Esta pesquisa pretende estudar como denúncias e evidências de corrupção mobilizam partidos da oposição, eleitores e prefeitos incumbentes levando à punição de prefeitos corruptos durante as campanhas de reeleição. Usando um banco de dados oriundo de relatórios de auditoria aleatórios elaborados pela Controladoria Geral da União que analisam como as transferências federais foram usadas em pequenos municípios brasileiros, nós mostramos que o momento em que os resultados da auditoria são divulgados aos eleitores desempenha um papel importante para saber se prefeitos corruptos serão punidos. Quando os resultados de auditoria produzem provas de corrupção antes da eleição, os prefeitos são menos propensos a concorrer à reeleição. Além disso, os municípios em que as auditorias foram divulgadas antes e durante o período eleitoral tiveram menores taxas de reeleição dos prefeitos. Mostramos isso devido ao aumento da candidatura de candidatos de partidos da oposição como rivais. Nossa análise é restrita a 270 municípios cujos prefeitos estavam em seu primeiro mandato, e cujas administrações foram auditadas entre 2003 e 2004. Nossas conclusões lançam luz sobre os mecanismos que ajudam a explicar os resultados anteriores que mostram que evidências de corrupção punem prefeitos corruptos. Chamamos à atenção para a importância da dinâmica política como ajudar a explicar porque os prefeitos corruptos vão ou não ser punidos. / This research aims to study how corruption allegations and evidence mobilize opposition parties, voter and incumbent mayors leading to the punishment of corrupt mayors during re-election campaigns. Using a database based on random audit reports prepared by the Controladoria Geral da União examining how federal funds were used in small Brazilian municipalities, we show that the timing of when audit findings are disclosed to voters plays an important role in whether corrupt mayors will be punished. When audit records produce evidence of corruption prior to the election, mayors are less likely to run for re-election. Moreover, municipalities where audits were disclosed before and during the election period had lower rates of re-election of the mayors. We show this due to the increase in the candidacy of opposition party candidates as rivals and votes. Our analysis is restricted to 270 municipalities whose mayors were in their first term, and whose administrations were audited by federal accountants between 2003 and 2004. Our findings shed light on the mechanisms which help to explain previous findings showing that random audit corruption evidence punishes corrupt mayors. We draw attention to the importance of political dynamics as helping to explain why corrupt mayors will or will not be punished.

by Ho Ping Raymond, Lee Ming Wai. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 66-69). / ABSTRACT --- p.i / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS --- p.v / LIST OF TABLES --- p.vii / CHAPTERS / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter II. --- THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN HONG KONG --- p.7 / Chapter III. --- A MEASUREMENT OF THE DEGREE OF CONCENTRATION IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY / Chapter III.1 --- Theoretical Consideration --- p.12 / Chapter III.2 --- An Entropy Measurement --- p.17 / Chapter III.3 --- Measurement of Industrial Concentration: The Employment Entropy Index --- p.19 / Chapter III.4 --- Limitation of the Measurement --- p.22 / Chapter IV. --- STATISTICAL ANALYSIS / Chapter IV. 1 --- Entropy Indexes For the Overall Construction Industry for Year 1983 -1992 --- p.24 / Chapter IV.2 --- Entropy Indexes For Construction Trade Groups for Year 1980 -1992 --- p.27 / Chapter IV.3 --- Relative Competitive Performance of the Construction Industry --- p.33 / Chapter V --- THE GROWING CONSTRUCTION TRADE GROUPS AND INCREASING INDUSTRIAL COMPETITION --- p.35 / Chapter VI --- THE DIMINISHING CONSTRUCTION TRADE GROUP AND THE TENDENCY OF HIGHER CONCENTRATION --- p.48 / Chapter VII. --- THE ESSENTIAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY / Chapter VII.1 --- Labour Cost and Shortage --- p.51 / Chapter VII.2 --- Material Costs --- p.55 / Chapter VII.3 --- Pre-1997 Political Issues --- p.57 / Chapter VII.4 --- Impact of China Open Policy --- p.58 / Chapter VII.5 --- Technological Change in Method of Construction --- p.60 / Chapter VIII. --- CONCLUSION --- p.62 / APPENDIX I --- p.64 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.66 / TABLES AND FIGURES --- p.70

Po-yan Chiu. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-86). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iv / List of Figures --- p.vi / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Literature Review --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1 --- Monopolistic Competition and Policy Intervention --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2 --- Policy Interventions in Monetary Economies --- p.17 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- The Model --- p.19 / Chapter 3.1 --- Commodities --- p.19 / Chapter 3.2 --- Demands --- p.20 / Chapter 3.3 --- Equilibrium --- p.21 / Chapter 3.4 --- Open Economy --- p.24 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Optimal Production Taxation --- p.28 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- Welfare Effect of Trade and the Optimal Tariff --- p.34 / Chapter 5.1 --- Welfare Effect of Trade --- p.34 / Chapter 5.2 --- Optimal Import Tariff --- p.38 / Chapter Chapter 6. --- Consumption Tax --- p.52 / Chapter 6.1 --- Closed Economy --- p.53 / Chapter 6.2 --- Open Economy --- p.55 / Chapter 6.3 --- Welfare Effects of Trade under Different Policies --- p.56 / Chapter Chapter 7. --- Concluding Remarks --- p.62 / Appendix --- p.65 / References --- p.83

Cell competition leads to elimination of a viable cell population, by fitter cells. Despite over forty years of research, the molecular mechanisms of competition in mammals are poorly understood. During my PhD I have investigated the mechanisms of competition by exploring an established mammalian cell culture system, in which wild-type MDCK cells eliminate scribble-deficient cells, and I have also developed a novel cell culture system to model mammalian competition. My work contributed to the discovery that scribble-deficient cells are eliminated not by biochemical exchange among cells, but by mechanical compaction. We termed this phenomenon mechanical competition. I employed transcriptional profiling to determine the molecular signature of mechanical losers, and identified activation of p53 signalling as their hallmark. My colleagues and I then demonstrated that elevation of p53 is both necessary and sufficient to trigger mechanical competition. In further investigating the mechanisms of mechanical competition, I found that compaction activates ROCK in scribble-deficient cells, and that this is required for their elimination. Inhibition of Src signalling in mechanical losers also protected them form out-competition, and integrin signalling is another pathway likely involved in mechanical competition. While investigating p53 competition, we observed that p53-high and p53-low cells engage in directional migration, with p53-high cells always at the migrating front. As a side-project, I investigated the role of p53 in directional migration, by exploring an established model with a single leader cell and multiple followers. We established a method to generate multinucleated leaders on demand. By creating leaders from p53-deficient cells, I established that p53 signalling is required for some, but not all multinucleated cells to trigger collective migration, thus implicating p53 signalling in a type of migration involved in wound healing. Finally, I successfully modelled p53-driven mechanical competition in a differentiated primary tracheal epithelial cell culture, thereby establishing a novel system to study mammalian competition, and also proving that p53 competition is conserved between different mammalian epithelia. Considering the involvement of p53, mechanical competition may play a major role in cancer.

Cell competition is a form of cell-cell signalling that results in the elimination of less fit cells from a tissue by their fitter counterparts. I take advantage of an established in vitro model of cell competition using Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells to shed insight into the molecular basis of cell competition in epithelial cells. In this system, silencing of the tumour suppressor scribble (scribKD) results in a 'loser' phenotype whereby scribKD cells are specifically eliminated from the monolayer by surrounding wild-type cells. More specifically, scribKD cells are compacted into tight clones through activation of a directed, collective migration in the wild-type population: scribKD are 'mechanical losers' and delaminate and die due to an intrinsic hypersensitivity to high cell density. Remarkably, p53 activation is both necessary and sufficient for this mechanical loser cell status. I first investigate the role of E-, N-, and P-cadherin in the directed migration between scribKD and wild-type cells and in scribKD cell loser status. I show that differential expression of E-cadherin between scribKD losers and wild-type winners is required but not sufficient for directed migration and has no impact on loser cell status. I also show that elevation of neither E-cadherin nor N-cadherin is sufficient to induce directed migration or loser status, but that P-cadherin may play a role in both. I next focus on translating findings about the molecular details of competition from the scribKD set-up into a system where p53 differences alone drive the formation and elimination of mechanical losers. I show that the ROCK - P-p38 - p53 pathway activated in response to mechanical compaction in scribKD cells is conserved in p53-driven losers. In the latter part of my thesis, I characterise the directed migration observed during MDCK competition by drawing parallels to canonical leader-follower migration. Canonical leader cells emerge when epithelial sheets are wounded and, by becoming migratory, drive collective cell migration of follower cells, which results in wound closure. It was not known what confers the leader cell fate. I show that p53 and its effector p21 (and potentially other cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors) are the key drivers of leader cell migration. I demonstrate that p53-induced leaders use the same molecular pathways that have been shown to drive leader cell migration during wound healing and, in fact, p53 and p21 are also elevated in leaders generated by wounding. Importantly, I establish that p53 activity drives efficient wound closure. Lastly, I show that leader cells are often eliminated by cell competition in the final stages of wound closure, as their elevated p53 mediates their hypersensitivity to density. The model incorporating these data proposes that cellular damage during wounding generates cells with elevated p53, which become leaders and drive wound healing, but these are then cleared once the wound is closed because their high p53 levels cause them to become mechanical losers.

A presente tese de doutorado trata da proposição de uma bateria de testes de medida de conteúdos pedagógicos (CP) no contexto de competições esportivas infantojuvenis. Foram considerados os CP do esporte mais citados pela literatura especializada: o desenvolvimento das habilidades motoras (HM), estratégico-tático (ET), socioeducativo (SE), de autonomia (Au), afetivo-social (AS) e democratização (De). A avaliação do quanto as competições esportivas contribuem para o desenvolvimento destes CP passa pela proposta de um novo instrumento de medida. Deste modo, esta tese teve como objetivo demonstrar as primeiras evidências de validade de uma bateria de testes de medida do favorecimento ao desenvolvimento de CP no esporte infantojuvenil, a qual é composta por seis escalas independentes, relativas a cada um dos CP: HM, ET, SE, Au, AS, De. Para tanto, no primeiro artigo, foi realizado uma revisão integrativa sobre estudos que apresentaram evidências de validade de instrumentos relacionados aos CP selecionados. Foi identificada a inexistência de modelos multidimensionais que avaliassem CP ou que tivessem a competição como elemento central da análise. No segundo artigo, foi elaborada a primeira versão da Bateria de Testes Gonçalves- Balbinotti de Favorecimento ao Desenvolvimento de Conteúdos Pedagógicos (BTGB-CP) e foram realizados cálculos de validade de conteúdo dos itens e da escala total para as dimensões Clareza de Linguagem (CL) e Pertinência Prática (PP), bem como medida a Dimensionalidade Teórica (DT) de cada item segundo a opinião de juízes-avaliadores bateria ficou reduzida a 59 itens com índices de validade de conteúdo (CVCCL = 0,942; CVCPP = 0,953) e concordância entre juízes (KDT = 0,822) satisfatórios. No terceiro artigo, foram estimadas as estruturas internas, testadas a estabilidade das estruturas internas e, por fim a fidedignidade de cada uma das seis escalas. Para tanto, foram executadas Modelagens de Equação Estrutural Exploratórias (ESEM) utilizando matrizes de correlação policóricas e foram computadas as consistências internas segundo os cálculos Alpha padronizado. Os resultados se mostraram satisfatórios conforme a estabilidade de suas respectivas estruturas e consistências internas. Por fim, no quarto artigo, foi proposto um novo modelo teórico-explicativo multidimensional, o qual foi testado a partir dos dados disponíveis. As correlações entre construtos demonstram a pertinência do modelo, a qual é suportada pelos índices de medida da estabilidade da estrutura do modelo segundo os dados disponíveis. Esta tese contribui, primeiramente, por demonstrar evidências de validade de seis escalas inéditas, as quais preenchem lacunas na avaliação de conteúdos pedagógicos. Ainda, contribui no ponto de vista teórico ao apresentar um detalhado modelo teórico-explicativo do construto geral relativo ao favorecimento ao desenvolvimento de CP no contexto esportivo infantojuvenil. / The present doctoral thesis deals with the proposition of a battery of measurement tests of pedagogical contents (PCs) in the context of youth sporting competitions. There were only considered the most evoked PCs of sports in the specialized literature: motor skills (MS), strategic/tactical (ST), socio-educative (SE), autonomy (Au), affective-social (AS) developments and democratization (De). The evaluation whether sporting competitions contribute to the development of these PCs comes after the proposition of a new measurement instrument. Thus, this thesis aimed to demonstrate the first evidences of validity of a battery of measurement tests of PCs’ development favoring in youth sports, which is composed by six independent scales, one for each PC: MS, ST , SE, Au, AS, De. Therefore, in the first article, an integrative review regarding studies, which presented evidences of validity of instruments related to the PCs, was carried out. It was identified a lack of multidimensional models which could evaluate PCs or that had sporting competitions as a central element of the analysis. In the second article, the first version of the Gonçalves-Balbinotti Battery of Tests of Pedagogical Contents’ Development Favoring (BTGB-CP) was elaborated and there were held the content validity calculations for each item and for the whole scale according to Language Clarity (LC), Practical Pertinence (PP) as well as Theoretical Dimensionality (TD) dimensions according to judges’ opinions. The battery was reduced to 59 items with satisfactory content validity (CVCLC = 0,942; CVCPP = 0,953) and judges agreement (KDT = 0,822) indices. In the third article, there were estimated the internal structures, tested the internal structures’ stability and the reliability of each one of the six scales Therefore, Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) using polychoric correlations were held and computed the internal consistency according to standardized Alpha. Results were satisfactory according to their respective internal structures and consistencies, indicating the relevance of the scales use. Lastly, in the fourth article, it was proposed a new theoretical-explanatory multidimensional model, which was tested based on the available data. Correlations between constructs demonstrate the model relevance, which is supported by the indices related to the model structure stability obtained with the available data. This thesis contributes, first, by demonstrating validity evidences of six new scales, which fill blanks regarding the evaluation of PCs. Furthermore, contributes from the theoretical point of view by presenting a detailed theoretical-explanatory model of the general construct related to PCs’ development favoring in the context of youth sports.

A indústria do software dispõe de características muito particulares, como a inexistência de muitos competidores em cada segmento, e ainda assim, ser um mercado caracterizado por muitas inovações. A mais nova, a nuvem, permite a entrada de muitas empresas que ingressam no mercado de software, competindo com as empresas tradicionais de software em microcomputadores. Com o intuito de analisar este mercado, este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar os determinantes e as características estratégicas que levam as empresas desenvolvedoras de software a adoção da computação em nuvem. Para a realização do estudo, inicia-se com uma revisão teórica sobre competição e sua aplicação na indústria da computação. Posteriormente, faz-se uma apresentação da indústria da computação, comparando, em cada período, movimentos competitivos dos atores em referência à literatura revisada. Em seguida, analisam-se os incentivos que motivam o movimento das fabricantes de software para a adoção da computação em nuvem, recorrendo a análises de viabilidade, como comparações de vendas de computadores versus celulares, utilização da internet por dispositivos móveis, índice de conectividade por país, e comparação de valor de mercado entre empresas de software on-premise e empresas de software em nuvem. O trabalho ainda faz menção a efeitos econômicos e sociais da computação em nuvem, como capacidade de sua adoção também por outras indústrias, que agora fazem uso de dispositivos que se conectam à internet para transmissão de dados, coletando informações para aperfeiçoar seus produtos. De uma maneira geral, o estudo concluiu que a indústria da computação tem características de mercados monopolísticos, com alta importância na externalidade de rede e fortes barreiras de entrada, atrelado a custos de distribuição e reprodução muito baixos. Isso explica ascensões muito rápidas de empresas e também rápidas maturidades de produtos e consequentemente, o declínio nas vendas. Deste declínio, surge a necessidade de uma mudança de tecnologia para que as vendas voltem a crescer. Assim, o trabalho conclui que o mercado está em ascensão com o modelo de computação em nuvem em virtude de muitas oportunidades, como o crescente uso de dispositivos móveis, que agora podem conectar-se à internet e disfrutar de softwares para incrementar sua usabilidade. Dessas oportunidades, concluímos ainda que a computação em nuvem fará com que o desenvolvimento do software não seja mais privilégio de empresas com este fim, mas outras indústrias também entrarão neste mercado. / The software industry has characteristics very particular, such the non-existence of many competitors in each segment, and despite that, it is a market characterized for presenting many innovations. The newest one, the cloud, is allowing the entrance of many companies in the software market, competing with traditional microcomputer software companies. With the idea to analyze this market, this study aims to analyze the incentives leading software providers to change their products and begin to offer them in cloud computing models. The study begins with a theoretical review of competition and its application to the information technology (IT) industry. Later, we introduce the IT industry, comparing competitive movements of the actors in different periods, in reference to the literature that we reviewed. Then, we analyze the incentives that stimulate software providers to adopt cloud computing by using feasibility studies, such as sales comparisons of computers vs. cell phones, Internet usage by mobile devices, global connectivity index, and a comparison of the market value growth between on-premise software companies and cloud software companies. The study also addresses economic and social effects of cloud computing, such as the ability of other industries to adopt cloud computing in order to create value in their products with the use of Internet-connected devices, which are able to transmit and collect data. Overall, the study found that the IT industry has peculiar characteristics, such as presence in monopolistic markets, high level of importance in the network externalities, and high barriers to entry, plus very low distribution and reproduction costs. This explains how companies grow and achieve a level of product maturity fast, which leads to a decrease in sales. Out of this decrease comes the need for a change of technology, so that sales will grow again. Therefore, the study concludes that the cloud computing market is ascending due to many opportunities, such as the growing use of mobile devices, which can connect to the Internet and increase its usage through software. By analyzing these opportunities, the study also concludes that cloud computing will make software development no longer a privilege of software companies, since other industries will also join the market.

Cette thèse a pour objectif de contribuer à la compréhension des marchés de télécommunications mobiles, en offrant un éclairage sur la façon dont la structure de marché, les investissements technologiques des acteurs et la règlementation ont affecté les prix des services, mais également en mesurant l’ampleur de l’inertie et de myopie du consommateur dans un environnement en mutation rapide. Le premier chapitre explore les déterminants de la baisse des prix en France entre 2011 et 2014.Basée sur une régression prix hédoniques, cette étude montre que l’introduction d’une nouvelle technologie et la concurrence sont à l’origine de la majeure partie de cette baisse des prix. Le deuxième chapitre questionne la façon dont la disponibilité croissante des offres sans terminal associé - sim-only - a affecté l’arbitrage intertemporel des consommateurs lors de leurs choix de forfait et de mobile. En estimant un modèle de choix discret basé sur un ensemble de combinaisons de forfaits et de terminaux,il est possible de capturer une mesure de la myopie des consommateurs. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que le niveau de myopie moyen a fortement diminué avec l’émergence des offres sim-only et converge vers une valeur proche de celles estimées pour des marchés différents, c’est-à-dire un niveau qui témoigne d’une sous-évaluation très modérée du futur. Le troisième chapitre propose une estimation de l’inertie des consommateurs lors de leurs choix de terminaux mobiles. En se basant sur un échantillon de consommateurs sim-only et en observant leurs choix de changement de terminal entre2012 et 2014, un modèle de choix discret permet d’estimer les coûts de changement entre marques de terminaux mais aussi entre systèmes d’exploitation. Un contrefactuel est ensuite réalisé pour simuler les parts de marchés de ces derniers en l’absence d’inertie des consommateurs. Celui-ci indique que la part de marché d'Android et celles des systèmes d'exploitation mineurs augmenteraient aux dépends de la part de marché d'IOS. / This thesis aims to contribute to the understanding of mobile telecommunication markets, in exploring how structure, technological investments of players and regulation have affected prices of services; but also in measuring the magnitude of consumer inertia and myopia in a rapidly evolving environment. The first chapter investigates determinants of mobile services price drop in France between 2011 and 2014.Based on a hedonic price regression, this study provides evidence of introduction of a new technology and competition being responsible for most of the price reduction. The second chapter questions howinter-temporal trade-off of consumers selecting a handset and a tariff has been affected by the increasing availability of sim-only contracts. Estimating a discrete choice model based on choice setswhich combine extensive number of tariffs and handsets, it is possible to capture an average level of consumer’s myopia. Results show myopia decreased along with emergence of sim-only contracts and converge towards a value which is close to what has been estimated in other markets, meaning consumers only exhibit a modest undervaluation of future. The third chapter measures the magnitude inertia in repeated choice of smartphones. Exploiting data of handset switchings between 2012 and 2014 of sim-only consumers, we estimate discrete choice models to estimate switching costs between brandsand operating systems. We then rely on our model to simulate market shares without inertia and showthat the market share of Android and smaller operating systems would increase at the expense of the market share of iOS.

An undertaking enjoying a dominant position on the internal market has many possibilities to flourish and develop. One way of increasing market power is to expand business activities to downstream markets. An undertaking that is dominant on the upstream market can thus take advantage of its dominance when engaging in business conduct on the downstream market. However, taking advantage of such a position can in some circumstances lead to an infringement of Article 102 TFEU. Recent cases from the EU courts and the EU Commission have, however, demonstrated uncertainties concerning the ways in which the article should be applied.   The purpose of the thesis has been to examine different approaches towards the application of Article 102 TFEU in situations where vertically integrated dominant undertakings are favouring their own downstream operations to the prejudice of competitors. The research question concerns whether there exists a general duty for vertically integrated dominant undertakings not to discriminate in favour of their own downstream operations.   The overall theme of the thesis is the difficulties in drawing a line between legitimate business strategies and abusive business conduct. When intervening against businesses, competition authorities have an important task in balancing the potentially conflicting interests of free competition and counteracting market imperfections. While it is important to encourage business development and innovation, it is also vital to ensure the functioning of the internal market. Discussions concerning these ideas are being held with reference to case law from the EU courts as well as from decisions and statements from the European Commission.   The findings of the thesis show that there has been a noteworthy inconsistency in the application of Article 102 TFEU. A discrepancy in the approaches towards the article has been found, both concerning the main goals of the article as well as the circumstances in which it should be applied. The conclusion is that it is not possible to state that there is a general duty not to discriminate in favour of an undertaking’s own downstream operations. Nevertheless, indications in the direction of such a duty do exist. Finally, the outcome of the analysis suggests that the inconsistency and ambiguities in the law enforcement can result in an infringement of legal certainty.

Företagande och entreprenörskap har under 2000-talet fått allt större genomslagskraft isamhällsdebatterna och antalet nystartade företag inom tjänstesektorn har ökat markant. Denökade globaliseringen har bidragit till att fler aktörer väljer att etablera sina verksamheter påinternationella marknader och bidrar därigenom till en ökad konkurrens.Syftet med uppsatsen är att ur ett företagsekonomiskt perspektiv. Utifrån ämnenaentreprenörskap och entreprenöriellt agerande har vi undersökt bakomliggande motiv tillvarför entreprenörer väljer att etablera affärsverksamheter på marknader med hög konkurrens.För att besvara vår forskningsfråga, varför väljer man att starta affärsverksamheter på enmarknad med hög konkurrens, har vi utgått ifrån en kvalitativ ansats och använt oss av trefallföretag i form av språkskolor i Alicante, Spanien. Vi har intervjuat de entreprenörer somhar varit med och grundat språkskolorna samt genomfört observationer på entreprenörernabakom en av skolorna. Vidare har vi studerat relevant litteratur och forskningsartiklar inomämnet för att skapa oss en större kunskap och förståelse för studieämnet.Vi kan av studien dra slutsatser att entreprenörerna på fallföretagen inte upplevde den högakonkurrensen som ett hot. Den sågs snarare som någonting positivt och nyttig för marknadensom helhet. Något som utmärkte entreprenörerna i studien var att de angav destinationen somen stark drivkraft. De tog även upp behovet av självstyre som ett starkt motiv till att startaaffärsverksamhet.