Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal investigar como aprendizes brasileiros de língua inglesa usam advérbios com terminação em ly no inglês escrito, e comparar ao uso que deles fazem os falantes de inglês como língua materna. Para tanto, o trabalho encontra suporte teórico e metodológico na Linguística de Corpus e fundamenta-se na área chamada de pesquisa sobre corpora de aprendizes, que se ocupa da coleta e armazenagem de dados linguísticos de sujeitos aprendizes de uma língua estrangeira, para a formação de um corpus que possa ser utilizado para fins descritivos e pedagógicos. Esta área objetiva identificar em que aspectos os aprendizes diferem ou se assemelham aos falantes nativos. Os corpora empregados na pesquisa são o corpus de estudo (Br-ICLE), contendo inglês escrito por brasileiros, compilado de acordo com o projeto ICLE (International Corpus of Learner English) e dois corpora de referência (LOCNESS e BAWE), contendo inglês escrito por falantes de inglês como língua materna. Os resultados indicam que os alunos brasileiros usam, em demasia, as categorias de advérbios que indicam veracidade, realidade e intensidade, em relação ao uso que deles fazem os falantes nativos, além de usarem esses advérbios de forma distinta. Os resultados sugerem que, além das diferenças apresentadas em termos de frequência (seja pelo sobreuso ou subuso dos advérbios), os aprendizes apresentavam combinações errôneas, ou em termos de colocados ou em termos de prosódia semântica. E finalmente a pesquisa revela que a preferência dos aprendizes por advérbios que exprimem veracidade, realidade e intensidade cria a impressão de um discurso muito assertivo. Conclui-se que as diferenças encontradas podem estar ligadas a fatores como o tamanho dos corpora, a influência da língua materna dos aprendizes, a internalização dos elementos linguísticos necessários para a produção de um texto em língua estrangeira, a falta de fluência dos aprendizes e o contexto de sala de aula nas universidades / This research investigates how Brazilian learners of English use adverbs ending in-ly in written English and compares their use to that of speakers of English as a mother tongue. To this end, the work resorts to Corpus Linguistics as both theoretical and methodological support. The research is based on the area called Learner Corpora Research, which deals with the collection, storage and analysis of linguistic data produced by learners of a foreign language, which can then be used for descriptive and teaching purposes. This area aims to identify ways in which learners use of the foreign language is different or similar to that of native speakers. The data used in this research are the corpus of study (Br-ICLE), containing written English produced by Brazilian learners, built according to the ICLE project (International Corpus of Learner English), as well as two reference corpora (Locness and BAWE) containing written English produced by speakers of English as a mother tongue. The results indicate that Brazilian learners overuse the categories of adverbs that indicate truth, reality and intensity in comparison to the use made by native speakers, furthermore they use these adverbs in different ways. The results also suggest that, given the differences in frequency (either by overuse or underuse of adverbs), the learners tend to misuse combinations in terms of collocates or in terms of semantic prosody. And finally, the research reveals that the preference of learners for adverbs expressing truth, reality and intensity creates the impression of very assertive voices. We conclude that these differences may be related to factors such as the size of the corpus, the influence of the learners mother tongue, the internalization of linguistic elements needed to produce a text in a foreign language or even the lack of fluency of the learners and the classroom context in the universities

La idea saussureana de que los sistemas fonológicos se basan en oposiciones distintivas se hace concreta en la obra de Jakobson y sus colaboradores con la propuesta de la “escala dicotómica” de rasgos distintivos. Para estos autores, el funcionamiento de una lengua, así como su adquisición y su pérdida, dependen de la organización jerárquica de los rasgos distintivos. La obra de Dresher y sus colaboradores actualiza la importancia de esta concepción fundamental de los sistemas fonológicos, bajo el nombre de “jerarquía contrastiva”. En este artículo, muestro que la adquisición del sistema vocálico del castellano por parte de hablantes de quechua y del sistema vocálico del quechua por parte de hablantes de castellano consiste en la adquisición de las oposiciones de la L2 sobre la base de las oposiciones de la L1. / De Saussure’s idea that phonological systems are based on distinctive oppositions crystalizes in the work of Jakobson and his collaborators with the “dichotomous scale” of distinctive features. For these scholars, the way a language works, as well as the way it is acquired and lost, depends on the hierarchical organization of the distinctive features. The work of Dresher and his collaborators recovers the importance of this fundamental conception of phonological systems, with the name “contrastive hierarchy”. In this paper, I show that the acquisition of the Spanish vocalic system by Quechua speakers and of the Quechua vocalic system by Spanish speakers amounts to the acquisition of L2 oppositions on the basis of L1 oppositions.

The aim of this essay was to find out differences and similarities between German and Swedish surnames. The linguistic category name is basically discussed, including an elaboration of terms. The essay includes an historical overview of the development of German and Swedish surnames and an overview of the different types of surnames. It follows a discussion/summary in which differences and similarities are discussed.

A presente tese tem como objetivo estudar as preposições passíveis de interpretação causal em alemão e português, de forma contrastiva, com base no processo de gramaticalização e enfoque sincrônico. Para este estudo foi feito um levantamento das preposições consideradas causais ou com acepção causal na literatura. A seguir, foram recolhidas ocorrências em alemão e português para a composição de um corpus, cujas ocorrências foram testadas para que pudesse ou não ser atestado o caráter causal das preposições, além de ter sido desenvolvido um quadro para mostrar o seu grau de gramaticalização. A fim de explicar como a interpretação causal é conferida às preposições, propôs-se um desmembramento do domínio QUALIDADE proposto por Heine et al. (1991), visto que de acordo com o estudo, a noção de causa advém por meio de relações de contiguidade metonímica não só dos domínios PESSOA, ESPAÇO e TEMPO, mas também dos grupos modo, condição, instrumento, finalidade e tema, noções que provavelmente se encontram no domínio QUALIDADE / This thesis aims to contrastively study prepositions that enable causal interpretation in German and Portuguese, based on the process of Grammaticalization and with a synchronic approach. For this study, a collection of prepositions considered causal or with causal meaning in the literature was made. Thereafter, occurrences in German and Portuguese were collected to compose a corpus. Then, these occurrences have been tested in order to prove or not the possibility of the causal character of the prepositions analyzed. Also, a table has been developed to show the degree of grammaticalization of these prepositions. In order to explain how the causal interpretation is given to prepositions, we propose a breakdown of the domain QUALITY proposed by Heine et al. (1991), since according to the study, the notion of cause comes through the relationships of metonymical contiguity not only from the domains PERSON, SPACE and TIME, but also from the mode, condition, instrument, goal and theme groups, concepts that are likely to be found within the domain QUALITY

Ce travail comprend, aprés l'introduction, une présentation concernant la forme de travail, un résumé sur l'histoire et l'emploi du "futur" dans de contextes historiques et grammaticaux. L'étude a traité les deux langues, le français et le suédois de manière contrastive. La base du corpus est une lecture littéraire française et suédoise traduites dans les deux langues respectives. L'auteur a analysé la manière, de la part de traducteurs, de traiter le futur simple (Fs) vis-à-vis des périphrases suédoises avec un sens de futur. L'étude a abouti à un ensemble d'exemples d'expressions de futur simple et de périphrases suédoises qui ont été analusées de la manière suivante: prémièrement les résultats au total, puis l'auteur a réparti les résultats de chacun des groupes de future simple et des périphrases suédoises. Les résultats de l'étude sont présentés dans des tableaux suivis d'analyses.

This essay is an analysis of a translation of the chapter Success Begets Success – From 1800 to C70 Coupé in David G. Styles’ book Volvo 1800. The Complete Story. By studying cultural adaptations together with the translation of terminology and connectors and basing the analysis on translation theory, certain conclusions can be drawn about the problems of translating a car-related text. This essay is mainly based on the theories of Vinay & Darbelnet (in Munday 2001), Rune Ingo (2007) and Bengt Altenberg (1999). The main results are that terminology is very important and that a translator needs to know the terms very well in order to translate successfully. For cultural adaptations it is necessary to make the text appear natural in the target culture without losing any vital information from the source text. Failure to meet those demands may result in a text which is rejected by people who are very interested in and knowledgeable about Volvo. Regarding connectors, avoidance of repetition is a key to success and slight increases or decreases in formality must sometimes be performed in order to reach this goal. Translation may be a rather vague science, but there are still strategies that must be regarded as better than others.

This study aims to analyse errors written by Year 9 and examine whether the errors derive from the pupils´ mother tongue (Swedish) or not. 20 essays collected from a school in southern Sweden were examined for this study. The Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis, which states that grammatical errors in L2 English are the result of interference from L1 Swedish, was used as the theoretical basis for this study. Different processes of errors in second language acquisition were then analysed, which are called transfers and generalisation. Four different types of grammatical errors will be described and the errors found in the essays are discussed on the basis of these linguistic errors. In addition, some lexical errors will be accounted for. This study aims to find out whether it is possible to see any connections with the pupils´s errors to Swedish. The results show that some errors can be directly linked to their mother tongue, such as direct translations of prepositions, which were by far the most common type of errors. Some errors are however more likely to be generalisations, where the pupils´ have used their previous knowledge of English syntax, in a new context.

The purpose of this study is to investigate sixth form students’ pronunciation, and their exposure to English during their English lessons in school. The focus of the study is to investigate whether or not the students have problems with pronouncing the contrastive consonant phonemes that do not exist, or are rarely used in the Swedish language (i.e /z/). In order to investigate the students’ pronunciation, questionnaires were handed out, followed by a reading exercise that was recorded. Also, a questionnaire was handed out to the students’ teachers in order to investigate their thoughts about the importance of teaching pronunciation. The participating students and teachers in this essay were chosen from a school in the south-west part of Sweden. The results in this essay show that the majority of the students participating had difficulties pronouncing the English consonant phonemes which do not exist, or are rarely used, in Swedish i.e /z/, /tʃ/ and /dʒ/. Furthermore, the results in this essay show that the students are more likely to pronounce English words with consonant phonemes similar to those used in Swedish.

Le but de ce travail est de donner une analyse linguistique des mots et de la notion « État/gosudarstvo » dans une optique contrastive, dans les langues et les discours français et russe. L'objectif est la détermination de leurs traits sémantiques communs. Pour cela, il a été procédé à la construction des champs lexico-sémantiques et à l'élaboration des familles d'État/gosudarstvo, qui a rendu possible la comparaison des deux combinatoires. Par ailleurs, nous nous sommes inspirée de l'approche cognitive sur le processus conceptuel métaphorique et de l'approche psycholinguistique. C'est en mettant en parallèle des corpus variés : dictionnaires de langue, dictionnaires des associations verbales et textes médiatiques, que nous avons analysé les traits sémantiques, pour ensuite en souligner leurs spécificités ou ressemblances et établir les liens avec les facteurs linguistiques et extralinguistiques. / The purpose of this study is to provide a comparative linguistic analysis of the words « État/gosudarstvo » and the notion of State. The objective is to determine common semantic features of the both words. In order to do this, lexical and semantic fields were created. The elaboration of word families allows to compare the French and Russian combinations. Moreover, inspiration was found through cognitive linguistics and through psycholinguistics theory on word association norms. We analyzed the semantic features on comparing various corpus: general dictionaries, associative thesaurus and media texts. This makes it possible to highlight the differences and similarities of the both features and to identify the links between linguistic and extra-linguistic factors.

Les études linguistiques les plus récentes admettent que les noms propres sont souvent traduits, ou adaptés, par opposition aux anciennes théories sur la non-traduisibilité des noms propres.Ce qui distingue les toponymes du reste de l’onomastique, ce sont les implications politiques, sociologiques et historiques qui concernent une bonne partie des noms géographiques. Dire « Breslau » pour la ville polonaise « Wrocław » peut avoir une connotation négative selon le contexte. Et pourtant, nous rencontrons très fréquemment cette forme surInternet. De plus, on observe avec la mondialisation la multiplication de nombreuses versions du même toponyme.Le travail présenté ici est composé de trois parties. La première partie présente de manière brève les théories concernant les noms propres, mais adaptées aux toponymes, et la deuxième décrit leurs fonctions, ainsi que leur statut linguistique par rapport à la normalisation internationale. Le concept de la toponymie synchronique-contrastive et les méthodes d’analyse des toponymes selon cette approche sont introduits dans la partie 2.La partie trois est une analyse du corpus qui a pour le but d’observer les structures et l’intégration des toponymes polonais dans la langue française ainsi que leur usage populaire dans les publications courantes (sur Internet, dans les brochures touristiques, dans les applications et réseaux sociaux, etc.), qui diffère de l’usage officiel, censé être politiquementcorrect. / The most recent linguistic studies show that proper names are often translated or adapted, in contrast to the traditional theories of untranslatability of proper names.What distinguishes toponyms from the rest of onomastics are political, sociological and historical implications that affect many geographical names. Using the name "Breslau" for the Polish city "Wrocław" may convey negative connotations depending on the context. Nevertheless, this form is often found on the Internet. Moreover, due to globalization we arewitnessing the multiplication of many versions of the same toponym. This work is composed of three parts. The first part presents theories of proper names,but adapted to toponyms, and the second describes their functions and their linguistic status according to the international standardization. The concept of synchronic-contrastive toponymy and methods of analysing toponyms according to this approach are introduced as well in the second part.The third part is an analysis of the corpus with the purpose of observing the structure and the integration of Polish toponyms into the French language, as well as their popular use in current publications (Internet, tourist brochures, in applications and social networks, etc.) different from the official use, which is supposed to be politically correct.