O presente estudo propõe a criação e aplicação de um método de intervenção voltado ao desenvolvimento da conceituação dos estudantes sobre a escrita considerando-se os aspectos semântico e estrutural de registros textuais lineares. A proposta apresentada sustenta-se na integração da elaboração de mapas conceituais às construções textuais de alunos de ensino fundamental (quarto ano) e médio (segundo ano) em uma rede de produção de notícias online. A investigação foi conduzida como um estudo de caso com unidades incorporadas de análise, prevendo a avaliação de impactos da construção de mapas conceituais no contexto da referida rede sobre a escrita própria e sobre a escrita alheia. Foram constituídas como fontes de evidências para a análise os textos produzidos pelos alunos, os mapas conceituais produzidos sobre os registros textuais próprios e de colegas, a transcrição de entrevistas realizadas com orientação do Método Clínico Piagetiano e diários de bordo do grupo de alunos do ensino médio. A fundamentação teórica para a condução do estudo foi encontrada na Epistemologia Genética de Jean Piaget e no aporte proporcionado pela Linguística Textual. O acompanhamento dos processos de conceituação sobre a escrita foi realizado com base na triangulação de dados referentes aos níveis de desenvolvimento da escrita linear, à taxonomia topológica e à taxonomia semântica de mapas conceituais. Os resultados alcançados permitem concluir um grau de desenvolvimento recíproco no que tange à conceituação sobre a escrita linear e à construção dos mapas conceituais no contexto de intervenção, favorecendo tomadas de consciência no processo de revisão com vistas ao aprimoramento estrutural e semântico dos registros, sobretudo em produções realizadas por alunos de quarto ano do ensino fundamental. / This study presents the evaluation of a proposal for the creation and implementation of an intervention method focused on the development of students’ conceptualization on written language considering semantic and structural aspects of linear texts. The proposal rests on the integration of concept mapping to textual constructions of elementary school (fourth grade) and high school (second grade) students in an online news production network. The investigation was carried out as a case study with incorporated units of analysis, focusing on the assessment of impacts of the construction of concept maps in the context of a news production network on personal writing and on the classmates’ writing. The sources of evidence for the analysis were constituted by the texts produced by the students for the network, the concept maps produced on the personal texts and on the classmates’ texts, the transcription of the interviews performed with guidance of Jean Piaget's Clinical Method and high school students’ daily records. The theoretical framework for the study was based on Jean Piaget’s Genetic Epistemology and on the contribution provided by Text Linguistics. The assessment of the processes of conceptualization on students’ writing was based on the triangulation of data according to the levels of development of linear writing, topological taxonomy and semantic taxonomy for concept maps. The results indicate a reciprocal development with regard to the conceptualization of linear writing and the construction of concept maps, favoring consciousness-raising in the process of reviewing texts, in order to improve semantic and structural aspects of written language, mainly considering productions performed by fourth grade elementary school students.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-19T11:50:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 esteves2012.pdf: 1850559 bytes, checksum: 581ae9a340169fb48de9751f6ead8acf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-29 / Diante do processo evolutivo e global de difusão do conhecimento e de busca e recuperação da informação, as publicações impressas, aos poucos, são substituídas pelos novos suportes de informação, advindos das novas Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC). Essa evolução tecnológica reflete-se no âmbito das bibliotecas e dos repositórios, emergindo diferentes tipos e nomenclaturas - biblioteca digital, biblioteca eletrônica e biblioteca virtual -, bem como ocasiona mudanças significativas no ambiente e na dinâmica informacional, vislumbrando possibilidades de armazenamento, disponibilização e divulgação das informações científicas. No entanto, o extenso universo de informação disponibilizada nas bibliotecas, com o seu crescimento exponencial, apresentam entraves no momento da organização e da representação da informação científica, gerando lentidão e ineficiência na busca e recuperação da informação. No universo de uma Biblioteca Virtual Temática em Saúde (BVTS), visando a melhor compreensão do contexto de bibliotecas temáticas, no âmbito dos repositórios digitais, onde ocorreu o presente estudo, e por se tratar de uma biblioteca virtual de natureza organizacional temática, foi realizado um estudo, tendo como finalidade o entendimento e a definição do conceito Tema. Dessa forma, então, um dos objetivos dessa dissertação é apresentar um processo de conceitualização de Tema, com dimensões cognitivas, que viabilize um modelo conceitual de representação do conhecimento, para ontologia, com integração de abordagens teórico-metodológicas clássicas e não clássicas de organização do conhecimento, almejando a construção de modelos de representação sobre campos conceituais organizados tematicamente e, de modo mais específico sobre o tema saúde da mama .

O presente trabalho propõe-se a entender a conceituação, bem como as principais características, do mukashi-banashi japonês, gênero que no ocidente corresponde aos contos folclóricos, por meio da análise dos elementos que o constituem. Examinamos fatores históricos de origem e apogeu dos estudos de mukashi-banashi no Japão e também pesquisas do gênero no Brasil. Nosso objetivo foi realizar um levantamento da conceituação do mukashi-banashi, sobretudo com base nos trabalhos de pesquisadores japoneses, e, a partir disso, compreender de modo global a definição do gênero. Nossa análise das narrativas selecionadas como corpus foi realizada tendo em vista as características sistematizadas principalmente por Kôji Inada (2010), como keishikiku, progressão da narrativa e caracterização de personagens, entre outras / This study aims to understand the conceptualization, as well as the main characteristics, of the Japanese mukashi-banashi, a genre which in the West corresponds to the folktales, by analyzing the elements that constitute it. Through the historical factors analysis, it was examined the origin and the apogee of the mukashi-banashis studies in Japan and researches of this genre in Brazil. Our goal was to survey the conceptualization of mukashi-banashi mainly based on the work of Japanese researchers and, from that, to understand holistically the genres definition. Our analysis of the narratives selected as corpus was done in view of the characteristics systematized mainly by Kôji Inada (2010), such as keishikiku, narratives progression, and characters characterization, among others

La linguistique cognitive considère les structures langagières comme le reflet de structures conceptuelles sous-jacentes. Les schèmes-images font partie de ces structures. Ils sont construits et abstraits à partir de l’expérience incorporée et socialement située du monde, ce qui leur confère à la fois une assise culturelle et sensori-motrice. Le présent travail confirme qu’il est possible, sur les bases théoriques édifiées par Lakoff et Johnson (1987), d’en identifier les réalisations lexicales et syntaxiques, en observant les usages langagiers. La thèse que nous soumettons aborde plus spécifiquement le schème-image du CHEMIN (PATH-schema). Pour mener cette analyse, nous ancrons nos recherches dans deux corpus. Le premier fait état de tous les types de chemins répertoriés en linguistique cognitive, à partir d’une centaine d’unités verbales, incluses dans 500 occurrences. Le second s’intéresse à quatre items verbaux, come, go, rise, et fall, répartis sur un millier d’exemples. Notre objectif consiste à discerner les charges morphosyntaxiques et les variantes sémantiques du schème du chemin. Ce faisant, nous inscrivons la corporéité – ou du moins son réinvestissement symbolique - au cœur de notre étude. Par « corporéité », nous entendons la conceptualisation et la figuration du rapport incarné du sujet au monde, les traces que laissent ces représentations dans l’organisation du lexique et des constructions. Nos corpus présentent une quantité importante de verbes, qui révèlent des états de fait abstraits. Ces emplois nous conduiront à explorer le statut du schème du chemin, tant dans sa réalisation morphosyntaxique que dans son contenu sémantique, lorsque ce schème sous-tend les extensions sémantiques des verbes étudiés. Nos questionnements sur la polysémie des verbes, sur leur définition d’un point de vue prototypique et sur leur grammaticalisation éventuelle, contribueront à révéler la réalité cognitive du schème analysé. Enfin, la quantité importante d’emplois « abstraits » des verbes, nous amènera à questionner la corporéité, telle que la linguistique cognitive la définit. / Linguistic structures are considered to be underlain by conceptual structures in cognitive linguistics. Image schemas belong to these structures. Schemas are shaped on the basis of bodily and socially-anchored experience, which gives them a cultural and sensor-motor status. The present study demonstrates that syntactic and lexical characteristics of image-schemas can be identified, on the basis of Lakoff and Johnson’s theories (1987), while examining language usages. This study specifically focuses on the PATH-schema, which will be investigated through two corpus-based analyses. The first sample of occurrences, made up of 500 examples, is a corpus-illustrated analysis, which exemplifies all the types of paths that have been elaborated in cognitive linguistics. The second sample of occurrences is a corpus-driven analysis, made up of 1000 examples, which are divided into four verbs’ usages, i.e. come, go, rise, and fall. We are aiming at detecting the syntactic and semantic patterns of the PATH-schema. Our goal leads us to examine the notion of « embodiment », namely the conceptualization and the evidence of the embodied link of the individual to the environment, left in lexical constructions. Our data display several verbs involved in abstract descriptions. These usages will lead us to explore the status of the PATH-schema, and focus on its syntactic and semantic specificities, particularly when this schema underlies semantic extensions of come, go, rise, and fall. Issues concerning the verbs’ polysemy, their prototypical definition, and their potential grammaticalization, will contribute to revealing the cognitive reality of the PATH-schema. Finally, the quantity of verbs’ « abstract » usages, will lead us to investigate the notion of « embodiment », as cognitive linguistics defines it.

This is a study of the emotion terms happy and happiness conducted in order to identify the possible grounds in which these notions are perceived by the British English speaking speech community and how people use these terms according to their conceptual frameworks. Basically, it is supposed that the terms happy and happiness are very close in their meanings and they imply more or less the same sense from different angles. This prediction, however, is only partly true. Through this study it is found that there is not as much overlap in the meaning of happy and happiness as one would expect.

The aim of this study is to compare metaphors from the 1970 edition of Joseph Conrsd's Heart of Darkness (originally published in 1902) with their Swedish translations in Mörkrets Hjärta, by Einar Hecksher (2006), to see how mwtaphors have been translated from English into Swedish, i.e. to see if there are any structural differences which cause semantic differences to the metaphors. By comparing the original metaphors with their translations, it is possible to point to difficulties, which may cause problems in the translation process. One example indicates that homonyms can be a problem. Nearly all of the English metaphors have been translated as metaphors in Swedish as well. About half of the metaphors studied have been semantically changed in their translations, yet without any pragmatic differences compared to the originals. It seems not that important which theory about metaphors (e.g. Lakoff, Leech, Levinson, Black) is more 'applicable' than the others with regard to translation. The result of translation of metaphors is more likely due to the translator's perception of the source language, rather than to theories about metaphors per se.

Depuis plus de deux décennies, un nombre croissant de nouvelles pratiques philosophiques ont émergé au sein de l’école primaire. Ces pratiques, venues à la fois des États-Unis et « des pédagogiques nouvelles », se sont longtemps développées en dehors du cadre institutionnel.Mais, depuis 2015, elles sont préconisées par les programmes officiels de l’Éducation Nationale sous le nom de « Discussion à Visée Philosophique ».L’objectif de notre recherche est de caractériser le processus de conceptualisation présent dans les discours des élèves de 9 à 11 ans lorsqu’ils sont en séance de « Discussion à Visée Philosophique ».Dans ce cadre, nous avons interrogé plus particulièrement la place et le rôle des « Discours Autres » dans ce processus.Pour y parvenir, nous avons utilisé, au sein du vaste champ du dialogisme, le cadre théorique de la « Représentation du Discours Autre » et de l’« Auto-Représentation du Discours en train de se faire » d’Authier-Revuz. Mais nous avons aussi porté notre regard sur les formes de modalisation du discours et le conditionnel.Nous avons ainsi montré la présence de ces « Discours Autres » au sein des mouvements discursifs qui participent du processus de conceptualisation et l’importance des processus d’autonymisation et de la modalisation autonymique. Nous avons aussi montré « les effets de détachement » présents dans certains énoncés.Notre étude a ainsi permis de caractériser davantage les processus de conceptualisation présents au sein des « Discussions à Visée Philosophique » du point de vue discursif. / For over two decades, a growing number of new philosophical practices have emerged in the primary schools. These practices which originated in both the United States and the “new pedagogies”, have for a long time been developed outside the institutional framework.However, since 2015, there have been recommended by the official programmes of the National Education System known as “the discussion with philosophical aim”.The object of our research aims to characterize the processes of conceptualization present in the discourses of children aged 9 to 11 during the “discussion with philosophical aim”.In this context, we examined more specifically the place and role of the “other speech” within this process.To achieve this, we used, within the vast range of dialogism, the theoretical framework of the “Representation of another speech” and the “Representation of the speech in process of making” from Authier-Revuz. We also focused on the differents forms of modalisation of the discourse and the conditional tense.We have established the presence of these “other speeches” in the discursive movements who participate in the processes of conceptualization and the importance of the processes of autonymisation and autonymous modalisation. We have also shown the “disconnect effect” present in certain statements.Our study thus helped to futher characterize the processes of conceptualization present in “the discussion with philosophical aim”.

Journalism is a profession which bears many social and political responsibilities. Particularly war correspondence is a challenging task for professional journalists and thus constitutes a decisive part in the academic field of Journalism Studies. In order to evaluate the role of journalitic conduct in times of war, it is commonly dichotomized into two opposing concepts known as War and Peace Journalism. The concepts are most often studied in connection with text-based journalism which is why scholars have been stressing the need to create a similar conceptualization for photojournalism – a profession with a great relevance in war correspondence. First research approaches resulted in models such as War and Peace Photography which, however, only considered the visual contents of photojournalistic documents. Yet, particularly the legacy of images can be dynamic – hence, subject to change over long periods of time – and consequently alter the reception and categorization of a news photograph as either a War and Peace document. Thus, the aim of this thesis is to explore the notion that many different aspects need to be taken into account before a fair and productive categorization of such documents can be offered. In addition to the method of visual analysis, it thus entails anempirical study in a triangulation setting in which photojournalistic material on the Vietnam War, the picturesʼ captions as well as their additional documentary material regarding the broader historical and political (e.g. published interviews, governmental documents, articles) will be analyzed in three consecutive steps: (1) The photos are assessed in terms of their War or Peace classification based on their visual impression; (2) the captures are analyzed content-analytically and put in relation with the visual observations; (3) the additional documentary material is explored to understand the picturesʼ social, political, and historical genesis. For the purpose of the latter, a new category system has been defined and assigned to the sample images. Findings indicate that a visual categorization of an image are not necessarily supported by its captions as well as the respective surrounding historical, political and social circumstances. Additionally considered context might contrast the most basic definitions of War and Peace Journalism. For example, the assessed cases of War Photojournalism were not used for “propaganda” purposes – an often-ascribed feature of War Journalism. From this, it can be concluded that visuals are only one of many factors which can impact the meaning and reception of an image and, as a consequence, its categorization. Sufficient conceptualizations of photojournalistic documents should thus consider not only what is obvious but also the experiences, actions, professional values and intentions of photojournalists within the images’ prehistory and aftermath, reasons for their publication, their reception by an audience, and external influences on their respective medium.

Conceptualization psychotherapy as an interpersonal influence process emphasizes how a therapist is perceived by a client. Factors affecting a client's early impressions of a therapist could influence therapeutic interactions since first impressions are relatively stable. The study investigated effects of nonverbal behavior and gender during a simulated initial meeting between a therapist and client. Undergraduates (N = 466) viewed a male or female therapist interviewing with a new female client. Therapist gaze .(100%, 80%, 40%) and smiling (high, low) were manipulated. After subjects viewed one of 12 videotapes, they completed questionnaires rating therapist expertness, trustworthiness, attractiveness, masculinity and femininity. A comparison of the therapist with subjects' expectations of a therapist in general was obtained by pre- and post-testing utilizing a measure of client expectations. MANOVAs were performed on all ratings except expectation scores, where an ANCOVA was utilized. Main effects for therapist gender indicated the female therapist was rated as significantly more expert, attractive, trustworthy and feminine than the male (ps < .81). For ratings of masculinity, subject gender interacted with therapist gender (p < .001). Wain effects showed that high smiling was rated as more attractive and more feminine (ps < .01). Smiling and level of gaze interacted on ratings of trustworthiness, expertness and masculinity (ps < .04). The 100 per cent and 80 per cent gaze levels increased expertness, trustworthiness and masculinity ratings. Smiling affected expertness at the 80 per cent level, and trustworthiness and masculinity at the 40 per cent level. Analysis of the expectation scores resulted in a three-way interaction between subject gender, smiling and gaze (p < .02). The results suggested that female subjects expected more responsive therapist behavior. The results suggested that the ratings of the male and female therapist reflected both the use of sex stereotypes and the influence of the therapist role. Based on the nonverbal behavior manipulation, several recommendations for therapist behavior were suggested.

This is a study assessing the democratic rhetoric from authoritarian rulers. It does so as part of a larger comparative politics effort appraising the state of democracy in the world as well as part of area studies’ interest in better understanding the politics of individual states, in this case, Thailand. Scholars’ current method of analyzing the democratic rhetoric of authoritarians seems to swing somewhere between skepticism and dismissiveness. Although a reasonable response to the evident hypocrisy between deed and word, this thesis proceeds in the belief that social science can offer more than cynicism.<div><br></div><div>Methodologically, the chapters employ conceptual analysis to study concepts as they are diffused, borrowed, stretched, or otherwise contested. It considers as data the occurrence of the words “elections,” “rights,” “freedom,” “liberty,” “the people,” as well as others, but most notably “democracy.” Parts of this work are historical and descriptive, detailing the incidents and contexts of democratic rhetoric in authoritarian systems. Other parts are prescriptive, proposing a method by which to assess the democratic words of dictators. Case studies on particular periods of authoritarian rule in Thailand demonstrate what can be learned with the various methods.<br></div><div><br></div><div>One of the primary objectives of this study is to persuade readers that authoritarians’ democratic rhetoric is worth studying. A second objective is to convince readers of the utility of using the etymological definition of democracy as “the people rule” for assessing democratic rhetoric. Finally, the study aims to expose and develop the image of democracy in authoritarian Thailand. The central argument of this work is that democratic rhetoric in authoritarian systems is evidence of an ideology challenging Western, liberal democracy from within and that the failure to recognize this impairs both international and domestic democracy promotion efforts.<br></div>