One of the contributing factors to the current nursing shortage is job dissatisfaction due to conflict in the workplace. In order to develop strategies to reduce conflict, research is needed to understand the causes and outcomes of conflict in nursing work environments. This study tested a theoretical model linking antecedent variables (core self-evaluation, complexity of nursing care, unit size, interactional justice, managerial support, unit morale) to intragroup conflict, followed by conflict management, and ultimately, job stress and job satisfaction. A predictive, non-experimental design was used in a random sample of 277 acute care nurses in Ontario. Structural equation modeling techniques were used to analyze the hypothesized model. Final analysis revealed relatively good fit of data to the hypothesized model (Chi-square = 211.7, df = 80, CFI = .92, RMSEA=0.07). Lower core self-evaluation, higher complexity of nursing care, lower interactional justice, and poor unit morale resulted in higher intragroup relationship conflict, and ultimately a less ‘agreeable’ conflict management style, higher stress and job dissatisfaction. Conflict management style partially mediated the relationship between conflict and job satisfaction. Job stress also had a direct effect on job satisfaction and core self-evaluation had a direct effect on job stress. The study results suggest that conflict and its associated outcomes is a complex process, affected by dispositional, contextual and interpersonal factors. Nurses’ core self-evaluations, complexity of nursing care and relationships with managers and nursing colleagues influences the level of conflict they experience. How nurses manage conflict may not prevent the negative effects of conflict on job stress and job satisfaction, however learning to manage conflict using collaboration and accommodation may help nurses feel more satisfied with their jobs. In addition, education programs that contribute to an individual’s ability to feel more confident about their ability to manage conflict may help them cope more effectively with the stress generated by conflict.

Syftet med vår studie är att undersöka huruvida det går att urskilja några generella villkor för konstruktiv konflikthantering. Utrymme ges också åt frågan om vilka återkommande mönster som kan finnas gällande psykologiska och relationella brister som försvårar konstruktiv konflikthantering och/eller stärker konfliktsituationer. Även frågan om lärande genom konflikterfarenheter berörs. Studien baserar sig på åtta stycken kvalitativa intervjuer med ett antal konsulter, en chef och några medarbetare. Studien har en hermeneutisk och induktiv ansats. Det empiriska materialet har analyserats och tolkats utifrån ett kulturbiologiskt perspektiv på människan, utifrån Johan Asplunds teorier om problemlösning och social responsivitet, samt utifrån Thomas Jordans och Titti Lundins utvecklingspsykologiska perspektiv. Materialet visar att det verkar finnas generella, återkommande faktorer som måste ges utrymme för att en konstruktiv konflikthanteringsprocess ska kunna iscensättas. Ledarskap, ansvarstagande och bekräftelser är exempel på sådana faktorer, liksom känslan av delaktighet och öppen kommunikation. Materialet visar också att flertalet faktorer återkommer som tvärtom försvårar konstruktiva konflikthanteringsprocesser och/eller stärker konfliktsituationer. Inte minst återkommer kommunikationsbrister som avgörande faktorer. Slutligen visar materialet att konflikterfarenheter också tycks vara förbundna med olika typer av lärande, exempelvis fördjupad självinsikt. Frågan om utvecklingspotentialen i konflikter diskuteras som en viktig faktor för både den individuella och sociala utvecklingen. / The aim of our study is to investigate whether it is possible to discern general conditions for constructive conflict management. Space is also given to the issue of recurring patterns in terms of psychological and relational shortcomings that hinder constructive conflict management and/or strengthen conflicts. Also, the issue of learning through conflict experiences is regarded. The study is based on eight interviews with a number of consultants, an executive and some employees. The study has a hermeneutic and inductive approach. The empirical data have been analyzed and interpreted from the perspective of cultural biology, from Johan Asplund's theories about problem solving and social responsivity, and from Thomas Jordan's and Titti Lundin's developmental psychology perspective. The material shows that there seems to be general, recurring factors that must be given space in order to facilitate a constructive conflict management process. Leadership, responsibility and acknowledgements are examples of such factors, as well as a sense of participation and open communication. The material also shows that a number of factors recur that hinder constructive conflict management processes and/or strengthen conflicts. Not least do communication gaps recur as critical factors. Finally, the material demonstrates that conflict experiences also seem to be associated with different types of learning, such as increased self-awareness. The issue of developmental potentials in conflicts is discussed as an important factor for both individual and social development.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur skolmedling kan ses som en effektiv och nyanseradmetod för konflikthantering i grundskolan. Vi tar även del av kompissamtal, som är en redanetablerad konflikthanteringsmetod i skolan för att på så sätt se hur skolmedling kan bli enkompletterande konflikthantering till detta. Studien bygger på tio intervjuer varav fem ärenskilda och de resterande är gruppintervjuer. Intervjufrågorna behandlar skolmedling utifrånperspektiv såsom frivillighet/ofrivillighet, medlarens neutralitet, distans/närhet, skam, makt,kön och ålder samt kritik/hinder. Det insamlade materialet visar att samtliga respondenterställer sig positiva till skolmedling som metod men att information och kunskapsspridning ommetoden är bristfällig. Utifrån materialet har även grundkomponenter framkommit för hur engivande skolmedling bör se ut enligt oss. Vidare i analysavsnittet behandlas tolkningar avmaterialet och socialpsykologiska perspektiv som skam, makt, sociala band ochkonflikthantering. / The purpose of this paper is to look at if mediation in school can be seen as an effective andfruitful method in conflict management in the elementary school. We also look into anestablished method in Swedish schools called “friend-talk” to see how mediation in schoolcan be a completing version of conflict management in schools. We base this study on teninterviews from which five were made individually and the others were made in groups. Theinterviews deal with mediation in school and it is based on the concepts of voluntariness/unvoluntariness, the mediators neutrality, distance/closeness, shame, power, gender and ageand criticism/obstacles. The collected material shows that all the respondents are positive tothe method but they consider the information and knowledge about the subject insufficient.From the material, crucial components arise for a profitable solution of mediation in school.Later on in the analysis, interpretations of the material will be based on social psychologicalperspectives like power, shame, social bonds and conflict management.

Syftet med den här litteraturstudien är att skapa perspektiv kring kommunikationen vid konflikter och konflikthantering. Fokus ligger främst på vuxnas och barns samspel, med stark betoning på lärare/pedagog - elev/barn relationer. De tre frågeställningarna som ligger till grund för denna studie är; Var, hur, när och varför sker kommunikation enligt åtta engelskspråkiga artiklar? Vad anser åtta engelskspråkiga artiklar om hur kommunikation i form av samtal kan främja konflikthantering? och Vilken betydelse får relationer för konflikter och konflikthantering enligt åtta engelskspråkiga artiklar? Svaren till frågeställningarna har hittats genom att belysa åtta studier och dess resultat. Forskningsöversikten är tänkt att ge läsaren en tydlig bild över kommunikationens betydelse vid konflikter och konflikthantering. Resultatet av studien visar att kommunikation i form av exempelvis samtal är av stor vikt vid konflikter och hanteringen av dessa. Andra huvudfaktorer som är av vikt är bland annat relationers betydelse, dubbelriktad påverkan, samt reflektion, utvärdering, och kontinuitet. Det har visat sig att vuxna influerar barn och att barn påverkar vuxna. Den dubbelriktade påverkan blir därmed en högst relevant faktor för kommunikationen i relationer. Att barn och vuxna har en god relation kan vara avgörande för konflikters uppkomst. I resultatet framkommer även att många konflikthanteringsprogram saknar kontinuitet, vilket denna studie konstaterat behövs för att konflikthanteringsprogrammen ska utnyttjas till fullo. / The purpose of this literature study is to provide perspectives on communication in conflict and conflict management. The focus is primarily on adults' and children's interactions, with a strong emphasis on teacher - child relationships. The three questions that form the basis of this study is: Where, how, when and why does communication take place according to eight english-language articles? What do eight english-language articles consider about how communication in the form of conversations can promote conflict resolution? and What impact have relationships of conflict and conflict management according to eight english-language articles? The answers to these questions have been found by highlighting eight studies and their results. The research review is intended to give the reader a clearer picture over the importance of communication in conflict and conflict management. The results of this study show that communication in the form of conversations is of great importance to the conflicts and how they are being managed. Other key factors that are of importance, include the significance of relationships, bidirectional influences, reflection, evaluation, and continuity. It has been shown that adults influence children and children affect adults. The bidirectional influence is a highly relevant factor for communication in relationships. Good relationships between children and adults are of importance in how conflicts emergence. The result also reveals that many conflict management programs lacks continuity, which this study found necessary, for conflict management programs so that they could be fully utilized.

This study aimed to examine the relationship between empathy-related constructs of English instructors at Atilim University Preparatory School and certain demographic features such as age, gender, educational background, and experience. The scale which consists of a demographic inventory, a questionnaire, and a semi-structured interview were developed by the researchers. The scale consists of &quot / Interpersonel Reactivity Index (IRI)&quot / . The results of the questionnaire were analyzed through SPSS 15.0. This data gathering instrument was implemented on 90 English instructors working at Atilim University Preparatory School. The results of the interviews were analyzed tghrough content analysis. The result of the study revealed that there is a relationship between perspective-taking and empathic concern tendencies of English instructors and their age and experience.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Available also from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Trinity International University, 2001. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 169-171).

Project Thesis (D. Min.)--Denver Seminary, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 205-210).

Not available / text

Η παρούσα διπλωματική έχει ως σκοπό την διερεύνηση των εννοιών της συναλλακτικής και μετασχηματιστικής ηγεσίας, της διοίκησης συγκρούσεων και της συναισθηματικής νοημοσύνης στους διεθνοποιημένους οργανισμούς και πιο συγκεκριμένα στις φαρμακοβιομηχανίες που λειτουργούν κάτω από τις δύσβατες συνθήκες της ελληνικής πραγματικότητας. Για το σκοπό αυτό διενεργήθηκε και εμπειρική μελέτη εκτός από βιβλιογραφική, στο κλάδο της φαρμακοβιομηχανίας. Συγκεκριμένα, στη μελέτη που πραγματοποιήθηκε συμμετείχαν 123 διοικητικά στελέχη πολυεθνικών φαρμακοβιομηχανιών, που εδρεύουν στην Ελλάδα ή είναι θυγατρικές ελληνικών εταιριών, από τους οποίους ζητήθηκε συγκατάθεση για συμμετοχή στην έρευνα. Τα πρωτογενή δεδομένα συλλέχθηκαν από τα δομημένα ερωτηματολόγια που διανεμήθηκε.Η παρούσα μελέτη παρουσιάζει σημαντικά ευρήματα σχετικά με τα στυλ ηγεσίας, την συναισθηματική νοημοσύνη και την διοίκηση. Παρόλα αυτά έφερε στο φως και προβλήματα που είναι γνωστά αλλά και δυσεπίλυτα. Όσο αναφορά τη διοίκηση συγκρούσεων έχει γίνει κατανοητό ότι αποτελεί μια διαδικασία και για να είναι αποτελεσματικά διαχειρίσιμη, απαιτείται το άτομο – ηγέτης να διαθέτει αυτεπίγνωση και αυτοέλεγχο. Τέλος όσο αναφορά την ηγεσία παρατηρήθηκε τόσο σύνδεση με την συναισθηματική νοημοσύνη όσο και με την διοίκηση συγκρούσεων πράγμα λογικό αφού ένας ηγέτης είναι αναγκαίο στην σημερινή εποχή να χρησιμοποιεί τα εργαλεία (συναισθηματική νοημοσύνη και διοίκηση συγκρούσεων) για να μπορέσει να αντεπεξέλθει στις απαιτήσεις του περιβάλλοντος. Παράλληλα υπάρχει και αλληλεξάρτηση της ηγεσίας με την επικοινωνία αφού αποτελεί ρόλο κλειδί στη αποτελεσματικότητα και βιωσιμότητα της οργάνωσης / This dissertation is driven by the aim to investigate the significance of transformational and transactional leadership, conflict management and emotional intelligence in the international organizational. Under this scope, a research took place at the pharmaceutical sector. Specifically, the statistical data are from 123 managers of multinational pharmaceutical companies, which are established in Greece or are Greek subsidiary companies. The pharmaceutical companies were asked to confirm the participation at this procedure. The primary data were collected by structured questionnaires.This study presents significant findings according to leadership styles, emotional intelligence and conflict management. Nonetheless, problems that are known and unresolved are analyzed. The conflict management has been understood to be a process and for it to be effective it requires the person – leader to have self-awareness and self-control. Finally, according to leadership, it has been observed and a link to emotional intelligence and a conflict management. A leader is necessary nowadays to use tools like emotional intelligence and conflict management in order to meet the demands of the environment. At the same time, there is interdependence of leadership with the communication for the reason that is the most important factor in the effectiveness and sustainability of the organization