<p>This thesis examines and measures differences in effciency between L1- and L2 language use for solving referential problems. Quantitative measures used in the study were time and error frequency. Qualitative measures, such as how the tasks and the participants own performance were experienced, were measured by an post interview and two questionaires. </p><p>Two different tasks, a sorting task and a construction task, in which each informant was given the role as a constructor or instructor, were used for data gathering. A total of 20 dyads, divided in two language groups (English and Swedish) participated in the study. </p><p>The results show large differences between the two language groups in respect to time for solving the two tasks. For the construction task, these were mainly due to different communication strategies used for error handling. In the sorting task a clear learning effect can be observed for the L2-groups which, in effect, makes the L2 users solve the sorting task almost as fast as the L1 groups, after an initial learning period. However, the informants in the L2 groups generally referred to the objects used in this task by describing peripheral characteristics of these objects. They also showed more signs of uncertainty and hesitation in the actual dialogue situation. However, no differences in error frequency could be found between the two language groups. </p><p>Differences in role-taking between the language groups were also made apparent in the study. These differences became especially clear for the L2 groups in the construction task.</p>

An often discussed issue in the field of second language learning is the influence and importance of individual differences, IDs, such as motivation, personality, previous learning experiences and learning strategies. It has been claimed that IDs form a complex system in the learner, but little consensus has been reached as regards definitions of constructs or their relative importance. Taking the individual learner as a starting-point, this dissertation attempts to demonstrate the complexity of individual differences in the single learner by adopting an in-depth holistic approach. For this purpose a longitudinal case study was designed to follow the learning process of a young Greek woman's acquisition of Swedish during a ten-month intensive course in Sweden. The study is mainly based on self-report and personal diaries, which have been interpreted and analysed qualitatively. The learning process is extensively described and changes in, for example, strategy use, life situation and learning progress are illustrated. There are indeed many complex factors which have the potential to influence learning. In this particular case, seven factors are indicated as having had a positive influence: previous language learning experiences (especially as regards learning strategies), long-term motivation, metalinguistic awareness, social contacts with L2 speakers, access to English as a mediating language, access to a strict and intensive Swedish course, and a well-needed learning break in the middle of the studies. Negative factors were largely of an emotional nature, especially a period of liminality which created feelings of not belonging, of being betwixt and between. It is suggested that IDs form a dynamic variable system in the learner. All the IDs are present in the learner, but they seem to change both in substance over time and in importance for the learner at different times in the learning process. Furthermore, IDs appear to be interconnected in a complex and dynamic way. The results of this study strongly emphasise the importance of both an holistic and a longitudinal approach to IDs in second language learning. / digitalisering@umu

The purpose of this study is to analyze which communication strategies andinformation- and communication channels that Gällivare municipality should useunder the urban transformation to communicate with the citizens. The studyconcentrates on the age-groups 16 – 24, 25 – 44, 45 – 64 and people that are 65 yearsand older. This selection has been made as a segmentation of the citizens and is oneof the essay questions which refers to study the channels that each age-groups prefer.The study is a quantitative one and is based on a questionnaire survey directed to thecitizens and it’s 85 people who participated. The result of the survey have beenanalyzed with theories like Grunigs two-way symmetrical model, theories forcommunication in public sector and theories for the most common media channels asface-to-face communication and internet.The analysis shows that Gällivare municipality should use a communication strategythat is intended to surprise the citizens, becase the survey showed that there’s a fairlylow commitment for questions of the urban transformation. The strategy is alsouseful when the survey showed that the citizens believe that the promises in theinformation of Gällivare municipality aren’t kept, which could have resulted that theybecame passive and now they have to wake up from that state of mind. It also showsthat the age-group 16-24 years concider internet as a channel for information andsocial media as the most popular communication channel. Rest of the age-gropusprefer printed information. But the opinion for the communication channels differsbetween the group 25 – 44 years and the two others. The first mentioned considers emailas the channel they want to communicate with the municipality unlike the agegroups45 – 64 and 65 and older that prefers face-to-face communication.

Att ta ett större ansvar inom miljömässiga, ekonomiska och sociala frågor blir en allt viktigare punkt på många företags agendor, och en allt betydelsefullare aspekt för konsumenter att ta hänsyn till när de överväger köp av produkter eller tjänster. Företagsansvar, internationellt benämnt som corporate social responsibility eller CSR, har också fått ett genombrott bland myndigheter och andra officiella organ såsom FN och EU, som jobbar för att underlätta för företag genom olika riktlinjer och redovisnings­standarder för CSR. Fristående intresseorganisationer har också en viktig del i CSR-frågan, både som samarbetspartner och som granskare. Många av företagens intressenter är intresserade just av statistik och resultat, men hur kommunicerar ett konsumentföretag till sina kunder att de satsar på CSR-frågor? Hur kan företag använda av olika typer av strategier, kanaler och budskap för att stärka sitt varumärke och nå ut med sitt ansvarstagande? Trots att arbetet med CSR ofta föregås av noggranna strategiska överväganden och diskussioner om hur CSR påverkar varumärket, är det inte alla företag som har en tydlig plan för hur de ska kommunicera CSR mot konsumenter. Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka hur kommunikationen kring företags CSR-arbete sker, ser ut och uppfattas hos den intressentgrupp som företagets produkter eller tjänster riktar sig mot ­– konsu­menterna. I en form av nulägesanalys har fallstudier utförts på två svenska konsumentföretag, Arla och Löfbergs Lila, som båda har inledda CSR-åtaganden och har certifierade produkter i sitt sortiment. I fallstudierna ingick djupintervjuer med företagens CSR-ansvariga, kvalitativa innehålls­analyser av deras marknadsföringsmaterial och en enkätundersökning om konsumenternas kännedom och agerande inom området samt deras uppfattning av fallstudieföretagens ansvarstagande. Kopplat till en referens­ram innehållandes teorier om CSR som begrepp, CSR i dagens samhälle och hur CSR-orienterad kommunikation kan ske har frågor och modeller för dessa metoder tagits fram och analyserats. Analysen visar på att inget av företagen ännu har en tydlig strategi för sin CSR-kommunikation. Företagen har implementerat CSR-arbetet väl internt inom företaget, men kommunicerar bara i liten utsträckning externt mot konsumenter. Det finns en svårighet i att involvera konsumenter i CSR-frågan och låta denna dialog influera och ingå i CSR-kommunika­tionen. Båda företagen ger tillgång till mycket information kring sitt ansvarstagande via sina webbsidor, men webbsidornas information tycks inte nå fram till konsumenterna då de inte är en välintegrerad del av marknadsföringen. Primärt knyts CSR-värden till företagens pro­dukter, och konsumenter relaterar företagens ansvarstagande med deras certifierade produkter framför­allt. Företagen använder sig av olika typer av kommunikations­budskap, vilka i Arlas fall är för vaga och visionsfokuserade, och i Löfbergs Lilas fall har svårt att väcka känslor för varumärket och ansvarstagandet. Konsumenterna visar på ett intresse för att agera i ansvars­frågor samt en viss kunskap inom området, men när det kommer till hur de uppfattar företagens ansvars­tagande finns det en stor osäkerhet och låg kännedom om vad företagen faktiskt gör inom CSR-området. En stor del av respondenterna har inte fått reda på någon information om hur företagen tar ansvar, och det är ännu inte många bland konsumenterna som aktivt söker upp information eller deltar i en dialog med företagen. / To take greater responsibility in environmental, economic and social issues is an increasingly important item on many companies' agendas, and an increasingly important aspect for consumers to take into account when considering purchase of a product or a service. This field, internationally called corporate social responsibility or CSR, has also made a breakthrough among authorities and other official orga­nizations such as the UN and the EU, which are facilitating for companies engaging in CSR by provi­ding various guidelines and accounting standards for CSR. Non-governmental organizations are also an important part of the CSR issue, both as partners and as reviewers. Many of the companies' stakehol­ders are interested in statistics and results, but how do consumer businesses communicate to their customers that they are investing in CSR issues? How can companies use different kinds of strategies, channels and messages to strengthen their brand and make the public notice their responsibility? Although the work with CSR is often preceded by careful strategic considerations and discussions about how CSR affects the brand, not all companies have a clear plan how to communicate CSR to consumers. This thesis paper aims to examine how information concerning the companies' CSR initiatives is communicated, designed and perceived by the stakeholder group which the products or services are made for – the consumers. In the form of a situation analysis, case studies have been conducted on two Swedish consumer companies, Arla and Löfbergs Lila, both of which have initiated CSR commitments and have certified products in their range. The case studies included interviews with corporate CSR managers, qualitative content analysis of the companies' marketing materials and a survey of consumer knowledge and behavior in CSR issues as well as of the customers' view of the case study companies' responsibility. Linked to a theoretical framework including theories of CSR as a concept, CSR in today's society and how CSR-oriented communication can be designed, the issues and models for these methods have been developed and analyzed. The analysis shows that neither of the companies have a clear strategy for their CSR communication. The companies have implemented CSR well within the organisation, but communicate only to a small extent externally. There is a difficulty in involving consumers in CSR issues and making this dialogue influence and be part of the CSR communication. Both companies provide access to much information about their responsibility through their web pages, but this information does not appear to reach consumers as the web pages are not well-integrated in the marketing. Primarily, the CSR values are connected to the companies' products, and consumers in particular relate the companies' CSR involvement to their certified products. The companies use different types of communication messages, which in Arla's case are too vague and vision focused, and in Löfbergs Lila's case have difficulties to arouse fee­lings for the brand and the CSR issues. Consumers show an interest to act on CSR issues and have a certain knowledge in the field, but when it comes to how they perceive the companies' CSR initiatives, there is a great uncertainty and low knowledge of what companies actually do in the CSR field. A large proportion of the respondents has not found out any information about how the companies are taking responsibility, and it is at this time not many among the consumers who actively seek out information or participate in a dialogue regarding CSR issues with companies.

The concept of branding has been developed mainly in the perspectives of product and corporate. Nowadays, there is an emerging trend and attention to be made on the concept of branding cites. As thought from the perspective of product, the promotion of city has been considered mainly from tourism point of view. Nevertheless, there is increasing number of researchers have started to consider the city branding more broadly and from the perspective of corporate branding. Furthermore, since the importance of communication, especially among different stakeholders, has been emphasized in corporate branding literatures, few literatures in city branding have started to mention the linkage between corporate branding and city branding in this aspect. This paper is then focused on the stakeholder communication strategies in both corporate and city branding, with the identification of major stakeholder in city branding: the local residents/service providers. Then potential stakeholder communication strategies for city branding are developed from the corporate branding literatures and discussed with primary research results from the Design District Helsinki project. In addition, possible application to Taipei City is also discussed.

The following MA thesis is concerned with the interaction among students of Czech as a foreign language in classes of low proficiency and working in pairs. It mainly concentrates on the process of overcoming obstacles that arise during communication. The objective of the thesis is to examine the students' choice of communication strategies and describe the process of negotiation of meaning. In order to achieve that, an analysis of transcribed recordings of interactions during a language lesson was made. During the lesson students had to complete two two-way tasks, which should offer as many opportunities to negotiate meaning as possible. Keywords: Czech as a foreign language, interaction, negotiation of meaning, communication strategies, pair work

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:30:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Capa.pdf: 17097 bytes, checksum: 034e3912981bfdaae0b389797965a46d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-11-27 / This written work has widely discussed the knowledge and the analysis of tools of marketing and communication used by the Universities Metodista of São Paulo, Anhembi- Morumbi and by the University of São Paulo, in its remote learning courses , as well as in its semi-present learning disciplines offered by the related institutions, through the research in its sites and interviews by remote learning program as responsible for. The researching still intends, to compare the strategies created by these institutions in the development of its courses and disciplines, beyond knowledge and analysis of the communication elaborated for them, as form to divulge and to persuade its public-target. The written work also focuses the understanding and the perception that students have expressed of these remote learning courses and disciplines and the Education as a whole, through individual interviews and the use of a structured questionnaire.(AU) / Este trabalho visa conhecer e analisar as ferramentas de marketing e de comunicação utilizadas pela Universidade Metodista de São Paulo, pela Universidade Anhembi Morumbi e pela Universidade de São Paulo em seus cursos de Educação a Distância, bem como nas disciplinas semipresenciais oferecidas pelas referidas instituições, através de pesquisas nos sites e entrevistas com os responsáveis pela elaboração da EaD nas instituições. Tenciona ainda, comparar as estratégias criadas por essas instituições no desenvolvimento de seus cursos e disciplinas, além de conhecer e analisar a comunicação elaborada por elas, como forma de divulgar e persuadir seus públicos-alvo. Objetiva também buscar o conhecimento e a percepção que seus alunos possuem desses cursos e disciplinas e da Educação a Distância como um todo, através de entrevistas individuais e utilizando um questionário estruturado.(AU)

Esta dissertação buscou compreender como se formam as estratégias de comunicação das universidades federais brasileiras em relação às ações afirmativas, a partir de um estudo de caso instrumental múltiplo em que foram selecionadas duas universidades com históricos, trajetórias e intencionalidades diferentes: UFABC e UFRGS. A coleta e análise de dados incluiu fontes primárias (entrevistas semi-estruturadas com atores envolvidos com as ações afirmativas e com comunicação nas universidades estudadas) e fontes secundárias (atas e resoluções dos conselhos universitários, planos de gestão, planos de desenvolvimento institucional, relatórios de gestão e relatórios de avaliação, além de publicações nos sites institucionais e outros produtos de comunicação). O estudo se valeu de abordagens dos campos da administração e da comunicação pública e ainda de referenciais da área da educação. Com base na perspectiva da estratégia deliberada e da estratégia emergente de Mintzberg (2006), verificou-se que as estratégias de comunicação identificadas nas duas universidades se formam a partir da combinação de processos deliberados e emergentes, em que interagem grupos/atores de diferentes origens e estruturas. Estes processos ocorrem, por vezes, em resposta a necessidades evidenciadas no dia-a-dia da instituição, assumindo características de um processo de aprendizagem, predominantemente emergente. Também foi identificada a ocorrência de formação de estratégias de consenso, desconectadas e ideológicas, evidenciando a mescla de deliberação e emergência nos processos estudados. A análise empreendida possibilitou ainda verificar que estratégias emergentes de comunicação podem contemplar os princípios da comunicação pública, tais como transparência, abordagem pedagógica, escuta e promoção da cidadania, independentemente de haver uma política de comunicação resultante do planejamento estratégico da instituição. A intencionalidade expressa da universidade, disseminada e incorporada, releva-se determinante para o estabelecimento de estratégias de comunicação alinhadas aos seus fundamentos institucionais, mais até do que planos que em alguns casos podem ter caráter apenas formalístico. Portanto, principalmente nos espaços historicamente elitistas em que não há intencionalidade de inclusão, as estratégias de comunicação devem contemplar as finalidades da comunicação pública, pois se entende que a promoção da cidadania decorre também do estabelecimento do diálogo entre a universidade e a sociedade voltado para informar, escutar e valorizar a interação. / This dissertation sought to understand how communication strategies of Brazilian federal universities are formed in relation to affirmative actions, based on a multiple instrumental case study in which two universities with different histories, trajectories and intentions were selected: UFABC and UFRGS. Data collection and analysis included primary sources (semistructured interviews with actors involved with affirmative action and communication in the universities studied) and secondary sources (university council minutes and resolutions, management plans, institutional development plans, management and evaluation reports, as well as publications on institutional websites and other communication products). This case study draws on approaches from administration and public comunication fields, as well as from referenctial of the education field. Based on the perspective of Mintzberg's deliberate strategy and emerging strategy (2006), it was verified that the communication strategies identified in the two universities are formed from the combination of deliberate and emerging processes, in which groups/actors from different sectors interact. These processes sometimes occur in response to needs evidenced in the routine of the institution, assuming characteristics of a learning process, predominantly emergent. It was also identified the formation of consensus, disconnected and ideological strategies evidencing the mixture of deliberation and emergency in the studied processes. The analysis made it possible also to verify that emerging communication strategies can contemplate the principles of public communication, such as transparency, pedagogical approach, listening and promotion of citizenship, regardless of whether there is a communication policy resulting from the strategic planning of the institution. The expressed intentionality of the university, disseminated and incorporated, is decisive for the establishment of communication strategies aligned with its institutional foundations, even more than plans that in some cases may have only a formalistic character. Therefore, especially in the historically elitist spaces where there is no intentionality of inclusion, communication strategies must contemplate the purposes of public communication, because the promotion of citizenship also stems from the establishment of dialogue between the university and the society to inform, to listen and to value the interaction.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation starts from the notion that we live in a mediatized and networked society, factor that modifies social relations and the logics of various fields, including communication and politics. In this sense, the present research purposes to investigate in which way certain communication strategies applied in the campaign of the candidate Manuela D‟Ávila for Mayor of Porto Alegre, in 2012, affect political participation. So, our search problem is: in what measure and in which manner the communication strategies used by candidate Manuela D‟Ávila‟s campaign enabled political participation? Therefore, the main objective of the study is to inquire the relation between the communication strategies of political participation promotion undertaken by the campaign and the participation that, effectively, was achieved. The specific objectives consist in: to analyze the communication strategies applied by candidate Manuela D‟Ávila in Porto Alegre‟s municipal elections‟ campaign of 2012 to promote political participation; to comprehend the specificities of the strategies that seek to encourage political participation on the internet; to observe, comparatively, the distinct types of strategies: conventional and for internet. To achieve these goals, we did, at first, a bibliographic review from the notions that guide the research. Afterwards, we worked in a case study of candidate Manuela D‟Ávila‟s campaign, embracing, as developer units of analysis, the strategies from Bairro a Bairro and the website Novas Ideias POA. The data that compose the corpus of study were collected by in-depth interviews, documentations and observation. / Esta dissertação parte da noção de que vivemos em uma sociedade midiatizada e em rede, fator que modifica as relações sociais e as lógicas dos mais diversos campos, inclusive da comunicação e da política. Nesse contexto, a presente pesquisa se propõe a investigar de que maneira determinadas estratégias comunicacionais empregadas pela campanha da candidata Manuela D‟Ávila à prefeitura de Porto Alegre, em 2012, afetam a participação política. Assim, nosso problema de pesquisa é: em que medida e de que modo as estratégias comunicacionais utilizadas na campanha da candidata Manuela D‟Ávila possibilitaram a participação política? Portanto, o objetivo geral do estudo é averiguar a relação existente entre as estratégias comunicacionais de promoção à participação política empreendidas pela campanha e a participação que, efetivamente, foi alcançada. Os objetivos específicos consistem em: analisar as estratégias comunicacionais de promoção à participação política empregadas pela candidata Manuela D‟Ávila na campanha de 2012 à prefeitura de Porto Alegre; compreender as especificidades das estratégias que buscam fomentar a participação política na internet; observar, comparativamente, os tipos distintos de estratégias: convencional e para internet. Para alcançar essas metas, fizemos, primeiramente, uma revisão bibliográfica a partir das noções que movimentam a pesquisa. Depois, realizamos um estudo de caso da campanha da candidata Manuela D‟Ávila, adotando, como unidades incorporadas de análise, as estratégias do Bairro a Bairro e do website Novas Ideias POA. Os dados que compõem o corpus do estudo foram coletados por meio de entrevistas em profundidade, documentação e observação.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis has as context the institutional legitimation crisis that occurs in our society and affects the mediating role of journalism informative, maximized by the interactive practices of digital social media, with their abilities for participation, sharing and decentralized distribution of messages by public. This logic is opposed to the broadcast model of mass media that mark the process of journalism legitimacy. The research problem asks: what strategies of institutional legitimacy emerge in the contents of messages postedby the newspaper Zero Hora on Twitter? The overall goal is to understand the strategies used by journalism in order to gain institutional legitimacy through the use of digital social media. The specific objectives are: to recognize the institutional uses of Twitter for Zero Hora, identifying the emerging strategies of institutional legitimacy for the posts of Zero Hora on Twitter, watch as Zero Hora develops its mediation role in the informational use of Twitter as social media, analyze the relationship between the mediating role of journalism and the characteristics of digital social media disintermediation. The Hybrid methodology is qualitative, using content analysis (CA), semi-structured interviews and participant observation in the writing of Zero Hora. The Content Analysis (CA) was performed in two corpora relating to news coverage carried out by Zero Hora with a one year interval between them. The results of the CA was crossed with data from participant observation and interviews, relating to the theoretical analysis. The main uses of Twitter found relate to the categories of information dissemination, participation, sharing and conversation, making to emerge strategies of institutional legitimacy by journalism. The analysis indicates for continuities and ruptures in the process of legitimation by journalism on the passage of the emission centered logic of mass media for decentralized and interactive logic by digital social media. Comparing the two corpora analysis was possible to observe a transformation in the mediating role of the news organization's Twitter, with a growing ownership of the possibilities of digital social media participation, in which the public is increasingly included. / Esta dissertação possui como contexto a crise de legitimação institucional que ocorre na sociedade atual e afeta o papel de mediação do jornalismo informativo, potencializada pelas práticas interativas das mídias sociais digitais, com suas possibilidades de participação, compartilhamento e distribuição de informações pelo público. Essa lógica se contrapõe ao modelo de transmissão da mídia de massa que tem marcado o processo de legitimação do jornalismo. O problema de pesquisa é que estratégias de legitimação institucional emergem no conteúdo das mensagens postadas pelo jornal Zero Hora no Twitter? . O objetivo geral é compreender as estratégias utilizadas pelo jornalismo informativo com vistas a obter legitimação institucional por meio do uso das mídias sociais digitais. Os objetivos específicos são reconhecer os usos institucionais do Twitter por Zero Hora; identificar as estratégias de legitimação institucional emergentes nas postagens de Zero Hora no Twitter; observar como Zero Hora desenvolve seu papel de mediação informativa no uso do Twitter como mídia social; analisar a relação entre o papel de mediação do jornalismo e as características desintermediadoras das mídias sociais digitais. A metodologia é híbrida com caráter qualitativo, utilizando análise de conteúdo (AC), entrevista semi-estruturada e observação participante na redação de Zero Hora. A análise de conteúdo (AC) foi realizada em dois corpora relativos a coberturas jornalísticas realizadas por Zero Hora com um intervalo de um ano entre elas. Os resultados da AC foram cruzados com os dados provenientes da observação participante e das entrevistas, relacionando-se as análises ao referencial teórico. Os principais usos do Twitter encontrados relacionam-se às categorias de difusão de informações, participação, compartilhamento e conversação, em que emergem estratégias de legitimação institucional do jornalismo. A análise indica continuidades e possíveis rupturas no processo de legitimação do jornalismo informativo na passagem da lógica de emissão centralizada da comunicação de massa para a lógica interativa e descentralizada da mídia social digital. Comparando-se os dois corpora de análise foi possível observar uma transformação no papel de mediação da organização jornalística no Twitter, com uma crescente apropriação das possibilidades de participação da mídia social digital, em que o público é cada vez mais incluído.