A manipulação de medicamentos pode ser considerada a essência da profissão farmacêutica. Os produtos manipulados são destinados a um indivíduo e, por essa razão, eles são considerados uma importante ferramenta na terapêutica. Entretanto, de acordo com a literatura, a ausência de comprovação científica quanto à segurança e eficácia clínica desses medicamentos faz com que os profissionais de saúde assumam um risco toda vez que um medicamento manipulado é dispensado. Com a finalidade de regular esse setor, a ANVISA aprovou o Regulamento Técnico de Boas Práticas de Manipulação em Farmácia BPMF a RDC 67/2007, a qual tem sido criticada devido aos seus exigentes requisitos para as farmácias comunitárias. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram identificar os riscos sanitários, seus efeitos e impactos na tríade qualidade-segurança-eficácia e as medidas de controle que podem ser aplicadas para reduzir os riscos identificados, a fim de verificar se tais medidas de controle se constituem como requerimentos de BPMF. Este trabalho, considerado teórico-conceitual, foi elaborado com base em uma pesquisa documental, por meio da hermenêutica da RDC 67/2007, do desenvolvimento e aplicação da ferramenta Análise de Perigos, Efeitos e Medidas de Controle e da pesquisa bibliográfica, a qual auxiliou na identificação dos riscos sanitários e das medidas de controle. Os resultados mostraram que os processos envolvidos na manipulação de medicamentos em farmácia apresentam riscos sanitários que podem ser reduzidos por meio de medidas de controle que, em sua maioria, são requisitos regulatórios da RDC 67/2007. Entretanto, existem algumas medidas de controle, tais como validação de software e de limpeza, qualificação de todos os equipamentos utilizados na manipulação e no controle de qualidade que não são cobertos pelas Boas Práticas de Manipulação brasileiras e que alguns dos requisitos das BPMF precisam ser revistos para evitar erros de interpretação e para facilitar a implantação do Sistema de Gestão da Qualidade. Conclui-se, portanto, que para garantir a tríade qualidade-segurança-eficácia dos medicamentos manipulados é mais do que o Saber-Fazer galênico dos farmacêuticos. É necessário conhecer os riscos sanitários envolvidos na manipulação, suas conseqüências, seus impactos e as medidas de controle, a fim de que seja criada uma cultura organizacional de gestão do risco por meio de um sistema de gestão da qualidade implantado e mantido com o propósito de manter os riscos sanitários sob controle. / Pharmaceutical compounding is the essence of pharmaceutical profession. Compounded drug products are addressed to an individual patient and for this reason they are considered an important tool in therapeutics. However, the literature states that the absence of scientific confirmation of clinical safety and efficacy, as required to the manufactured drug products, make the health professionals to assume a sanitary risk each time a compounded drug product is dispensed. In order to regulate this market, ANVISA approved the brazilian Good Compounding Practices RDC 67/2007, which are being criticized due to their hard requirements for community pharmacies. The objectives of this work were to identify the sanitary risks, the impact and effect of them in quality-safety-efficacy triad and the control measures that can be applied to reduce the identified risks, in order to see if these control measures are requirements of Good Compounding Practices. This work, considered theoretical-conceptual, was written based on the documental research and hermeneutics of RDC 67/2007, the development and application of the tool Hazard-Effect Analysis and Control Measures and the bibliographic research, which aided in the identification of sanitary risks and control measures. The results showed that the pharmaceutical compounding process encompass sanitary risks that can be reduced through some control measures that are most related to the regulatory requirements of RDC 67/2007. However, there are some control measures, such as software and cleaning validation, the qualification of all equipments used in compounding/quality control, that are not covered by the brazilian Good Compounding Practices and some requirements of them need to be reviewed in order to avoid misunderstanding errors and facilitate the implementation of the Quality Management System. We conclude that to assure the quality-safety-efficacy triad of compounded drug products is necessary more than the galenic know-how of the pharmacists. Is necessary to know the sanitary risks in pharmaceutical compounding, their impact, effects and control measures, in order to create an organizational culture of risk management though a Quality Management System implemented and monitored designed to keep the sanitary risks under control.

O objetivo geral desta dissertação é fornecer um quadro amplo da formação dos compostos nas línguas naturais, deflagrando o que deve ser visto como universal em sua formação e o que deve ser visto como particular às línguas. Partindo de uma língua específica, o português brasileiro, demonstramos como a composição se estabelece em um sistema particular, e, no contraste entre as propriedades de seus dados e as propriedades atestadas nesse processo em trabalhos taxonômicos e tipológicos, delineamos as fronteiras entre o geral e o específico. Admitimos que sejam duas as propriedades universais da composição que devem ser abarcadas em um sistema gerativo: (i) o estabelecimento de uma relação gramatical entre os membros de um composto, a saber, uma relação de subordinação, atribuição ou coordenação fato bem comprovado translinguisticamente nos trabalhos de Bisetto e Scalise (2005), Guevara e Scalise (2009), e Scalise e Bisetto (2009) , e (ii) a criação de um domínio categorial acima de dois núcleos complexos conectados em determinada relação gramatical, o qual garante que uma estrutura complexa quase-sentencial seja interpretada como uma única unidade sintática. O particular nesse processo de formação de palavras reside no modo como as línguas naturais emolduram morfologicamente seus compostos, ou se a partir de uma combinação entre radicais, ou se a partir de uma combinação entre palavras, bem como os processos fonológicos que determinam a composição em um sistema linguístico específico. Essa assunção é evidenciada pela variedade de estruturas morfológicas encontrada nos compostos translinguisticamente, e pela assistematicidade de processos fonológicos que se aplicam nos compostos a fim de demarcá-los em uma língua. Para explicar esses fatos, assumimos um modelo não-lexicalista de gramática, a Morfologia Distribuída (cf. HALLE; MARANTZ, 1993; EMBICK; NOYER, 2007), e, com base nesse aparato teórico, demonstramos que as propriedades universais da composição são diretamente abarcadas no componente sintático. As relações gramaticais, primeiramente, são formalizadas através dos tipos de aplicação da operação Merge, tal como definidos em Chomsky (2000, 2004), nomeadamente, set-Merge e pair-Merge, enquanto que o domínio categorial é formado a partir da concatenação de um núcleo definidor de categoria acima de duas ou mais raízes categorizadas. As estruturas morfológicas, por sua vez, serão emolduradas pós-sintaticamente, nos componentes morfológico e fonológico da gramática, onde a variação translinguística se processa. Para tanto, argumentamos que a informação de classe carrega um papel importante na variação estrutural dos compostos translinguisticamente, pois será a presença ou ausência dessa informação que determinará quando uma raiz sintática será um radical ou uma palavra, distribuindo, desse modo, as estruturas sintáticas dos compostos em combinações morfológicas variadas / The main goal of this thesis is to provide a broad picture of compounding in natural languages, triggering what should be considered universal and what should be considered languagespecific in this word formation process. Starting from a particular language, Brazilian Portuguese, we demonstrate how compounding is established in a linguistic system, and by the contrast of the properties present in its compounds with the attested properties provided in taxonomic and typological works on the subject, we outline the boundaries between what is general and what is specific to this language. We argue that there are two universal properties of compounding that should be accounted for a generative system: (i) the establishment of a grammatical relation between the constituents of a compound, namely subordination, attribution and coordination a crosslinguistically well-proven fact in the works of Bisetto and Scalise (2005), Guevara and Scalise (2009) and Scalise and Bisetto (2009) and (ii) the formation of a categorial domain above two constituents connected in a specific grammatical relation, which ensures that a quasi-sentential structure will be interpreted as a single syntactic unit. What is language-specific in this word formation process lies in how languages frame their compounds in morphological structures, whether in a combination of stems or in a combination of words, as well as the phonological processes that specify compounding in some linguistic systems. This assumption finds evidence in the variety of morphological structures found in compounds through the languages of the world, and in the unsystematicity of phonological processes that apply to compounds to demarcate it in a particular language. In order to explain all the above-mentioned facts, we assume a non-lexicalist approach to grammar, the Distributed Morphology framework (see HALLE; MARANTZ, 1993; EMBICK; NOYER, 2007), and based on its tenets we demonstrate that the universal properties of compounding are straightforwardly accounted for the syntactic component of the grammar. Primarily, the grammatical relations are formalized through the nature of the operation Merge, as defined in Chomsky (2000, 2004), namely, set-Merge and pair-Merge, while the categorial domain is created by the concatenation of a category-defining head above two or more categorized roots. The morphological structures of the compounds will be framed post-syntactically at the morphological and phonological components, where crosslinguistic variation takes place. To this end, we argue that class marker information plays an important role in the variation of compounds morphological structure crosslinguistically, since it will be the absence or the presence of this feature that will define whether a syntactic root will be externalized as a stem or as a word, distributing this way the syntactic structure of a compound in various morphological combinations

Trilostane is a synthetic steroid analog used to treat canine hyperadrenocorticism. For small dogs, the dose found in commercially available dosage forms of trilostane is sometimes too high. Compounding trilostane in a liquid diluent provides an option for more precise dosing and adjustments, and can be easier to administer, versus a tablet or capsule. Trilostane suspends well in cod liver oil, which is generally palatable to dogs. The stability of a compounded trilostane suspension in cod liver oil stored at room temperature was investigated for 90 days. Compounded trilostane retained stability, defined as maintaining 90–105% labeled value, for 60 days when stored in amber glass bottles. However, drug potency fell >10% below the labeled value when stored in amber plastic bottles after 7 days.

In this study, the effects of organoclay loading, compatibilizer loading and polyethylene type on the morphology, rheology, thermal properties and mechanical properties of polyethylene/compatibilizer/organoclay nanocomposites were investigated. As compatibilizer, terpolymer of ethylene-methacrylate-glycidyl methacrylate (Lotader&reg / AX8900), as organoclay Cloisite&reg / 15A were used. All samples were prepared by a co-rotating twin screw extruder, followed by injection molding. Considering ternary nanocomposites, highest impact strength results were obtained with 10% compatibilizer plus 2% organoclay / highest yield stress, elastic modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus were obtained with 5% compatibilizer plus 4-6% organoclay. DSC data indicated that addition of organoclay and compatibilizer did not change the melting point remarkably / on the other hand it affected the crystallinity. The organoclay used had no nucleation effect on polyethylene, and the compatibilizer decreased the crystallinity of the matrix. X-ray diffraction showed that in all ternary nanocomposites and in binary nanocomposite of high density polyethylene with organoclay, layer separation associated with intercalation of the clay structure occurred,. The highest increase of interlayer gallery spacing was obtained with 10% compatibilizer plus 2% organoclay, which were 25%, 28% and 27% for HDPE, LLDPE and LDPE matrices respectively.

Η παρούσα εργασία εστιάζει στον τρόπο επεξεργασίας των σύνθετων λέξεων της Νέας Ελληνικής (ΝΕ) στην Πρωτοπαθή Προοδευτική Αφασία με αγραμματικό λόγο (ΠΠΑ-α). Οι μέχρι τώρα έρευνες επικεντρώνονται κυρίως σε κλινικές περι- πτώσεις αφασίας από κάποια εστιακή εγκεφαλική βλάβη (ΕΑ), ενώ η ΠΠΑ δεν έχει μελετηθεί ως προς το ζήτημα αυτό τόσο στη ΝΕ όσο και διαγλωσσικά. Στόχο, λοι- πόν, της συγκεκριμένης εργασίας αποτελεί η εξέταση του κατά πόσο ελληνόφωνοι ασθενείς με ΠΠΑ-α παρουσιάζουν ελλείμματα στην κατονομασία σύνθετων λέξεων. Μέθοδος: Διεξαγωγή πειράματος κατονομασίας μέσω ορισμού (naming on definition task), το οποίο αφορά την κατονομασία σύνθετων λέξεων της ΝΕ. Συμμετέχοντες: 2 ΠΠΑ-α ασθενείς (ο πρώτος σε πιο πρώιμο στάδιο της ΠΠΑ-α σε σχέση με το δεύτερο) και 2 άτομα που συνιστούν την ομάδα ελέγχου (controls). Πειραματικό υλικό: 71 σύνθετα της ΝΕ, 45 υποτακτικά (π.χ. μολυβοθήκη, μαυροπί- νακας, σιγοτραγουδώ), 15 παρατακτικά (π.χ. αλατοπίπερο, βορειοδυτικός) και 11 εξωκεντρικά (π.χ. κοκκινομάλλης, κακόγουστος).Υποθέσεις: Σύμφωνα με τα πορίσματα της τρέχουσας βιβλιογραφίας, ασθενείς με αγραμματικού τύπου ΕΑ και ΠΠΑ-α εμφανίζουν παρόμοια επίδοση σε πειράματα που ελέγχουν τη μορφοσύνταξη (Thompson et al.). Έτσι, αναμένεται να έχουν εξί- σου παρόμοια επίδοση και όσον αφορά την επεξεργασία συνθέτων, αφού η σύνθεση αποτελεί μία αμιγώς μορφολογική διαδικασία. Βάσει του παραπάνω παραλληλι- σμού, υποθέτουμε πως οι ΠΠΑ-α ασθενείς θα κατονομάζουν ευκολότερα τα σημα- σιολογικά διαφανή σύνθετα (πρώτη υπόθεση), θα διατηρούν τη γνώση της δομής του συνθέτου (δεύτερη υπόθεση), θα διατηρούν τα όρια των επιμέρους συστατικών σε πιθανά λάθη υποκατάστασης ή παράλειψης (τρίτη υπόθεση), και θα προβαίνουν σε ανάκληση του συνθέτου μέσω τεμαχισμού στα επιμέρους συστατικά του (τέταρτηυπόθεση). Τέλος, αν το συστατικό-κεφαλή έχει κάποιο βασικό ρόλο στη διαδικασία της κατονομασίας, αναμένονται συστηματικά περισσότερα λάθη σε αυτό το συστα- τικό (πέμπτη υπόθεση). Ακόμη, στο επίκεντρο του ενδιαφέροντος βρίσκονται και κάποια επιπλέον ερωτήματα που αφορούν το αν και κατά πόσο υπάρχει όντως σύ- γκλιση μεταξύ της ΠΠΑ-α και της ΕΑ-α στην κατονομασία σύνθετων λέξεων, το αν υπάρχει συσχέτιση μεταξύ του είδους/αριθμού των λαθών και του τύπου συνθέτου και το αν υφίστανται πρόβλημα με συστατικά συγκεκριμένης γραμματικής κατηγο- ρίας. Αποτελέσματα: Τα αποτελέσματα του πειράματος ανέδειξαν σημαντικές διαφορές στην επίδοση των δύο ασθενών. Ειδικότερα, ο πρώτος ασθενης είχε περισσότερα λάθη υποκατάστασης, τα οποία σηματοδοτούν επίγνωση της σύνθετης δομής και ανάκληση του συνθέτου μέσω τεμαχισμού στα επιμέρους συστατικά του. Αντίθετα, η δεύτερη ασθενής είχε περισσότερα λάθη περίφρασης και απάντησης με μία λέξη- λέξημα, ενώ ο στόχος ήταν η απάντηση με σύνθετη λέξη. Έτσι, τα λάθη της δεύ- τερης ασθενούς παραπέμπουν σε μη επίγνωση της σύνθετης δομής και σε μία πιο ολιστική διαδικασία ανάκλησης του συνθέτου. Τέλος, τα περισσότερα λάθη και των δύο ασθενών έγιναν σε υποτακτικά σύνθετα της γραμματικής κατηγορίας του ονό- ματος, ενώ δεν εντοπίστηκε επίδραση τόσο της σημασιολογικής διαφάνειας όσο και της μορφολογικής κεφαλής. Συμπεράσματα: Από την ανάλυση των αποτελεσμάτων γίνεται σαφές πως το στά- διο της διαταραχής καθορίζει και το είδος των γλωσσικών ελλειμμάτων. Συγκεκρι- μένα, στα πρώιμα στάδια της ΠΠΑ-α εμφανίζονται γλωσσικά ελλείμματα τα οποία συγκλίνουν με αυτά της ΕΑ-α, ενώ σε μετέπειτα στάδια η ικανότητα κατονομασίας πλήττεται σοβαρά διαμορφώνοντας ένα ιδιαίτερο κλινικό προφίλ, το οποίο δεν φαί- νεται να συγκλίνει ξεκάθαρα με κάποιον άλλο παθολογικό πληθυσμό. Αναλυτικό- τερα, στα αρχικά στάδια το πρόβλημα εδράζεται στην ενεργοποίηση της φωνολο- γικής μορφής της λέξης, ενώ οι μορφολογικοί κανόνες φαίνεται ότι διατηρούνται (γνώση της σύνθετης δομής, ορίων των συστατικών). Αντίθετα, σε μετέπειτα στά- δια το πρόβλημα εντοπίζεται στην ενεργοποίηση τόσο της φωνολογικής όσο και της μορφολογικής δομής του συνθέτου. Σε ό,τι αφορά τα υποτακτικά σύνθετα, η αυξη- μένη δυσκολία που δημιουργούν μπορεί να συσχετιστεί με τη λειτουργική σχέση των επιμέρους συστατικών τους. Εν κατακλείδι, η παρούσα εργασία αποτελεί μία πρώτη προσπάθεια μελέτης της σύνθεσης στην ΠΠΑ-α. Η ανάλυση των αποτελεσμάτων έφερε στο φως μία σειρά από γλωσσικά ελλείμματα, τα οποία αναμένεται να ελεγχθούν σε μεγαλύτερο δείγμα ΠΠΑ-α ασθενών για τον καθορισμό ασφαλέστερων συμπερασμάτων. / The present study is focused on the agrammatic variant of Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA-a), which is a language impairment caused by neurodegenerative disease and characterized by difficulties in processing the grammatical aspects of speech (Mesulam, 2013). PPA-a has not examined about the grammatical deficits in Modern Greek (MG). Therefore, the aim of the present study is to examine if the Greek-speaking individuals with PPA-a have problems in naming compound words in MG. Procedure: Naming definition task of compound words in MG. Participants: Two patients with PPA-a (the first patient is in earlier stage of the disease than the other patient). Stimulus set: 71 compounds in MG, 45 subordinate compounds (e.g. [molivo’θici]>pencil case, [mavro’pinakas]>blackboard), 15 coordinate compounds (e.g. [alato’pipero]>salt and pepper, [vorioδiti’kos]>northwest) and 11 exocentric compounds (e.g. [kokkino’malis]>redhead, [ka’koγustos]>vulgar/tasteless). Hypotheses: According to the recent bibliography, agrammatic patients caused by stroke (StrAgr) and PPA-a patients have common performance in tasks which examine the morphosyntax (Thompson et al. 2013). So, PPA-a is expected to have the same deficits with StrAgr in naming compounds, given that compounding is a pure morphological procedure. Specifically, we expected compound effect, semantic transparency effect and lexical access through decomposition. Results: The error analysis showed differences in the performance of the two patients respect to the stage of the disease. Specifically, in the early stage substitution errors were occurred, supporting compound effect and a view of lexical access through decomposition. On the contrary, noncomposed semantic paraphasias and single words errors were occurred mainly at a later stage , indicating a more holistic access. Finally, the most errors were in subordinate compounds, whereas no effect of headedness and semantic transparency were found. Discussion: The results produce clear evidence that the stage of the PPA-a can affect the kind of the linguistic deficits. Specifically, in the initial stages, the linguistic deficits resemble with those of StrAgr patients with problems in the activation of the phonological form of the compound, whereas the morphological rules are intact. On the other hand, the naming competence is more impaired and distinctly different from other pathological populations at a later stage. Specifically, there are problems in the activation of both the phonological and the morphological compound forms. Finally, the increased difficulty with subordinate compounds will be correlated with the grammatical relations holding between the constituents.

Στη μεταπτυχιακή αυτή διατριβή αμφισβητώ την ευρέως διαδεδομένη άποψη ότι η διάκριση ανάμεσα σε ενδοκεντρικά και εξωκεντρικά σύνθετα είναι κατ’ εξοχήν σημασιολογική (βλ. μεταξύ άλλων Bauer 2009: 350). Αντιθέτως, ακολουθώντας τους Ralli & Andreou (2010), προτείνω ότι η συγκεκριμένη διάκριση είναι δομική. Για να υποστηρίξω τους ισχυρισμούς και τις προτάσεις μου, παραθέτω δεδομένα από την Κυπριακή και την Κοινή Νέα Ελληνική. Καταρχάς, υποστηρίζω ότι η εξωκεντρικότητα δεν είναι ένα περιθωριακό φαινόμενο στη σύνθεση, δεδομένου ότι διάφορες γλωσσικές ποικιλίες, μεταξύ των οποίων και η Κυπριακή, επιδεικνύουν υψηλό βαθμό παραγωγικότητας εξωκεντρικών συνθέτων. Ακολούθως, υποστηρίζω ότι η σημασιολογία δεν μπορεί να μας οδηγήσει σε ασφαλή συμπεράσματα ούτε για την κατηγοριοποίηση των εξωκεντρικών, αλλά ούτε και για τη διάκριση ανάμεσα σε ενδοκεντρικότητα και εξωκεντρικότητα. Επιπρόσθετα, σε αντίθεση με τους Scalise et al. (2009), δείχνω ότι τα μορφολογικά χαρακτηριστικά, όπως για παράδειγμα το γένος και η κλιτική τάξη, δεν μπορούν να ορίσουν την εξωκεντρικότητα. Καταληκτικά, προτείνω ότι η ενδοκεντρικότητα και η εξωκεντρικότητα είναι επιφαινόμενα της σειράς εφαρμογής των διαδικασιών σχηματισμού λέξεων, σύνθεσης και παραγωγής. Με βάση την πρόταση αυτή, ένα σύνθετο είναι εξωκεντρικό όταν η σύνθεση και η παραγωγή οι οποίες συνεμφανίζονται (co-occur) σε ένα μορφολογικά πολύπλοκο πρωτογενή σχηματισμό, αλληλεπιδρούν με τέτοιο τρόπο ώστε η παραγωγή να έπεται της σύνθεσης. Αντίθετα, ένα σύνθετο είναι ενδοκεντρικό όταν περιλαμβάνει μόνο σύνθεση ή όταν συμπεριλαμβάνει παραγωγή και σύνθεση με αυτή τη σειρά. / In this MA thesis, I challenge the widely accepted view that the distinction between endocentric and exocentric compounds is fundamentally semantic (see, among others, Bauer 2009: 350). Following Ralli & Andreou (2010), I propose, instead, that this is a structural distinction. I illustrate my claims and proposals by using data from Greek and Cypriot Greek. First, I challenge the widespread view that exocentric compounds do not belong to the productive word-formation mechanism given that exocentricity in a number of linguistic varieties, Cypriot included, is very productive. In addition, I show that semantics cannot be a safe criterion for either classifying exocentric compounds into various categories or distinguishing between endocentric and exocentric compounds. Moreover, I argue that morphological features, e.g. gender and inflection class, cannot define exocentricity, in the way Scalise et al. (2009) have proposed. Finally, I suggest that exocentricity might be an epiphenomenon of the order of application of the two word-formation processes, according to which, when compounding and derivation co-occur within the same morphologically-complex item, compounding precedes derivation. In contrast, a structure is endocentric, if it contains only compounding, or involves derivation and compounding, in this particular order.

Η παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή διατριβή αναλύει δύο βασικά είδη αλληλουχιών [Ονομ(ατικό)+Ονομ(ατικό)] στις Αλταϊκές γλώσσες: 1) Απλές αλληλουχίες [ονομ.+ονομ.] και 2) αλληλουχίες [ονομ.+ονομ.] με συγκεκριμένη κατάληξη (θεωρείται ότι η συγκεκριμένη κατάληξη προέρχεται από τη γενική/κτητική του Γ’ ενικού) που ανάλογα με τη γλώσσα/γλωσσική υποομάδα μπορεί να εμφανιστεί είτε στο τέλος της αλληλουχίας, είτε ανάμεσα στα δύο συστατικά. Και τα δύο είδη αλληλουχιών ονομάζονται, λανθασμένα, ‘σύνθετα’ στη βιβλιογραφία. Ως προς την πρώτη κατηγορία αλληλουχιών ([ονομ.+ονομ.]), υποστηρίζω ότι όλες οι αλληλουχίες αυτές δεν είναι σύνθετα. Το λανθασμένο γεγονός ότι αυτές οι αλληλουχίες ονομάζονται σύνθετα είναι το αποτέλεσμα ενός ευρύτερου λάθους: ότι όλες οι αναλύσεις αποδέχονταν κατηγορηματικώς ότι στις Αλταϊκές γλώσσες υπάρχουν δύο διαφορετικές λεξικές κατηγορίες, ουσιαστικά και επίθετα. Υποστηρίζω ότι σε αυτές τις γλώσσες αντί για δύο ξεχωριστές λεξικές κατηγορίες, υπάρχει μόνο μια κατηγορία η οποία είναι η κατηγορία των ονοματικών. Τα μέλη αυτής της κατηγορίας παρουσιάζουν λιγότερα ή περισσότερα επιθετικά ή ουσιαστικά χαρακτηριστικά. Ακολούθως, υποστηρίζω ότι αυτές οι αλληλουχίες [ονομ.+ονομ.] πρέπει να ταξινομηθούν σε ένα συνεχές ως σύνθετα, δομήσεις και φράσεις οι οποίες διαφέρουν ως προς το πως συμπεριφέρονται σε κάποια συγκεκριμένα μορφοσυντακτικά κριτήρια. Ως προς τη δεύτερη κατηγορία αλληλουχιών ([ονομ.(-κατάληξη)+ονομ.(-κατάληξη)]), υποστηρίζω ότι η σωστή φύση των αλληλουχιών αυτών μπορεί να αποκαλυφθεί αν αναλυθούν ως Αναφορικά-δομήματα και Τροποποιητικά-δομήματα. Επίσης υποστηρίζω ότι αυτές οι αλληλουχίες είναι είτε σύνθετα, είτε δομήσεις, είτε φράσεις. Οι γλωσσικές υποομάδες (οι Τουρκικές, οι Μογγολικές, οι (Μαντσού-)Τούγγουζ γλώσσες) διαφοροποιούνται ως προς το σε ποιο είδους δομημάτων (Αναφορικά ή Τροποποιητικά) εμφανίζονται οι φράσεις, οι δομήσεις και τα σύνθετα. Τα αποτελέσματα της εργασίας έχουν επιπτώσεις τόσο για τη Αλταϊκή θεωρία, όσο και για την διεπαφή ανάμεσα στη σύνταξη και τη μορφολογία. / This MA thesis analyzes two types of Nominal+Nominal([N+N]) concatenations in Turkish which are termed in literature as compounds: 1)bare [N+N] concatenations and [N+N] concatenations with a certain suffix which emerges, depending on the language sub-family- either on the right periphery of the concatenation or between the constituents. Regarding the first group, I propose that the erroneous naming of these concatenations as compounds stems from a wider mistake of accepting, a pripori, the existence of two distinct lexical categories as nouns and adjectives.First, I prove that in fact in Altaic languages there is only one category "nominals" the members of which stand on a continuum in terms of their noun-like or adjective-like feature. Then, regarding this and by certain morpho-syntactic tests I find out that [N+N] concatenations also form a continuum of compounds to phrases where there is a range of constrcuts in between. Regarding the second type of concatenations, I first classify them as Modificational and Referential constructs. Subsequently I find out that the members of each construct behave diffeently in certain morpho-syntactic tests, which renders that these concatenations should be handled as a compounds-constrcuts-phrases continuum as well. However, I find out that the language sub-groups differ dramatically in terms of which type of constructs (Modificational or Referential) include true compounds. Finally, I analyze the nature of the certain suffix which is traditionally accepted to have originated from a third person possessive marker. The thesis bears insights for the morphology syntax interface as well as for the Altaic theory.

A transposição dos agentes terapêuticos da esfera do conhecimento tradicional para a abrangência dos cuidados institucionalizados de atenção à saúde pressupõe responsabilidades dos executores destas ações. Esta premissa é aplicável também aos medicamentos oriundos de plantas medicinais. Deste modo, este trabalho foi elaborado a partir da constatação da inexistência de norma nacional específica para produção de medicamentos enquadrados como fitoterápicos, em escala magistral, no âmbito do serviço público de atendimento à saúde, mais especificamente no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). O emprego destes medicamentos, no entanto, é estimulado em diversas políticas públicas de saúde. Assim sendo, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi a de propor legislação sanitária para a cadeia destes produtos incorporando-os às ações do SUS. A metodologia da pesquisa teve características qualitativas e quantitativas, com o intuito de conhecer a realidade já instalada em algumas regiões do país e no mundo. Além da pesquisa documental em sítios eletrônicos de órgãos oficiais brasileiros e internacionais foi realizada coleta de dados pela aplicação de questionário estruturado com perguntas fechadas, em serviços públicos estaduais e municipais, que utilizam esta alternativa terapêutica. Os dados provenientes dos questionários e de visitas aos serviços foram analisados sob uma perspectiva exploratória. A partir destes dados foram avaliadas as fontes de risco das diversas fases de obtenção de um medicamento fitoterápico manipulado, empregando ferramentas da gestão do risco à qualidade, em especial a análise do modo de falha e seus efeitos (FMEA). Esta estratégia apontou os passos referentes à especificação, ao uso e à análise da matéria-prima de origem vegetal como os de maior relevância no sistema. Utilizando os resultados obtidos nestas três etapas foi elaborada a proposta de Regulamento Técnico de Boas Práticas para Manipulação de Fitoterápicos aplicável à rede pública de saúde, seguindo o modelo utilizado pelo órgão sanitário regulador nacional. A norma prevê cuidados que partem da matéria-prima vegetal, à sua manufatura e controle de qualidade em Oficinas Farmacêuticas, e sua dispensação. / The transposition from traditional to institutional health care system presumes the assumption of responsibilities from the executers of such actions. This prerogative is also valid for phytomedicines. From this point of view, this research was done due to the lack of a specific nationwide legislation for the production of herbal medicines at pharmacy level in the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS), although the use of such products is stimulated by several governmental health policies. Therefore, the aim of this work was to propose regulatory instruments for the whole chain of herbal drugs, incorporating them to the actions of the SUS in order to provide a rational and safe access of the population to such products. The research methodology was based on qualitative and quantitative investigative techniques, intending the knowledge of the existing services in the country and abroad. Further to the documental research in electronic sites from Brazilian and International governmental and nongovernmental organizations, data were collected using a structured questionnaire containing closed questions applied to Brazilian Health Units in State and County level which employ such therapeutic agents. In some cases individual interviews were done by visiting several units. The results from the questionnaires and local evaluations were first analyzed under an exploratory perspective. From the organized data and results a flowchart comprising all the points of the phytotherapy system was made and evaluated according to a risk analyses management process, using as tool mainly the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis. As the most critical stages the analyses pointed out the issues regarding the herbal raw material. The output of these three research steps allowed the proposition of a Technical Guideline of Good Compounding Practices for Phytomedicines applied to the SUS, following the models prescribed by the national regulatory board. The guideline contains attempts intended for the herbal raw-material, compounding and quality control directives to be fulfilled by pharmaceutical officines, and also indications concerning the correct dispensing of the phtytomedicines and the treatment efficacy tracking.

A transposição dos agentes terapêuticos da esfera do conhecimento tradicional para a abrangência dos cuidados institucionalizados de atenção à saúde pressupõe responsabilidades dos executores destas ações. Esta premissa é aplicável também aos medicamentos oriundos de plantas medicinais. Deste modo, este trabalho foi elaborado a partir da constatação da inexistência de norma nacional específica para produção de medicamentos enquadrados como fitoterápicos, em escala magistral, no âmbito do serviço público de atendimento à saúde, mais especificamente no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). O emprego destes medicamentos, no entanto, é estimulado em diversas políticas públicas de saúde. Assim sendo, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi a de propor legislação sanitária para a cadeia destes produtos incorporando-os às ações do SUS. A metodologia da pesquisa teve características qualitativas e quantitativas, com o intuito de conhecer a realidade já instalada em algumas regiões do país e no mundo. Além da pesquisa documental em sítios eletrônicos de órgãos oficiais brasileiros e internacionais foi realizada coleta de dados pela aplicação de questionário estruturado com perguntas fechadas, em serviços públicos estaduais e municipais, que utilizam esta alternativa terapêutica. Os dados provenientes dos questionários e de visitas aos serviços foram analisados sob uma perspectiva exploratória. A partir destes dados foram avaliadas as fontes de risco das diversas fases de obtenção de um medicamento fitoterápico manipulado, empregando ferramentas da gestão do risco à qualidade, em especial a análise do modo de falha e seus efeitos (FMEA). Esta estratégia apontou os passos referentes à especificação, ao uso e à análise da matéria-prima de origem vegetal como os de maior relevância no sistema. Utilizando os resultados obtidos nestas três etapas foi elaborada a proposta de Regulamento Técnico de Boas Práticas para Manipulação de Fitoterápicos aplicável à rede pública de saúde, seguindo o modelo utilizado pelo órgão sanitário regulador nacional. A norma prevê cuidados que partem da matéria-prima vegetal, à sua manufatura e controle de qualidade em Oficinas Farmacêuticas, e sua dispensação. / The transposition from traditional to institutional health care system presumes the assumption of responsibilities from the executers of such actions. This prerogative is also valid for phytomedicines. From this point of view, this research was done due to the lack of a specific nationwide legislation for the production of herbal medicines at pharmacy level in the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS), although the use of such products is stimulated by several governmental health policies. Therefore, the aim of this work was to propose regulatory instruments for the whole chain of herbal drugs, incorporating them to the actions of the SUS in order to provide a rational and safe access of the population to such products. The research methodology was based on qualitative and quantitative investigative techniques, intending the knowledge of the existing services in the country and abroad. Further to the documental research in electronic sites from Brazilian and International governmental and nongovernmental organizations, data were collected using a structured questionnaire containing closed questions applied to Brazilian Health Units in State and County level which employ such therapeutic agents. In some cases individual interviews were done by visiting several units. The results from the questionnaires and local evaluations were first analyzed under an exploratory perspective. From the organized data and results a flowchart comprising all the points of the phytotherapy system was made and evaluated according to a risk analyses management process, using as tool mainly the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis. As the most critical stages the analyses pointed out the issues regarding the herbal raw material. The output of these three research steps allowed the proposition of a Technical Guideline of Good Compounding Practices for Phytomedicines applied to the SUS, following the models prescribed by the national regulatory board. The guideline contains attempts intended for the herbal raw-material, compounding and quality control directives to be fulfilled by pharmaceutical officines, and also indications concerning the correct dispensing of the phtytomedicines and the treatment efficacy tracking.

A transposição dos agentes terapêuticos da esfera do conhecimento tradicional para a abrangência dos cuidados institucionalizados de atenção à saúde pressupõe responsabilidades dos executores destas ações. Esta premissa é aplicável também aos medicamentos oriundos de plantas medicinais. Deste modo, este trabalho foi elaborado a partir da constatação da inexistência de norma nacional específica para produção de medicamentos enquadrados como fitoterápicos, em escala magistral, no âmbito do serviço público de atendimento à saúde, mais especificamente no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). O emprego destes medicamentos, no entanto, é estimulado em diversas políticas públicas de saúde. Assim sendo, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi a de propor legislação sanitária para a cadeia destes produtos incorporando-os às ações do SUS. A metodologia da pesquisa teve características qualitativas e quantitativas, com o intuito de conhecer a realidade já instalada em algumas regiões do país e no mundo. Além da pesquisa documental em sítios eletrônicos de órgãos oficiais brasileiros e internacionais foi realizada coleta de dados pela aplicação de questionário estruturado com perguntas fechadas, em serviços públicos estaduais e municipais, que utilizam esta alternativa terapêutica. Os dados provenientes dos questionários e de visitas aos serviços foram analisados sob uma perspectiva exploratória. A partir destes dados foram avaliadas as fontes de risco das diversas fases de obtenção de um medicamento fitoterápico manipulado, empregando ferramentas da gestão do risco à qualidade, em especial a análise do modo de falha e seus efeitos (FMEA). Esta estratégia apontou os passos referentes à especificação, ao uso e à análise da matéria-prima de origem vegetal como os de maior relevância no sistema. Utilizando os resultados obtidos nestas três etapas foi elaborada a proposta de Regulamento Técnico de Boas Práticas para Manipulação de Fitoterápicos aplicável à rede pública de saúde, seguindo o modelo utilizado pelo órgão sanitário regulador nacional. A norma prevê cuidados que partem da matéria-prima vegetal, à sua manufatura e controle de qualidade em Oficinas Farmacêuticas, e sua dispensação. / The transposition from traditional to institutional health care system presumes the assumption of responsibilities from the executers of such actions. This prerogative is also valid for phytomedicines. From this point of view, this research was done due to the lack of a specific nationwide legislation for the production of herbal medicines at pharmacy level in the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS), although the use of such products is stimulated by several governmental health policies. Therefore, the aim of this work was to propose regulatory instruments for the whole chain of herbal drugs, incorporating them to the actions of the SUS in order to provide a rational and safe access of the population to such products. The research methodology was based on qualitative and quantitative investigative techniques, intending the knowledge of the existing services in the country and abroad. Further to the documental research in electronic sites from Brazilian and International governmental and nongovernmental organizations, data were collected using a structured questionnaire containing closed questions applied to Brazilian Health Units in State and County level which employ such therapeutic agents. In some cases individual interviews were done by visiting several units. The results from the questionnaires and local evaluations were first analyzed under an exploratory perspective. From the organized data and results a flowchart comprising all the points of the phytotherapy system was made and evaluated according to a risk analyses management process, using as tool mainly the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis. As the most critical stages the analyses pointed out the issues regarding the herbal raw material. The output of these three research steps allowed the proposition of a Technical Guideline of Good Compounding Practices for Phytomedicines applied to the SUS, following the models prescribed by the national regulatory board. The guideline contains attempts intended for the herbal raw-material, compounding and quality control directives to be fulfilled by pharmaceutical officines, and also indications concerning the correct dispensing of the phtytomedicines and the treatment efficacy tracking.