(English) The presented diploma thesis deals with the French concession connectors bien que, quoique, encore que, malgré que and certes-mais. The aim of the thesis was to describe their behaviour in French and to compare them with Czech. As the main classification criteria, we choose the position of the concédé and the asserté, and the finiteness of the concédé. By reason of technical arrangement of the corpus, the type of concession is described only marginally. The connectors were described on random samples from the parallel corpus Europarl. This corpus contains transcripts of the European Parliament's debates and was chosen due to the high content of argumentative structures. In the defined samples, bien que and certes-mais are very close in their function (most often is the government of finite concédés in anteposition). Another class consists of encore que and malgré que (commonly govern finite concédés in postposition). Quoique is aside, because it prefers on our samples non-finite concédés in postposition. And thus, the conjunction connectors, which are often referred to as synonymous, exhibit different behavior in terms of the factors described. More generally, the anteposition of concédés emphasizes the validity of the concessive implication, while its postposition stresses the concessive...

Notre étude se propose d’analyser les changements dans les adjectifs qui surviennent dans la traduction suédoise de l'oeuvre L'Amant de Duras (1984). Le français est un langage analytique où de nombreuses constructions analytiques peuvent être découvertes. La langue suédoise a à la fois des caractéristiques analytiques et synthétiques et, comme les deux langues ont des structures différentes, il faut employer des stratégies et des méthodes pour obtenir une équivalence aussi exacte que possible dans une traduction. L'étude aborde les regroupements de composantes de sens (selon Ingo), des cas sémantiques spéciaux tels que l'action explicite et implicite, la transposition, où un changement de classe de mot a lieu mais le sens demeure, ainsi que les ajouts et omissions sémantiques. L'analyse de la traduction des adjectifs de L'Amant montre qu'il y a un usage fréquent des transpositions et des regroupements synthétiques et analytiques. Elle montre également que les lexèmes suédois ont généralement une grande complexité sémantique où les adjectifs avec le suffixe -ig se distinguent comme un groupe. Les lexèmes français en comparaison sont plus généraux et dépendent d'autres lexèmes pour exprimer une signification exacte. Le cadre théorique est basé sur les recherches de Tegelberg, qui sont présentées dans son livre Kontrastiv lexikologi i praktiken (2000) et d’Ingo, dans les deux livres Från källspråk till målspråk (1991) et Konsten att översätta (2011). / Our study aims to analyze the changes in adjectives that occur in the Swedish translation of L’Amant (the Lover) of Duras (1984). French is an analytical language where many analytical constructs can be discovered. Elisabeth Tegelberg (2000) states that French lexemes (in this study concerning adjectives) generally have a lower semantic complexity than Swedish lexemes (Tegelberg, 2000 : 13). The Swedish language has both analytical and synthetic characteristics, and since the two languages have different structures, strategies and methods are needed to achieve as exact an equivalence as possible in a translation. The study addresses the regroupings of components of meaning (Ingo, 1991 : 186-187), special semantic cases such as explicit and implicit action, transposition where a change of word class takes place but the meaning remains, and semantic additions and omissions. The examination of the translation of the text of Duras’ L'Amant shows that there is a frequent use of transpositions as well as synthetic and analytical regroupings. It also shows that Swedish lexemes generally have a great semantic complexity where the adjective group with the suffix -ig stands out as a group. French lexemes in comparison are more general and depend on other lexemes to express an exact meaning. The theoretical framework is based on the research of Tegelberg, which is presented in her book Kontrastiv lexikologi i praktiken (2000) and by Ingo, in the two books Från källspråk till målspråk (1991) and Konsten att översätta (2011).

The purpose of the study is to examine how the Spanish students in a 6th grade class of primary school consider contrastive analysis approaches in the acquisition of a third language. This study also makes use of a sociocultural perspective that is in relation with the language acquisition perspective and puts its mark in the study. To support our research, we used the qualitative method, specifically, the semi-structured interview. Five Spanish language students stemming from one school class were interviewed. As a result of the questions presented, we were able to conclude that learning Spanish as a target language has its challenges among the Swedish students. Another aspect that is worth highlighting in the data analysis is the importance of the students’ prior knowledge and its integration into the students’ own consciousness.In order to obtain this objective, it is necessary that the teacher helps the students to discover a connection between the forms and use of the Spanish grammar and that it can be done in an easy and playful way within the group in class and in outdoors environments.

French cleft sentences and their counterparts in Czech and in Spanish The aim of this thesis is to describe the impact of the thematic-rhematic structure to the occurrence of cleft sentences in French language using the theory of functional sentence perspective, also, this thesis searches possible Czech and Spanish equivalents of this structure in literature. In both of these languages exist cleft sentences, however we can also find other ways in how to divide the sentence to the theme and rheme parts, which, also means various ways on how to translate this French structure. Within the theory of functional sentence perspective we will describe the differences between the syntax of these three languages which imply the use of different linguistic resources to connect the language utterance to the context and also to emphasize one constituent of the sentence. One of the aims of this thesis is to find and describe actually used translations of this structure from French language to Czech language and to Spanish language, their variability, frequency depending on the type of text and last but not least, other factors affecting the choice of the translation. The thesis is aiming to connect the findings from theoretical and practical part so we can find out which language resources are possible to be...

京都大学 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医学) / 乙第13461号 / 論医博第2248号 / 新制||医||1055(附属図書館) / (主査)教授 古川 壽亮, 教授 松村 由美, 教授 永井 洋士 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

La transculturación narrativa es un fenómeno que implica la creación de nuevos productos debido a la incorporación de elementos culturales y lingüísticos a una cultura dominante y a la pérdida de los mismos en una cultura dominada. Estos elementos se manifiestan a través de la lengua, estructura literaria y cosmovisión. Dentro del proceso de traducción, los traductores toman decisiones para crear un texto meta que refleje el contexto cultural descrito en el texto original. Al traducir un texto transculturado, el proceso traslativo puede requerir de procedimientos particulares para la correcta reexpresión del mensaje original en el producto que, a su vez, busca la comprensión del público receptor. Por esto, la presente investigación se enfoca en analizar la traducción del fenómeno de la transculturación narrativa al inglés de Los ríos profundos de José María Arguedas traducida por Frances Barraclough. Asimismo, se busca identificar los elementos transculturados en la obra original a fin de reconocer las técnicas de traducción y analizar los paratextos empleados en cada caso. Para este estudio, se propone aplicar la técnica de análisis de contenido mediante la elaboración de un libro de códigos que permitirá identificar y analizar los elementos transculturales en la obra Los ríos profundos. Además, se aplicará la técnica de análisis textual contrastivo mediante fichas para comparar fragmentos, lexemas y sintagmas específicos tanto del texto meta como del texto fuente. De esta manera, se expondrán los procedimientos que Frances Horning Barraclough utilizó para la traducción de los elementos transculturales en Los ríos profundos. / Narrative transculturation is a phenomenon that entails creating new products due to the incorporation of cultural and linguistic elements to a dominant culture and their loss on the dominated one. These elements are expressed through language, literary structure and worldview. During the translation process, translators make different kind of decisions in order to create a target text that includes the same cultural equivalence that the original text already has. When a transcultural text is translated, specific procedures are needed to achieve the most accurate rewording of the source text on the final product which, at the same time, seeks for the understanding of the target audience. Therefore, the following research focuses on the analysis of the narrative transcultural translation phenomenon on Deep Rivers, written by José María Arguedas and translated by Frances Horning Barraclough. In addition, the aim of this investigation is to identify the transcultural elements in Los ríos profundos with the purpose of recognizing the translation techniques and analyze the use paratexts during the translation process. In this investigation, in order to identify and analyze transcultural elements in Los ríos profundos, content analysis technique will be use through the elaboration of the codification book. Furthermore, the contrastive textual analysis technique will be applied through index tabs to show fragments, lexemes and syntagmas of both the source and target text. As a result, the procedures that Frances Horning Barraclough used for the translation of the transcultural elements in Los ríos profundos will be presented. / Trabajo de investigación

The purpose of this study was to examine script effects of the Chinese Language on Chinese ESL/EFL students· reading strategies, in comparison to those employed by ESL students from alphabetic orthographic backgrounds.

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Writing effectively in an academic setting is a challenge for many students, especially at the graduate level. Graduate students often struggle with the demands of writing a thesis, which is a specific genre of writing with its own set of standards, norms and conventions. The difficulties described above deepen for students who have to write in their second language. Since language and writing are culture specific, each language has its own unique rhetorical conventions. By comparing three different theses, this study aims to identify the differences between Thai and English discourse. Understanding these differences will provide some guidance to Thai students who are writing their theses in English.

Contrastive stress is an aspect of communication that can be used to highlight information, de-accent redundant information, and create distinctions between new and previously-provided information. Previous research has documented that adult speakers use relative changes in their vocal intensity, fundamental frequency (F0), and duration to mark contrastive stress in a sentence. However, less is understood about how and when children mark contrastive stress in their communication, thus the current study aims to examine a number of acoustic elements of contrastive stress in 8 to 10-year-old children. Speech samples were elicited from 20 children and analyzed to determine if the acoustic parameters of F0, intensity, and duration varied as a function of the speaking condition, speaker gender, or grammatical unit. Results of the experiment suggest that when comparing the baseline speaking condition to the speaking condition eliciting contrastive stress, significant differences were only found for the acoustic measure of mean intensity. Additionally, gender-related differences in contrastive stress were found only for the dependent measure of F0 slope, with a greater F0 slope exhibited by female speakers. All grammatical units were significantly different from one another across a number of variables, with significant interactions between baseline and target conditions and grammatical unit being analyzed. As indicated in previous research, the findings of the present study may indicate that children under 10 years of age may not have developed contrastive stress in an adult-like manner. Results may also be due to individual speaker differences, the complex nature of prosody, or measurement methodology.