The researcher is concerned about the lack of attention given to withdrawn early adolescents (WEAs) at school. During early adolescence, the foundations for lasting character, personality traits and social interaction are laid. Learners exhibiting withdrawal behaviour are described as being quiet, reserved, removed or distant. Attempts by educators to get them involved in lessons often end in failure and this causes educators to become frustrated and confused about how to deal with these learners. The aim of this study is therefore to establish the factors that contribute to withdrawal behaviour in early adolescents. The researcher devised an identification instrument that makes the identification of WEAs much easier for educators. He also established the deep seated fears and anxieties of WEAs and ascertained how they would like to be treated by their educators. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

The diploma thesis deals with the issue of proprietorial and institutional connection of five stages and four ensembles of the National Theatre in Prague, which is a contributory organization of the Ministry of Culture Czech Republic. The thesis introduces a cultural policy in general terms and explains development of the National Theatre until 1989. The main point of the thesis is the institutional and financial analysis, the thesis aims to evaluate the consequences of changes in the methods of administration of each stage of the National Theatre, especially merging and splitting stages and ensembles after 1989. The analysis focuses on the founder's contribution, thus demands on public means, but also takes into account visit rate, percentage of self-sufficiency, number of performances, development of revenues, etc. Finally, the thesis presents a model of functioning of national theaters and opera houses in France and in the United Kingdom, and their comparison with situation in the Czech Republic, focusing on the method of financing.

Master’s thesis elaborates an evaluation of the management of contributory organization named Business Academy and Language School Entitled to State Exams. The aim of the submitted master’s thesis is, on a base of the evaluation of the management, to propose a set of recommendations which will improve the management and will make the management more efficient.

Bakgrund: Vårdmiljön inom psykiatrisk heldygnsvård har beskrivits framkalla olika känslor och präglas av en hård miljö där patienter bland annat kan vårdas mot sin vilja och vara utsatta för tvångsåtgärder och restriktioner. Aggressivitet är vanligt förekommande på dessa avdelningar och bedöms vara ett problem. En kunskapslucka finns vad gäller vilka patienter och situationer som ökar risken för aggressivitet inom kontexten psykiatrisk heldygnsvård. Syfte: Att identifiera karaktäristiska drag hos patienter med aggressivt beteende och identifiera aspekter som påverkar situationer där hot- och våldsincidenter uppstått inom psykiatrisk heldygnsvård samt syntetisera en förklaringsmodell. Metod: En integrativ litteraturöversikt beståendes av både kvalitativa och kvantitativa artiklar. Materialet analyserades med hjälp av Whittemore och Knafls (2005) arbetsprocess. Resultat: Resultatet genererade i tre huvudteman och tio underteman. Följande tre huvudteman identifierades: patienten som en trigger, vårdmiljön som en trigger och personalen som en trigger. Diskussion: Metoden diskuteras utifrån begreppen: trovärdighet, pålitlighet, bekräftelsebarhet och överförbarhet. Resultatets huvudfynd diskuteras med stöd av tidigare forskning och i relation till Phil Barkers teori tidvattenmodellen. / Background: The care environment within psychiatric inpatient care has been described to create different emotions and is characterized as a hard environment where patients sometimes are treated against their will and can be exposed to coercive measures and restrictions. Aggressiveness is common at these wards and is considered a problem. There is a knowledge gap when it comes to patients and situations that increase the risk for aggressiveness in the context of psychiatric inpatient care. Aim: To identify characteristic features of aggressive patients and to identify aspects that effects situations where threats and violence has occurred in psychiatric inpatient care and to synthesise an explanatory model. Method: An integrative literature overview containing both qualitative and quantitative articles. The data were analysed using Whittemore and Knafl’s (2005) working procedure. Results: The result generated in three main themes and ten subthemes. Following three main themes were identified: the patient as a trigger, the care environment as a trigger and the staff as a trigger. Discussion: The method is discussed in relation to these concepts: trustworthiness, dependability, confirmability and transferability. The results are discussed with support of previous research and in relation to Phil Barker's theory the Tidal model.

<p>This study extends the existing literature on how social networks enhance the performance and sustainability of small enterprises. More specifically, the study isolates and investigates the mechanisms through which social capital helps with the growth and survival of MSMEs. The evidence presented in this study strongly suggests that an indigenous social network widely practiced in Ethiopia, the &ldquo / iqqub&rdquo / , contributes significantly to the start-up, survival and development of urban MSMEs.</p>

<p>This study extends the existing literature on how social networks enhance the performance and sustainability of small enterprises. More specifically, the study isolates and investigates the mechanisms through which social capital helps with the growth and survival of MSMEs. The evidence presented in this study strongly suggests that an indigenous social network widely practiced in Ethiopia, the &ldquo / iqqub&rdquo / , contributes significantly to the start-up, survival and development of urban MSMEs.</p>

Esta tese tem como finalidade propor um método de coleta, tratamento e análise de dados de acidentes de trânsito para aplicação no Brasil. Este método tem como um de seus objetivos reconhecer os fatores que contribuem para a ocorrência dos acidentes, visto que identificar as causas dos acidentes é fundamental na busca por soluções para o problema da acidentalidade. No Brasil as bases de dados de acidentes de trânsito são, em geral, estruturadas a partir dos registros policiais e carecem de informações adequadas para a análise da segurança viária. O método proposto neste trabalho permite registrar acidentes de modo a contemplar: as características do acidente, as circunstâncias do momento, a identificação e as características dos veículos e pessoas envolvidas. Além disso, o método permite relacionar essas informações com os fatores que contribuíram para a ocorrência dos acidentes. Nesse contexto, a criação de uma base de dados de acidentes e seus fatores contribuintes, vem suprir a carência de informações essenciais para o diagnóstico e encaminhamento de soluções adequadas para os problemas motivadores dos acidentes de trânsito. A proposta desta tese está baseada em uma abordagem que combina aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos, alinhada às melhores práticas internacionais na área de segurança viária. Como resultado do desenvolvimento do método, foram elaborados instrumentos de coleta de dados contendo um formulário, um manual e procedimentos para a coleta de dados. Como resultado da aplicação prática desses instrumentos, foi criada a estrutura de uma base de dados que permitiu a definição do método proposto para a análise das causas de acidentes de trânsito. Como meio de validar o método proposto, foi realizado um estudo aplicado e são apresentadas as análises de dados dos acidentes de trânsito observados. / This thesis has the purpose of presenting a method for collecting and processing data on traffic accidents to be applied in Brazil. This method aims to acknowledge the contributor factors for the occurrence of accidents, since identifying the causes of accidents is crucial on the search for effective solutions for the road safety problem. Traffic accidents database in Brazil are generally structured based on police reports, therefore lacking adequate information for the analyses of road safety. The method proposes a registry of the accidents comprising accident characteristics, scene circumstances, vehicle as well as involved people identification and characteristics. Moreover, it allows relating that information with the accident contributory factors. In this scenery, the creation of an accident database and its contributory factors emerge to supply the lack of essential information for the diagnosis and adequate solution for traffic accidents. This thesis’ proposal has an approach that combines both quantitative and qualitative aspects, seeking to level up to the best international practice on the road safety area. As a result of the development of the method, data collection instruments were elaborated: a form, a manual, and procedures for data collection. Besides, as a result of the practical application of these instruments, a database - which allowed the definition of the method proposed for analysis of the causes of traffic accidents - was created. As a mean of validation of the method, an applied study and the data analysis of the observed traffic accidents are presented.

Esta tese tem como finalidade propor um método de coleta, tratamento e análise de dados de acidentes de trânsito para aplicação no Brasil. Este método tem como um de seus objetivos reconhecer os fatores que contribuem para a ocorrência dos acidentes, visto que identificar as causas dos acidentes é fundamental na busca por soluções para o problema da acidentalidade. No Brasil as bases de dados de acidentes de trânsito são, em geral, estruturadas a partir dos registros policiais e carecem de informações adequadas para a análise da segurança viária. O método proposto neste trabalho permite registrar acidentes de modo a contemplar: as características do acidente, as circunstâncias do momento, a identificação e as características dos veículos e pessoas envolvidas. Além disso, o método permite relacionar essas informações com os fatores que contribuíram para a ocorrência dos acidentes. Nesse contexto, a criação de uma base de dados de acidentes e seus fatores contribuintes, vem suprir a carência de informações essenciais para o diagnóstico e encaminhamento de soluções adequadas para os problemas motivadores dos acidentes de trânsito. A proposta desta tese está baseada em uma abordagem que combina aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos, alinhada às melhores práticas internacionais na área de segurança viária. Como resultado do desenvolvimento do método, foram elaborados instrumentos de coleta de dados contendo um formulário, um manual e procedimentos para a coleta de dados. Como resultado da aplicação prática desses instrumentos, foi criada a estrutura de uma base de dados que permitiu a definição do método proposto para a análise das causas de acidentes de trânsito. Como meio de validar o método proposto, foi realizado um estudo aplicado e são apresentadas as análises de dados dos acidentes de trânsito observados. / This thesis has the purpose of presenting a method for collecting and processing data on traffic accidents to be applied in Brazil. This method aims to acknowledge the contributor factors for the occurrence of accidents, since identifying the causes of accidents is crucial on the search for effective solutions for the road safety problem. Traffic accidents database in Brazil are generally structured based on police reports, therefore lacking adequate information for the analyses of road safety. The method proposes a registry of the accidents comprising accident characteristics, scene circumstances, vehicle as well as involved people identification and characteristics. Moreover, it allows relating that information with the accident contributory factors. In this scenery, the creation of an accident database and its contributory factors emerge to supply the lack of essential information for the diagnosis and adequate solution for traffic accidents. This thesis’ proposal has an approach that combines both quantitative and qualitative aspects, seeking to level up to the best international practice on the road safety area. As a result of the development of the method, data collection instruments were elaborated: a form, a manual, and procedures for data collection. Besides, as a result of the practical application of these instruments, a database - which allowed the definition of the method proposed for analysis of the causes of traffic accidents - was created. As a mean of validation of the method, an applied study and the data analysis of the observed traffic accidents are presented.

Esta tese tem como finalidade propor um método de coleta, tratamento e análise de dados de acidentes de trânsito para aplicação no Brasil. Este método tem como um de seus objetivos reconhecer os fatores que contribuem para a ocorrência dos acidentes, visto que identificar as causas dos acidentes é fundamental na busca por soluções para o problema da acidentalidade. No Brasil as bases de dados de acidentes de trânsito são, em geral, estruturadas a partir dos registros policiais e carecem de informações adequadas para a análise da segurança viária. O método proposto neste trabalho permite registrar acidentes de modo a contemplar: as características do acidente, as circunstâncias do momento, a identificação e as características dos veículos e pessoas envolvidas. Além disso, o método permite relacionar essas informações com os fatores que contribuíram para a ocorrência dos acidentes. Nesse contexto, a criação de uma base de dados de acidentes e seus fatores contribuintes, vem suprir a carência de informações essenciais para o diagnóstico e encaminhamento de soluções adequadas para os problemas motivadores dos acidentes de trânsito. A proposta desta tese está baseada em uma abordagem que combina aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos, alinhada às melhores práticas internacionais na área de segurança viária. Como resultado do desenvolvimento do método, foram elaborados instrumentos de coleta de dados contendo um formulário, um manual e procedimentos para a coleta de dados. Como resultado da aplicação prática desses instrumentos, foi criada a estrutura de uma base de dados que permitiu a definição do método proposto para a análise das causas de acidentes de trânsito. Como meio de validar o método proposto, foi realizado um estudo aplicado e são apresentadas as análises de dados dos acidentes de trânsito observados. / This thesis has the purpose of presenting a method for collecting and processing data on traffic accidents to be applied in Brazil. This method aims to acknowledge the contributor factors for the occurrence of accidents, since identifying the causes of accidents is crucial on the search for effective solutions for the road safety problem. Traffic accidents database in Brazil are generally structured based on police reports, therefore lacking adequate information for the analyses of road safety. The method proposes a registry of the accidents comprising accident characteristics, scene circumstances, vehicle as well as involved people identification and characteristics. Moreover, it allows relating that information with the accident contributory factors. In this scenery, the creation of an accident database and its contributory factors emerge to supply the lack of essential information for the diagnosis and adequate solution for traffic accidents. This thesis’ proposal has an approach that combines both quantitative and qualitative aspects, seeking to level up to the best international practice on the road safety area. As a result of the development of the method, data collection instruments were elaborated: a form, a manual, and procedures for data collection. Besides, as a result of the practical application of these instruments, a database - which allowed the definition of the method proposed for analysis of the causes of traffic accidents - was created. As a mean of validation of the method, an applied study and the data analysis of the observed traffic accidents are presented.

E-handelns framväxt har till stor del inneburit en positiv utveckling för företag eftersom företaget kan nå ut till en större marknad. Men i takt med e-handelns utveckling har även försäljning av förfalskade produkter ökat. Försäljningen av förfalskningar av ett företags varor påverkar företaget på flera sätt. För det första kan företaget inte garantera att varan håller den kvalitetsstandard originalet har. För det andra påverkas företagets goodwill om varan inte når upp till den standard som kunden förväntar sig. En kund som fortfarande tror att varan är äkta tappar förtroende för företagets varor och avråder andra att anskaffa dessa. Som en direkt följd av de två första punkterna kan företagets vinst påverkas negativt. För den rättighetsinnehavare som vill stoppa försäljningen av förfalskningar vore det mest effektivt om e-handelsplattformen ålades ett direkt ansvar istället för att rättighetsinnehavaren ska leta upp och väcka åtal mot respektive säljare. I dagsläget riskerar e-handelsplattformen dock endast ett medverkansansvar. I TPB-målet från EU- domstolen framgår dock att den mellanman som, mot bakgrund av den verksamhet de bedriver, borde ha ett direkt ansvar trots att aktuella lagregler inte medger det kan åläggas ett direkt ansvar om kännedom om intrång föreligger. Detta kan bli aktuellt för vissa e- handelsplattformar. Dessa e-handelsplattformar omfattas inte av e-handelsdirektivets ansvarsundantag eftersom de är aktiva aktörer. För att en e-handelsplattform ska bli direkt ansvarig krävs dock att plattformen har kännedom om ett specifikt intrång och sedan ställer sig passiv till det specifika intrånget. Detta innebär att kännedom måste skapas. Det åligger rättighetsinnehavaren att anmäla specifika intrång till e-handelsplattformen och på så sätt skapa kännedom. E-handelsplattformen kan inte åläggas en övervakningsplikt. Även om så vore fallet skulle rättighetsinnehavaren behöva kontrollera att e-handelsplattformen uppfyllde denna plikt. En e-handelsplattform skulle således kunna åläggas ett direkt ansvar men det är starkt beroende av aktivitet från rättighetsinnehavaren vilket gör ansvaret relativt snävt och ineffektivt. Rättighetsinnehavaren måste ta ett lika stort ansvar som tidigare om denne vill stoppa förfalskningar. Det kan tyckas att den som bedriver en e-handelsplattform ska ha koll på sin verksamhet men i praktiken vore det både omöjligt och orimligt för en e- handelsplattform att kontrollera allt som sker på plattformen. / The rise of e-commerce has led to a positive development for businesses since they can reach a bigger market. But it has also led to an increase in the sale of counterfeited goods. The sale of counterfeited goods affects a company in several ways. Firstly, the company cannot guarantee that the counterfeited good fulfils the company’s quality standards. Secondly, the company’s goodwill is damaged if the counterfeited good does not hold the quality the customer expects. A customer, who is convinced the counterfeited good is the original, loses trust for the company and will discourage others to buy goods from the company. Consequently, the company’s profit could be badly affected. For the rights owner/company, wishing to stop the sale of counterfeited goods, it would be more efficient if an e-commerce platform would be directly liable for the sale of counterfeited goods sold on its platform. Instead, the rights owner must find the actual seller and press chargers. The e-commerce platform only risks contributory liability. However, the TPB-case from the EU-court suggests that a middleman who, depending on the characteristics of their business, can be directly liable if they are aware of the infringement. This could be applied on certain e-commerce platforms. These platforms cannot avoid liability through the e-commerce directive since they are active. For an e- commerce platform to be directly liable it is required the platform knows about a specific infringement. Furthermore, that the platform is passive after knowledge has been established. It is the rights owner’s responsibility to make the e-commerce platform aware of specific infringements. The e-commerce platform cannot be obliged to perform a general monitoring duty. Even if it was possible, the rights owner would still have to control the e-commerce platform fulfilled its duty. Hence, an e-commerce platform could be directly liable for infringements taking place on the platform, but such a liability is dependent on the rights owner’s activity which makes the liability limited and inefficient. One could argue an e-commerce platform should supervise its business but it would be both impossible and unreasonably for an e-commerce platform to screen all offers made available on the platform.