Introduction : La pandémie de COVID-19 a eu un impact négatif sur la santé mentale de la population. Les médias sociaux ont aussi largement contribué à la propagation des théories du complot sur la pandémie. Cependant, l’impact spécifique des diverses sources d’information et des croyances complotistes sur le fardeau psychologique de la pandémie au Canada reste encore méconnu. Objectifs : Ce mémoire vise à mesurer l’association entre l’exposition à différentes sources d’information sur la pandémie et les symptômes anxiodépressifs dans la population adulte du Canada, puis à analyser le rôle modérateur des croyances complotistes sur cette relation. Méthodes : Il s’agit d’une analyse secondaire des données d’une enquête transversale internationale en ligne à propos de l’impact des communications médiatiques sur les réactions psychologiques et comportementales à la pandémie. Les données analysées sont celles des participants canadiens de la collecte de novembre 2020 (n=9 522 adultes). Les quartiles (Q) d’intensité d’utilisation des sources institutionnelles, des médias traditionnels et des sources informelles (ex. : médias sociaux) ont été inclus dans des analyses de régression logistique multivariable ayant pour variables dépendantes les symptômes anxieux (GAD-7) ou dépressifs (PHQ-9). Dans des modèles subséquents, l’ajout d’un terme d’interaction a permis de tester l’effet modérateur des croyances complotistes sur l’association entre l’utilisation des sources informelles et les symptômes anxiodépressifs. Résultats : Une utilisation élevée des sources informelles est associée à une plus grande probabilité de symptômes anxieux (Q4 : ratio de cotes ajusté (RCa)=1,35 [IC95% : 1,12-1,64]), mais pas dépressifs. L’utilisation des sources institutionnelles est associée à une probabilité accrue de symptômes anxieux (Q3 : RCa=1,28 [1,07-1,52] ; Q4 : RCa=1,46 [1,20-1,78]) et dépressifs (Q4 : RCa=1,41 [1,17-1,69]). Les résultats pour l’utilisation des médias traditionnels ne sont pas statistiquement significatifs. Les croyances complotistes sont associées à une probabilité plus élevée de symptômes anxieux (Q3 : RCa=1,34 [1,10-1,62] ; Q4 : RCa=1,94 [1,60-2,35]) et dépressifs (Q2 : RCa=1,31 [1,10-1,56] ; Q3 : RCa=1,44 [1,21-1,73] ; Q4 : RCa=2,43 [2,03-2,92]). Toutefois, l’interaction entre les croyances complotistes et les sources informelles d’information n’est pas statistiquement significative. Conclusion : Ces résultats suggèrent la possibilité de moduler les interventions de santé publique en fonction des habitudes de consommation de l’information et du niveau de croyances complotistes pour mieux cibler et soutenir les personnes présentant un risque accru de développer des symptômes anxieux ou dépressifs. / Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on the mental health of the population. Social media and their display algorithms have also made it possible to disseminate conspiracy theories about the pandemic in the public space. However, the contribution of various sources of information and conspiratorial beliefs to the psychological burden of the pandemic in Canada is not well known. Objective: This thesis aims to measure the association between exposure to different sources of information on the pandemic and anxio-depressive symptoms in the general adult population of Canada, then to analyze the moderating role of conspiracy beliefs on this association. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of data from an international online cross-sectional survey about the impact of media communications on psychological and behavioral reactions to the pandemic. The data analyzed are those of Canadian participants from the November 2020 collection phase (n=9,522 adults). Quartiles (Q) of intensity of use of institutional sources, traditional media and informal sources (including social media) were included in logistic regression analyzes with anxious (GAD-7) or depressive (PHQ-9) symptoms as dependent variables. An interaction term between conspiratorial beliefs and informal sources was added in separate models to examine their potential joint effect. Results: Significant use of informal sources is associated with a greater probability of having anxious symptoms (Q4: adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=1.35 [95% CI: 1.12-1.64]), but not depressive symptoms. The use of institutional sources is associated with an increased probability of both anxiety symptoms (Q3: aOR=1.28 [1.07-1.52]; Q4: aOR=1.46 [1.20-1. 78]) and depression symptoms (Q4: aOR=1.41 [1.17-1.69]). The use of traditional media is not associated with anxious or depressive symptoms. Conspiratorial beliefs are associated with an increased likelihood of symptoms that are both anxious (Q3: aOR=1.34 [1.10-1.62]; Q4: aOR=1.94 [1.60-2.35]) and depression (Q2: aOR=1.31 [1.10-1.56]; Q3: aOR=1.44 [1.21-1.73]; Q4: aOR=2.43 [2.03-2.92]). However, the interaction between conspiracy beliefs and informal sources of information is not significant. Conclusion: These results suggest the possibility of modulating public health interventions according to information consumption habits and the level of conspiratorial beliefs, to better target and support people at increased risk of developing anxious or depressive symptoms.

No description available.

The purpose of the study was to examine if intuitive thinking, analytical thinking, critical thinking, pseudoscientific beliefs, rejection of science regarding climate, rejection of science regarding vaccines and education correlates with belief in conspiracy theories. The data was collected through a non-randomized convenience and volunteer sampling by a questionnaire that was answered by the participants and measured all variables. The study used a quantitative cross-sectional design with 125 participants, of whom 48 were men, 75 women and 2 other/wish not to say, aged 18–82 (M=46.28, SD=13.48). The result showed that the model was significant and that people with a more negative attitude towards vaccines, a higher degree of belief in pseudoscience and higher preference for and trust in intuitive thinking showed a higher belief in conspiracy theories; other variables were not significantly related to belief in conspiracy theories. The result can be used as a basis for future research on belief in conspiracy theories and its relationship to other factors than in current study. / Syftet med studien var att undersöka ifall intuitivt tänkande, analytiskt tänkande, kritiskttänkande, tro på pseudovetenskap, inställning till klimatforskning, inställning tillvaccinforskning samt utbildningsnivå, korrelerar med tro på konspirationsteorier. Insamlingen av data skedde genom ett icke slumpmässigt tillgänglighetsurval samt frivillighetsurval via ett frågeformulär som mätte samtliga variabler och besvarades av deltagarna. Studien var av kvantitativ tvärsnittsdesign med 125 deltagare, varav 48 män, 75 kvinnor samt 2 annan/vill ej uppge, i åldrarna 18–82 år (M=46.28, SD=13.48). Resultatet visade att modellen var signifikant och indikerar att personer med en mer negativ inställning till vaccin, högre grad av tro på pseudovetenskap, samt högre preferens för och tilltro till intuitivt tänkande uppvisar en högre tro på konspirationsteorier. Övriga variabler var inte signifikant relaterade till tro på konspirationsteorier. Resultatet kan användas som underlag för framtida forskning om tro på konspirationsteoriers och dess samband med andra variabler än de i aktuella studien.

This dissertation examines the different interpretations of the secondary sources for Alexander the Great by three modern historians, Nicholas Hammond, Peter Green and Mary Renault. The Introduction looks briefly at the lost primary Alexander-histories, the extant works of Diodorus Siculus, Quintus Curtius, Plutarch and Arrian and includes an abbreviated curriculum vltae of each modern author. Chapter X concerns modern interpretations of the controversial circumstances surrounding the accession of Alexander and the assassination of Philip. Chapter II covers the elimination of possible rivals, Attalus, Alexander Lyncestes and Amyntas son of Perdiccas, two major conspiracies - the Philotas Affair and the death of Parmenio, the conspiracy of the Royal Pages and death of Callisthenes - and the killing of Cleitus the Black. Chapter III deals with modern explanations of the death of Alexander. The Conclusion highlights significant theories and trends presented by the modern historians, which influence their interpretations of the ancient sources. / History / M.A. (Ancient History)

Cette thèse étudie les modalités et les conséquences politiques de la crise qui ébranle l’autorité royale française durant le très court règne du jeune François II et fait basculer le royaume dans le temps des troubles de religion. Dans le contexte de la fin des guerres d’Italie et après la tragique mort d’Henri II, l’avènement d’un roi âgé de quinze ans refusant le pouvoir qui lui revient, déclenche une contestation politique inédite dans la France du XVIe siècle. La situation s’envenime d’autant plus pour l’autorité monarchique que le gouvernement royal, conduit par les Guise, oncles du roi, répond par une sévère répression antihérétique au succès de la Réforme protestante. En mars 1560, la conjuration manquée d’Amboise révèle au pouvoir l’ampleur et l’imbrication de ces mécontentements à la fois politiques que religieux. À la faveur d’acteurs aussi essentiels pour la France du XVIe siècle que Catherine de Médicis, le cardinal de Lorraine ou Michel de l’Hospital, un processus d’inflexion politique majeure s’initie alors : le pouvoir opte pour une modération religieuse et une politique d’apaisement qu’il s’efforce d’ajuster à la « nécessité des temps » autant qu’à l’accélération des élans catholiques et protestants. Si le règne de François II ouvre le temps des troubles civils, il ouvre donc aussi celui des tentatives et des expérimentations politiques dont les édits des guerres de Religion seront les héritiers. Appuyé sur une fine analyse de l’enchaînement événementiel, le présent travail s’efforce de révéler la complexité de ce règne « à la croisée des temps » autant que son caractère décisif pour la réflexion politique du second XVIe siècle français. / This thesis focuses on the processes and political consequences of the crisis which destabilizes the French royal authority during the short-lived reign of young Francis II and propels the kingdom into the French troubles of religion. In the wake of the Italian Wars and the tragic death of Henry II, the accession of a fifteen-year-old king who refuses the power that is handed down to him entails a political contestation that is unprecedented in sixteenth-century France. The situation further deteriorates for the monarchical authority since the royal government led by the King’s uncles, the Guises, responds to the successful Protestant Reformation with severe repressive measures against heretics. In March 1560, the failed Amboise conspiracy reveals to the royal authority the extent and interconnectedness of the political and religious discontents. Thanks to figures of paramount importance to sixteenth-century France, such as Catherine de’ Medici, the Cardinal of Lorraine or Michel de l’Hospital, a process of major political reorientation is then initiated : the royal authority opts for religious moderation and an appeasement policy it tries to adapt to both the “necessities of times” and the increasing Catholic and Protestant momentums. Though the reign of Francis II opens the era of civil wars, it also opens that of political trials and experimentations which will eventually bring about the Wars of Religion edicts. This work is based on a detailed analysis of the chain of events, and endeavours to reveal the complexity of a reign “at the crossroads of times” as well as its determining role in the political reflection of the second half of the sixteenth century in France.

No description available.

This dissertation examines the different interpretations of the secondary sources for Alexander the Great by three modern historians, Nicholas Hammond, Peter Green and Mary Renault. The Introduction looks briefly at the lost primary Alexander-histories, the extant works of Diodorus Siculus, Quintus Curtius, Plutarch and Arrian and includes an abbreviated curriculum vltae of each modern author. Chapter X concerns modern interpretations of the controversial circumstances surrounding the accession of Alexander and the assassination of Philip. Chapter II covers the elimination of possible rivals, Attalus, Alexander Lyncestes and Amyntas son of Perdiccas, two major conspiracies - the Philotas Affair and the death of Parmenio, the conspiracy of the Royal Pages and death of Callisthenes - and the killing of Cleitus the Black. Chapter III deals with modern explanations of the death of Alexander. The Conclusion highlights significant theories and trends presented by the modern historians, which influence their interpretations of the ancient sources. / History / M.A. (Ancient History)

Syftet med studien var att undersöka ifall intuitivt tänkande, analytiskt tänkande, tro påparanormala fenomen, tro på pseudovetenskap, förkastande av forskning kring klimat,förkastande av forskning kring vaccin, utbildningsnivå, maktlöshet samt tro på enkla lösningarpredicerar tro på konspirationsteorier. Insamlingen av data skedde genom ett icke slumpmässigtbekvämlighetsurval samt frivillighetsurval. Studien var av kvantitativ tvärsnittsdesign med 244deltagare, varav 112 män, 131 kvinnor samt 1 annan/vill ej uppge, i åldrarna 18–80 år (M=37.1,SD=14.5). Resultatet från analysen visade att modellen var signifikant samt att tro påparanormala fenomen (β=.36, p<.001), förkastande av forskning kring vaccin (β=.32, p<.001)och maktlöshet (β=.11, p<.05) var signifikanta prediktorer för tro på konspirationsteorier.Däremot var inte intuitivt tänkande, analytiskt tänkande, tro på pseudovetenskap, förkastandeav forskning kring klimat, tro på enkla lösningar eller utbildningsnivå signifikanta prediktoreri modellen. Resultatet kan ligga till grund för att vidare undersöka tro på konspirationsteorierssamband med andra faktorer än aktuell studies prediktorer i framtida forskning. / The purpose of the study was to examine if intuitive thinking, analytic thinking, paranormalbeliefs, pseudoscientific beliefs, rejection of science regarding climate, rejection of scienceregarding vaccine, education, powerlessness and belief in simple solutions predicts belief inconspiracy theories. The data was collected through a non-randomised convenience andvolunteer sampling. The study used a quantitative cross-sectional design with 244 participants,of whom 112 were men, 131 women and 1 other/wish not to say, aged 18–80 (M=37.1,SD=14.5). The result from the analysis showed that the model was significant and that belief inconspiracy theories was significantly predicted by paranormal beliefs, (β=.36, p<.001),rejection of science regarding vaccine (β=.32, p<.001) and powerlessness (β=.11, p<.05).However, the result showed that intuitive thinking, analytic thinking, pseudoscientific beliefs,rejection of science regarding climate, belief in simple solutions and education were notsignificant predictors of belief in conspiracy theories in the model. The result can be used as abasis for future research to further examine belief in conspiracy theories relationship to factorsother than the current study's predictors.

No description available.

This paper aims to provide the grounds for a biopsychosocial understanding of the underpinnings of conspiracy theorist ideation by studying research articles from different scientific disciplines. Cross-disciplinary concurring results are presented and discussed, as well as some examples of how conspiracy theories have been used during the 20th century. Also discussed is how this is used in political discourse in the populist climate of today, with the rise of radical right-wing movements, the justification of “alternative facts” from higher governmental ranks, and religious fundamentalism, making it a societal issue of possible big magnitude. Neurological similarities was found between religiousness and proneness to conspiracy theory ideation, and the articles concerning neural correlates therefore stem from research on religious individuals due to the lack of neuro-biopsychological research on actual conspiracy theorists. Since conspiracy theory ideation has shown the ability to cause negative consequences it is also advised that governmental agencies and society as a whole revise its stance on populism and the spread of flawed information, in order to maintain an open society. Also presented are a few ideas on how to begin countering the rise of populism.