Thesis (MA) -- Stellenbosch University, 2006. / Includes bibliography / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The nature of conflict in Africa has changed from the Cold War to the post-cold War era. This is evident in the internal and external factors and actors involved within the conflict dynamics. During the Cold War era politics and the quest for control of the state formed the basis for conflicts in Africa, from anti-colonial wars of independence and liberation struggles to secessionist attempts. In the post-Cold War era with the loss of external superpower support, this has changed with the growing significance of identity politics, and conflicts based on the differences of ethnicity, religion and the quest for the control of resources and land, characterised by extreme violence and the rise of actors other than the state, within failed and collapsed states. These conflicts have thus presented challenges to the United Nations (UN) in relation to its traditional means of maintaining international peace and security, and the internal dynamics of the decision-making processes, political will and accompanying resources and financial factors within the organisation. The challenges faced by the UN in Africa therefore lie not only within the nature of conflict and the nature of the African state but also within the internal constraints inherent within the organisation itself. The conflicts in Mozambique and Rwanda respectively represent how the nature of conflict has changed in Africa from the Cold War to the post-Cold War era and both illustrate the challenges the UN has faced in light of the changing nature of African conflict. While Mozambique offers an example of a typical Cold War conflict, based on the quest for control of the state and exacerbated by superpower support, Rwanda represents an example of a typical post-Cold War internal conflict based on identity politics and extreme violence manifest as genocide. By comparing and contrasting these two conflicts, and the subsequent involvement of UN peace maintenance operations in these conflicts, this thesis offers a comparative study of "old" and "new" wars in Africa in order that a better understanding of the nature of conflict in Africa can be reached and to illustrate the challenges faced by the UN in light of this changing nature of conflict. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die aard van konflik in Afrika het vanaf die tydperk van die Koue Oorlog tot die na-Koue Oorlog tydperk aansienlik verander. Dit is in die innerlike en uiterlike faktore en akteurs wat by die konflik betrokke is waarneembaar. Gedurende die Koue Oorlog tydperk was interstaatlike konflik 'n hoofkenmerk. Dit was ook die fase van antikoloniale oorloë wat dikwels met eksterne steun geveg is. In die na-Koue Oorlog tydperk met die verlies van uiterlike supermoondheid ondersteuning, het interne konflik binne swak state dikwels oor die beheer van skaars hulpbronne, of oor identiteit en griewe gegaan. Die konflik het uitdagings aan die Verenigde Nasies (VN) gestel wie se vredesregime kwalik vir rebelle en kindersoldate voorsiening gemaak het. Dit het ook eise gestel aan die politieke wilskrag van lede van die Veiligheidsraad om in dergelike konflikte betrokke te raak. Die uitdaging vir die VN in Afrika lê dus nie net in die aard van konflik en die aard van die staat in Afrika wat verander het nie, maar ook in nuwe eise vir vrede. Die twee gevallestudies van die konflik in Mosambiek en Rwanda demonstreer hoe hierdie aard van konflik verander het, en hoe moeilik dit is om vrede te maak waar akteurs (rolspelers) kwalik binne konvensionele raamwerke hanteer kan word. Waar Mosambiek 'n voorbeeld van 'n tipiese Koue Oorlogse konflik was - stryd vir die beheer oor die staat en aangevuur deur supermoonhede, is Ruanda weer 'n meer eietydse voorbeeld van 'n tipiese na-Koue Oorlogse interne konflik, gebaseer op identiteitspolitiek wat met ekstreme geweld en volksmoord gepaard gegaan het. Hierdie tesis bied 'n vergelykende studie van sulke "ou" en "nuwe" oorloë in Afrika en bied moontlik 'n beter begrip van die aard en oplossing van sulke konflikte wat by uitstek nuwe uitdagings aan die tradisionele opvattings van die VN stel.

by Tso Sek-kwong, Tony. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991. / Bibliography: p. 91-93. / ABSTRACT --- p.i / TABLE OF CONTENT --- p.ii / PREFACE --- p.iii / Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 2. --- PURPOSE OF THE STUDY --- p.2 / Chapter 3. --- REVIEW ON INTERUNIT ISSUES --- p.3 / Chapter 3.1 --- DEPARTMENTATION --- p.3 / Chapter 3.2 --- INTERDEPENDENCE --- p.4 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Types of Interdependence --- p.4 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Measures of Interdependence --- p.6 / Chapter 3.3 --- COORDINATION AND CONFLICTS --- p.7 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Reasons of Conflicts --- p.8 / Chapter 3.3.1.1 --- Goal interdependence --- p.8 / Chapter 3.3.1.2 --- Task interdependence --- p.9 / Chapter 3.3.1.3 --- Resources interdependence --- p.9 / Chapter 3.3.1.4 --- Awareness of interdependence --- p.9 / Chapter 3.3.1.5 --- Perception of interdependence --- p.10 / Chapter 3.3.1.6 --- Asymmetric power relationships --- p.10 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Resolution of Conflicts --- p.11 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Rules and programs --- p.11 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Formal control --- p.11 / Chapter 3.3.2.3 --- Reduction of resources interdependence --- p.12 / Chapter 3.3.2.4 --- Communication --- p.12 / Chapter 3.3.2.5 --- Spatial-physical strategies --- p.12 / Chapter 3.3.2.6 --- Clarification of roles and responsibilities --- p.13 / Chapter 3.3.2.7 --- Modification of rewards and job designs --- p.13 / Chapter 3.3.2.8 --- Conflict-resolution styles --- p.13 / Chapter 3.3.2.9 --- Socialization and training --- p.14 / Chapter 3.3.2.10 --- Intermediates --- p.14 / Chapter 3.4 --- CONSEQUENCES OF CONFLICTS --- p.15 / Chapter 4. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.17 / Chapter 4.1 --- METHODS OF SURVEY AND ANALYSIS --- p.17 / Chapter 4.1 --- LIMITATIONS IN THE METHODOLOGY --- p.19 / Chapter 5. --- ORGANIZATION SETTING --- p.22 / Chapter 6. --- ANALYSIS OF THE AGGREGATE RESULTS --- p.26 / Chapter 6.1 --- DOMAIN UNCERTAINTY --- p.26 / Chapter 6.2 --- DEPARTMENTATION --- p.30 / Chapter 6.3 --- JOB RESPONSIBILITIES AND INTERDEPENDENCE --- p.31 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Job Responsibilities of the Departments --- p.32 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Type and Extent of Interdependence --- p.34 / Chapter 6.4 --- INTERDEPARTMENTAL PROBLEMS AND CONFLICTS --- p.38 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Types of Problems and Conflicts --- p.38 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Seriousness of Issues --- p.41 / Chapter 6.5 --- COORDINATION AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION --- p.44 / Chapter 6.6 --- OUTCOME OF THE INTERDEPARTMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS --- p.49 / Chapter 7. --- CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION --- p.52 / Chapter 7.1 --- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE MARKETING DEPARTMENT --- p.53 / Chapter 7.2 --- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE ENGINEERED SYSTEMS DEPARTMENT --- p.56 / Chapter 7.3 --- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE SALES DEPARTMENTS --- p.57 / Chapter 8. --- DISCUSSION OF THE STUDY --- p.60 / APPENDIX 1 --- p.65 / APPENDIX 2 --- p.89 / APPENDIX 3 --- p.90 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.91

Konstruktiv hantering av konflikter kan bidra till lärandesituationer. Som en del i att synliggöra det vardagliga arbetet lyfter studien pedagogers erfarenheter och upplevelser kring konflikthanteringsarbetet i förskolan. I en strävan att utveckla både värdegrundsarbete och verksamhet, har det efterfrågats och skett ett sökande efter kunskap och verksamma strategier för att hantera vardagliga konflikter mellan barnen. Konflikthantering utgör dock ett mångfacetterat fält, hanteras och uppfattas på olika sätt, både i arbetslag och verksamhet. Det praktiska arbetet kan därmed upplevas svårt av pedagogerna att orientera sig i och ett helhetsarbete genomsyrar därmed inte alltid verksamheten. Tankestilar är starkt sammankopplade med förhållningssätt vilket bidrar till att styra blicken mot hur arbetet med konflikter bör hanteras. Med pedagogernas blick riktad mot det ”det goda arbetet” kan lätt normer och värden osynliggöras inom verksamheten och påverka vad som blir möjligt för barnen att vara en del av. Studien belyser förskolors olika strategier att hantera konflikter och därmed vilka områden som fokuseras. Utifrån enkäter har pedagogernas svar utgjort en grund för att problematisera vilken roll konflikthantering och användandet av konflikthanteringsmodeller spelar i det relationella vardagliga arbetet -i strävan mot ett demokratiskt klimat och social hållbar utveckling. Resultatet visar att bland annat kunskap, tid och avsaknad av samsyn utgör faktorer som hindrar ett gemensamt arbete med konflikthantering i förskolan. Genom samtal, reflektion, granskning och utvärdering finns dock möjlighet att lyfta olika perspektiv och tankar kring använda strategier och hur de kan anpassas till verksamhetens ständigt reviderade behov. Där motsättningar ges utrymme får tankestilar möjlighet att mötas och utvecklas. Studien belyser därmed vikten av pedagogernas behov av utrymme för att löpande kunna granska och problematisera både förhållningssätt samt val av konflikthanteringsstrategier.

The purpose of this study is to see the factors that shape and create the desirable child in the teachers' speech regarding conflict and conflict management. We have chosen to use discourse analysis based on social constructionism and poststructuralistic language theory to see the discourses that had an active part in the teachers' approach.  We have chosen to use Foucault's power theory to investigate what power structures and power relationships are shown in the pedagogues' speech about conflicts. We have also chosen to use Eva Johansson's study (2013) on children's perspective to investigate whose perspective is expressed in conflict management situations. To collect the empirical data, we have chosen to use qualitative interviews that we analyzed from a discourse analysis perspective. What we have found in the study is that the desirable child is created in conflicts through interconnected discourses that reacts and interacts. These discourses are based on the educators' views on conflicts, rules and the environment, and form the corners of our model which can be seen in the discussion where we highlighted this. The pursuit of the desirable and democratic child as an ideal is conveyed by the curriculum and followed by the educators. The study's results show that the educators assume a traditional view of conflicts and their management, despite attempting to approach an alternative view.

The purpose of this study was to examine how cultural values and conflict resolution influence the perceptions employees form about their managers. The sample for this study included 118 participants representing various organizations from the United States.

The study focused on the role of the School Governing Body (SGB) in the management of conflict in schools. The investigation was done in one of the secondary schools in Gauteng Province. Causes of conflict and the challenges facing the SGB, teachers, learners and parents have been discussed. Types and nature of conflict have been listed and discussed including the resolutions and management of conflict. A literature review provided a conceptual framework and covered definitions of conflict, conflict management strategies, conflict resolution, governance and qualities required for a successful SGB in governing conflict in a secondary school. An empirical investigation using a qualitative approach was conducted and data gathered by means of interviews with the SGB. Finally a synopsis of findings and recommendations was made to assist the policy makers, departmental officials, SGBs, principals, teachers and parents in proper management of conflict in secondary schools. / Educational Leadership and Management / M. Ed. (Education Management)

No description available.

The purpose of the project was to design a one-semester core curriculum guidebook for middle and high schools. This curriculum will provide a tool to teach students to manage conflict in middle and high school settings. The curriculum, guidebook and materials developed will establish guidelines that can be used by middle and high school teachers to teach useful conflict management skills.

The main objective of this thesis is to critically investigate and analyse the institutional role of the OAU in conflict resolution in Africa. In order to achieve that goal, among other things, it is argued that the philosophy, ideology and history of the Pan-African Movement influenced and shaped the institutionalisation process of the Pan-African Movement and the eventual establishment of the OAU, the formulation of its goals and objectives, as well as the OAU's potential in the resolution of conflicts on the continent. It is also argued on the one hand, that the tension between the preservation of sovereignty of the OAU member states, as well as their national interests and the promotion of continental interests on the other hand, directly affected the work of the OAU in conflict situations in Africa. Furthermore, it is emphasised in the thesis that the colonial legacy and the dynamics of the Cold War era did indeed affect the relations between the OAU member states and as a result, impacted on the African regional cooperation and the role of the OAU in conflict resolution processes in Africa. Another important aspect highlighted in the study was the evolution of the structures of the OAU involved in conflict management and resolution and their effect on the resolution of conflicts on the continent. A critical assessment was made of the various organs, mechanisms and methods adopted by the OAU and an attempt was made to ascertain whether they were suitable for the types of conflicts they were meant to resolve. Indeed, it is argued in the thesis that the principal organs of the OAU either lacked adequate powers to resolve inter-state conflicts, or they were inappropriately structured and thus they could not resolve these conflicts because their structures were not appropriate to intervene in most of these conflicts. Therefore, it can be stated that the mechanisms that were adopted by the OAU mediators to resolve these conflicts were not appropriate for the types of conflicts in which they were involved. It is important to mention that the conflict resolution mechanisms, which were provided for by the OAU Charter, were mainly aimed at resolving inter-state conflicts, and did not cater for various types of intra-state conflicts. An attempt was made in the study to ascertain to what extent this omission affected the role of the organisation in dealing with intra-state and other forms of conflicts, which emerged on the continent. Moreover, it is argued that the structural set up of the OAU's conflict resolution organs has produced complex legal and political problems for member states as well as to the parties to the conflicts. That situation in turn produced complex impediments in the operationalisation and the work of these organs in conflict resolution situations in Africa. This was because their functions were not distributed to minimise jurisdictual disputes such as boundary conflicts, hence resulting in the ineffectiveness of the work of the organisation. The study further analysed the extent to which the role and position of the UN as an international institution affected the role of the OAU in conflict management and resolution in Africa. The thesis also tried to ascertain to what extent the structural weaknesses and inherent challenges regarding the role of the UN in peace making in Africa hampered the work of the OAU in conflict situations where its cooperation with the UN was essential. Moreover, it is argued that the role and position of other regional organisations on the continent did in fact affect the role of the OAU in conflict management and resolution and that the inherent challenges and legal omissions of some vital provisions in the OAU charter regarding the role of the sub-regional organisations in peace-making in Africa did constrain the work of the OAU in conflict situations where its cooperation with sub-regional organisations was required. It was further argued that, although the American-European initiatives in conflict prevention, management and resolution in Africa was meant to facilitate and enhance the activities of the OAU in conflict situations in Africa, some of these initiatives did affect in different ways the role of the OAU. Finally, several arguments were presented to explain why the OAU was not able to successfully resolve the Ethiopian-Somali boundary dispute, a conflict seen as a typical inter-state dispute. Indeed, it is argued in the thesis that the Ethiopian-Somali boundary dispute exemplifies the challenges faced by and inherent weaknesses of the various mechanisms the OAU mediators had adopted to deal with conflict situations in Africa. / Political Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (International Politics)

Across four self-contained essays, this dissertation seeks to identify which features make international organizations (IOs) effective peacemakers in modern civil wars. The first essay introduces an original dataset on the institutional design of 21 peace-brokering IOs between 1945 and 2010. The second essay contains a statistical study of 122 IO civil war mediation episodes, examining how variation in institutional design affects outcomes. The third essay presents an in-depth case study, comparing interventions by the Arab League and the United Nations in Syria in 2011 and 2012. The fourth essay is a statistical examination of how IO member state biases influence mediation effectiveness. Overall, this dissertation demonstrates that the performance of peace-brokering IOs cannot be accurately evaluated without taking institutional variation into account. IOs display considerable heterogeneity in de­sign and capabili­ties and this variation has implications for the nature and effectiveness of IO interventions. Quantitative evidence reveals that IOs with strongly centralized instruments for supporting mediation and, in particular, peacekeeping operations are more likely to end civil wars. Qualitative evidence shows that IOs with such capabilities can engage in interventions of greater scope and credibility, enhancing their ability to shape the calculations of civil war disputants. Combined, the studies suggest that although institutional capabilities are necessary for sustained intervention effectiveness, they are conditioned on other organizational attributes. IOs with high preference homogeneity can signal intervention durability, giving them an edge over IOs with divided memberships. IOs that contain member states that have pro­vided direct support to civil war disputants outperform IOs that lack such member states. / <p>This dissertation consists of four self-contained essays dealing with different aspects of conflict management by international organizations.</p><p>Essay 4 previously appeared in 2014 as “Leanings and dealings: Exploring bias and trade leverage in civil war mediation by international organizations” (<em>International Negotiation, 19</em>(2), 315–342).</p>