. To achieve the goal with the study, the following theories has been applied: brand building, visual communication, two-way symmetrical communication and communication channels. The study was conducted by a quantitative online questionnaire survey. The online survey was aimed at teenagers aged 15-18 years old living in Täby or Umeå where one question was "What difference can be discerned between Täby, where there is a shop, and Umeå where there is no shop". The material was collected during a period of eight days between december 11th to december 19th 2013. The online survey was answered by 90 units which means a response rate of 90 percent. The results of the study showed that it differed somewhat between the cities and above all it showed that the units from Täby had more knowledge about the brand's visual identity, and visited the store to a larger extent. The analysis also showed that branding is an important part to reach out and influence Hollister’s target audience where the work of visual communication is vital. / Syftet med studien är att undersöka om varumärket Hollister kan etablera sig hos sin målgrupp med hjälp av kommunikation. För att uppnå syftet har följande teorier tillämpats: varumärkesbyggande, visuell kommunikation, tvåvägs-symmetrisk kommunikation samt kommunikationskanaler. Studien har genomförts genom en kvantitativ enkätundersökning på webben. Webbenkäten riktade sig till tonåringar i åldern 15-18 år som bor i Täby eller Umeå då bland annat en frågeställning har varit ”Vilken skillnad går att utläsa mellan Täby, där det finns en butik, respektive Umeå där det inte finns någon butik”. Materialet samlades in under en period på åtta dagar mellan 11-19 december 2013. Webbenkäten svarades av 90 enheter vilket innebär en svarsfrekvens på 90 procent. Resultatet av studien visade att det skiljde en del mellan städerna framförallt går det att utläsa att enheterna från Täby hade mer kännedom kring varumärkets visuella identitet samt besökt butiken i större utsträckning. Analysen visade även att varumärkesbyggande är en viktig del för att nå ut och påverka sin målgrupp och bland annat att arbetet med den visuella kommunikationen är betydelsefull.

This dissertation applies theories and concepts of wireless communications and signal processing to the security domain to assess the security of a Wireless secret Key Generation (WKG) system against capable eavesdroppers, who employ all the feasible tools to compromise the system’s security. The security of WKG is evaluated via real wireless measurements, where adversary knows and applies appropriate signal processing tools in ordere to predict the generated key with the communicating pair. It is shown that in a broadband stationary wireless communication channel, (e.g. commercial off-the-shelf 802.11 WLAN devices), a capable eavesdropper can recover a large portion of the secret key bits. However, in an Ultra-wideband (UWB) communication, at the same stationary environment, secret key rates of 128 bits per channel probe are achievable. / Graduate

The development of non-traditional communication channels in recent years has progressively created a world more digital, networked and interlaced by a myriad of communication tools than ever before. With Facebook being the most prevalent social network, this study aims to guide local organisations to use Facebook optimally to communicate with their customers. The study strives to incorporate the latest ideas about social media marketing in the relevant literature with the opinions of local social media marketing experts. The generally ineffective use of Facebook as a communication channel by small, inexperienced organisations is seen as a justification for identifying a set of criteria to guide organisations in using Facebook pages as a driver of communication. The empirical phase of the research produced a list of seven guidelines on the optimal use of Facebook pages for marketing purposes, which might assist South African companies in developing their marketing strategies. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)

Varumärket, som fenomen, har utvecklats över tid och tagit olika former. Tidigare har varumärken främst varit förknippade med företag men det har nu förändrats. Utvecklingen av kommunikationskanaler, främst sociala medier, har medfört att varje individ och varje företag har en möjlighet att ständigt hålla sig synliga. Utvecklingen har bidragit till att varumärket tagit en ny form: det personliga varumärket. Många individer arbetar på ett företag med ett redan etablerat varumärke men likt en egenföretagare behöver individerna själva differentiera sig från både extern och intern konkurrens för att få kunder att komma till just dem personligen. Den här kategorin hittar vi främst inom tjänstesektorn där bland annat frisörer, personliga tränare, massörer och fastighetsmäklare är inräknade. Individerna måste utveckla ett starkt personligt varumärke för att attrahera kunder annars riskerar de att kunderna väljer kollegan eller en extern konkurrent, och individen står då utan kunder och kanske till och med helt utan inkomst. Den här studien avser därför att skapa förståelse för hur individer i företag med etablerade varumärken utvecklar sin professionella yrkesidentitet genom varumärkesbyggande samt genom val av kommunikationskanaler. För att undersöka just individer inom kategorin som beskrivs ovan används fastighetsmäklare som ett exempel på fenomenet. Studien utgår från en kvalitativ forskningsansats med ett urval från sex olika fastighetsmäklare i Stockholm vilka arbetar under tre större varumärken. Metoden som används i den här studien är semistrukturerade intervjuer som består av fyra huvudfrågor med fler underfrågor som är baserade på teorikapitlet. Studiens slutsats visar att fastighetsmäklare skapar sin professionella yrkesidentitet genom att arbeta med sitt personliga varumärke och kommunicera det genom rätt kanaler. Studien visar även att de bäst lämpade kanalerna för att kommunicera det personliga varumärket är sociala medier samt utskick genom direktreklam. Det är även viktigt att göra sig igenkänd och skapa en relation till kunderna i det område som fastighetsmäklaren är verksam i. Det personliga varumärkesbyggandet för fastighetsmäklaren behöver dock ske i enlighet med företagets varumärke för att inte skapa förvirring för kunderna. / The brand, as a phenomenon, has developed over time and has taken different forms. Previously, brands have mainly been associated with companies, but that has now changed. The development of the communications channels, mainly social media, has resulted in that every individual and every company have the opportunity to constantly stay visible. The development has contributed to the brand taking a new form: the personal brand. Many individuals are working in a company with an already established brand, but similar to a self-employed person the individuals need to differentiate themselves from both external and internal competition to get the customers to come to them personally. We mainly find this category in the service sector where hairdressers, personal trainers, masseuses and real estate brokers are included. Individuals need to develop a strong personal brand to attract customers, or it might be a risk that the customers choose the co-workers or an external competitor, and the individual will be left without customers and might even completely be without emolument. This study therefore seeks to examine how individuals in companies, with already established brands, develop their professional identity through branding and through a selection of communications channels. In order to examine the category of individuals described above, we use real estate brokers as an example of this phenomenon. This study is based on a qualitative research approach with a selection from six different real estate brokers in Stockholm who work in three bigger companies with well-known brands. The method used in this study is semi-structured interviews consisting of five main questions with additional sub questions based on the theory chapter. The conclusion shows that real estate brokers develop their professional identity by working with their personal brand and communicate the brand through the right channels. This study also shows that the best suited channels to communicate the personal brand is social media and direct advertising. It is also important to make yourself recognized and create relationships to the customers in the neighborhood where the real estate brokers are working. However, the personal branding for the individual real estate broker need to align with the corporate brand in order not to confuse the customers.

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Context In the last centuries, we have been generating and building infrastructure at a faster pace than ever before. Simultaneously the costs for labor and construction sectors as road and house building is increasing. This provides room for autonomous machines. The development of infrastructure is accomplished through highly efficient and productive construction machinery that progressively modernizes to form the society. In order to increase the pace of development, both cars and industry are getting more and more automated. Volvo Construction Equipment is exploring the autonomous vehicle space. The new machines complement and perfect the human work with efficiency, reliability, and durability. There is however, a question of trust between the human workers and the autonomous machines, I will in this thesis investigate methods on how to develop trust through communication systems with autonomous machines.   Objectives To create recommendations and solutions for products that build trust between human and automated machines on a construction site.   Method Outcome is reached through a case study exploration with validated learning, meaning that it will incorporate learnings through prototype iterations.   Results The result evaluates how trust could be developed between humans and autonomous machinery at a construction site and how communication methods between these parties could be implemented while maintaining high levels of efficiency and safety.   Conclusion Findings in this thesis indicates that trust is developed over time with reliable systems that provide colleagues with updated information available at any time. The results can be introduced in both today’s and tomorrow’s construction sites at various levels of advanced technology. / Sammanhang De senaste hundra åren har vi gett upphov till att bygga infrastruktur i en snabbare takt än någonsin tidigare. Samtidigt ökar kostnaderna för både arbetskraft och byggsektorer som väg- och bostadsbyggnader. Denna situation ger utrymme för autonoma maskiner. Utvecklingen av infrastruktur sker genom effektiva och produktiva konstruktionsmaskiner som successivt moderniseras för att forma samhället. För att öka utvecklingstakten moderniseras både bilar och industri för att möta en mer automatiserad vardag.  Volvo Construction Equipment undersöker det autonoma fordonsutrymmet för nästa generations maskiner. Automationen kompletterar de nya maskinerna och fulländar det mänskliga arbetet med effektivitet, tillförlitlighet och hållbarhet.   Det finns dock en fråga om relationen mellan mänskliga arbetare och autonoma maskiner, jag kommer i denna avhandling undersöka metoder för hur man kan utveckla tillit genom kommunikationssystem mellan arbetare och autonoma maskiner.   Mål Att skapa rekommendationer och lösningar för produkter som bygger tillit mellan mänskliga och automatiserade maskiner på en byggarbetsplats.   Metod Resultatet uppnås genom användandet av fallstudie forskning kombinerat med validerande lärande. Detta innebär lärdomar med hjälp av en iterativ process utav prototyper som testas och valideras.   Resultat Resultatet utvärderar hur förtroende kan utvecklas mellan människor och autonoma maskiner på en byggarbetsplats. Hur kommunikationsmetoder mellan dessa parter skulle kunna genomföras samtidigt som hög effektivitet och säkerhet upprätthålls .   Slutsats Lärandet i denna avhandling tyder på att förtroendet utvecklas över tid med tillförlitliga system som ger medarbetare uppdaterad nödvändig information tillgänglig när som helst. Resultaten kan införas i både dagens och framtidens anläggningsplatser på olika nivåer av avancerad teknik. / <p>Vissa delar är borttagan på grund av konfidentialitet.</p> / ME310 Design Innovation at Stanford University

The success of an organisation in what is now a dynamic and increasingly competitive business environment relies on an engaged workforce, achieved through internal communication. Engaged employees are generally more productive, resulting in better-performing organisations. This indicates that engaged employees do not only provide organisations with substantial benefits but can also be valuable assets to their organisations. Additionally, internal communication, which influences employee engagement behaviours, has been shown to provide numerous benefits to organisations, namely advocacy, ambassadorship, commitment, competitive advantage, decreased turnover, innovation, satisfaction, and trust. Therefore, it can be argued that a crucial link exists between internal communication and employee engagement. The purpose of this study was to develop an internal communication conceptual framework that contributes to employee engagement. This conceptual framework was customised for the South African banking sector. Qualitative data was collected through a review of available literature in the internal communication and employee engagement fields, and face-to-face interviews with four senior internal communications managers. Quantitative data was collected through a web-based self-administered survey questionnaire hosted on SurveyMonkey. Therefore, a mixed-methods research approach was used for this study. The findings of the study confirmed the link between internal communication and employee engagement. Thus, internal communication is an important determinant of employee engagement. It was also found that South Africa’s “big four” banks use traditional and innovative internal communication channels to effectively communicate with their targeted audience. Lastly, the internal communication elements that make up the conceptual framework of employee engagement were developed, namely Collaboration/ Cross-Functional Planning, Partner with Human Resources Function, Communication Channels, Two-Way Communication with Leaders, Counsel, and Measure Internal Communication Effectiveness. It is argued that the proposed v conceptual framework adequately addresses the role of internal communication and its key function within an organisation. The study is particularly significant because it extends current literature on internal communication and employee engagement in the South African banking sector and confirms that internal communication is indeed important for employee engagement. Academically, the study added to the current body of knowledge in the field of communication. The findings of this study can be used by South African banks and other businesses as a guide to conduct their internal communication to achieve employee engagement. / Communication Science / D. Lit. Phil. ( Communication)

Problemformulering: Distansarbete bedöms bli en allt vanligare lösning för organisationer i framtiden. När medarbetarna arbetar hemifrån blir det dock svårare att upptäcka vilka eventuella brister som finns i arbetsmiljön. Tidigare forskning har inte fokuserat på hur digitala kommunikationsverktyg kan utnyttjas för att upptäcka brister i arbetsmiljön vid distansarbete, vilket gör att det finns ett kunskapsgap som denna studie ämnar bidra till. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att utveckla kunskap om vilka möjligheter och begränsningar ledare upplever med digitala kommunikationsverktyg och hur de använder verktygen för att säkerställa medarbetarnas arbetsmiljö vid distansarbete. Metod och material: Denna studie genomfördes med stöd av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Tio personer i olika ledarroller från varierande branscher intervjuades för att kunna besvara studiens syfte och två frågeställningar. Resultat: Resultatet visade att ledarna kunde säkerställa medarbetarnas psykosociala arbetsmiljö genom att använda olika kanaler som digitala kommunikationsverktyg erbjöd. De kanalerna var främst chatt och videomöten. Chatten möjliggjorde att ledarna på ett snabbt och smidigt sätt kunde kommunicera med sina medarbetare och fråga om deras hälsa. Videomöten var den kanalen som gav ledarna möjligheten att se medarbetarna vilket gjorde det enklare att få en bild av deras välmående. Vidare framkom det också att digitala kommunikationsverktyg inte räckte till för att säkerställa medarbetarnas fysiska arbetsmiljö. Ledarna kunde enbart uppmärksamma små detaljer, vilket inte var tillräckligt för att bedöma om medarbetarna hade en lämplig arbetsmiljö i hemmet ur ett fysiskt perspektiv. För att säkerställa den fysiska arbetsmiljön hade det behövts att medarbetarna gått runt och visat upp sin arbetsplats i hemmet med hjälp av kameran. Detta var dock inget som ledarna i denna studie förespråkade eftersom de ansåg att de inkräktade på den personliga sfären. / Problematization: Remote work is estimated to become an increasingly common solution for organizations in the future. However, when employees work from home it becomes more difficult to discover any shortcomings in the work environment. Previous research has not focused on how digital communication tools can be used to detect flaws in the work environment when working remotely, which means that there is a knowledge gap that this study intends to contribute to. Aim: The purpose of the study is to develop knowledge about what opportunities and limitations leaders experience with digital communication tools and how they use the tools to ensure the employees' work environment when working remotely. Method and materials: A qualitative deductive approach was used to answer the study’s two research questions. The primary data was conducted through ten semi-structured interviews with different leadership roles from various industries. Conclusions: The result showed that the leaders could ensure the employees psychosocial work environment by using different channels that digital communication tools offered. Those channels were mainly chat and video meetings. Chat made it possible for the leaders to quickly and easily communicate with their employees and ask about their health. Video meetings were the channel that gave the leaders the opportunity to see the employees, which made it easier to get a picture of their well-being. Furthermore, it also emerged that digital communication tools were not enough to ensure the employees' physical work environment. The leaders could only pay attention to small details, which was not enough to assess whether the employees had a suitable working environment at home from a physical perspective. In order to ensure the physical working environment, it would have been necessary for the employees to walk around and show their workplace at home with the help of the camera. However, this was not something that the leaders in this study advocated due to the employee’s personal sphere.

Bakgrund: Styrsystem inkluderar både formella och informella styrmedel och är väldigt betydelsefulla för organisatorisk styrning och framgång. Informell styrning kan beskrivas som de arbetsrelaterade oskrivna mekanismer som påverkar anställdas beteende genom sociala normer och organisationskultur. Jämfört med formell styrning som är mer dokumenterad, är informell styrning svårare att mäta. Vidare leder informell kontroll till ett normativt tryck där individen upplever att de måste delta i aktiviteter på grund av de normer och värderingar som anställda har inom organisationen. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur medarbetare upplever informell styrning och hur det förhåller sig till chefers perspektiv. Detta för att öka förståelsen för hur informell styrning upplevs av medarbetare samt om det leder till de effekter som chefer strävar efter. Metod: Studien har genomförts på chefer och medarbetare inom hemtjänsten i Malmö stad och är således en fallstudie. Vidare har denna studie antagit en kvalitativ forskningsmetod där semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts. Dessutom har studien utgått från en deduktiv ansats samt att vissa dokument har använts i kompletterande syfte. Slutsats: Medarbetares upplevelser av informell styrning överensstämmer till stor del med chefers tillämpning och intentioner. Chefer främjar öppenhet och samarbetsvillighet genom att vara tillgängliga, synliga, och genom att främja feedback och sociala interaktioner. Medarbetare uppskattar denna informella styrning och upplever att det skapar en familjär känsla. Det kan uppstå en överanvändning och underanvändning av konstruktiv kritik, vilket kan påverka arbetstillfredsställelse, motivation och effektivitet negativt. Medarbetare upplever att informell styrning leder till ökad arbetstillfredsställelse, motivation, informationsflöde, prestation, produktivitet och effektivitet, vilket är i linje med chefernas intentioner. Dock kan studien inte konstatera att de tre sistnämnda effekterna faktiskt realiseras utan endast konstatera att medarbetare upplever att effekterna förverkligas. / Background: Management control systems include both formal and informal means of control. The systems are crucial to control and organisational success. Informal control can be described as the work-related unwritten mechanisms that influence employee behaviour through social norms and organisational culture. Compared to formal control which is more documented, informal control is more difficult to measure. Furthermore, informal control leads to a normative pressure where the individual feels obligated to participate in activities due to the norms and values that employees have within the organisation. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to study how employees experience informal control and how it relates to managers perspective. This is to get a better understanding of how informal control is experienced by employees and whether it leads to the effects that managers strive for. Method: The study was carried out on managers and employees within home health care in Malmö Stad and is therefore a case study. Furthermore, this study has adopted a qualitative research method where semi-structured interviews have been conducted. The study has been based on a deductive approach and certain documents have been used for complementary purposes. Conclusion: Employees experiences of informal control are largely consistent with managers application and intentions. Managers promote openness and cooperation by being available, visible, and by promoting feedback and social interactions. Employees appreciate this informal control and feel that it creates a sense of familiarity. There can be an overuse and underuse of constructive criticism, which can negatively affect job satisfaction and effectiveness. Employees feel that informal control leads to increased job satisfaction, motivation, flow of information, performance, productivity and efficiency, which is in line with managers intentions. However, the study cannot establish that the last three effects are actually realized, but only establish that employees experience that the effects are realized.