Dans un contexte concurrentiel et réglementaire croissant des banques, face à une crise financière qui interroge les usages de l’argent, peut-on faire de la banque autrement ? Nous tentons de répondre à cette question en centrant notre analyse sur le cas de La Nef, petite coopérative de finance solidaire fondée sur un projet alternatif. La Nef, d’abord institution financière et disposant aujourd’hui d’un agrément bancaire, en 20 ans a grandi et s’est professionnalisée. Sa trajectoire est marquée par des formes d’isomorphismes que nous identifions et qui provoquent une hybridation de son modèle coopératif. Nous construisons et analysons l’installation des banquiers itinérants comme innovation organisationnelle dans le but de la réaffirmation du projet coopératif. En apportant de l’hétéromorphisme et de l’hetéropraxisme dans l’organisation, ces banquiers itinérants ancrent l’organisation dans son territoire et les enjeux de son développement. Cette expérimentation constitue-t-elle un processus de reconquête coopérative, et qu’en est-il de sa diffusion ? Nous avons participé et suivi les processus à l’œuvre dans le cadre d’une recherche intervention sur 5 ans. Notre cadre d’analyse s’inscrit dans une perspective néo institutionnaliste et articule isomorphisme, proximité et traduction. Nos résultats montrent que l’implantation des banquiers itinérants redynamise le tissu coopératif et le sociétariat et amène une croissance de l’activité. Elle entraine un rééquilibrage des phénomènes d’hybridation favorable au projet social et à l’activité économique. Le déploiement des Banquiers Itinérants est à l’œuvre et méritera d’être analysé dans les formes de son développement. / In a context of increasing competition and international regulation in the banking system, and facing a financial crisis which questions the uses of money, is another way of banking possible? We try to answer this question through the analysis of the case study of the Nef, a little solidarity-based finance cooperative based on an alternative project. The Nef, at first a financial institution which later in 2014 got a banking agreement, grew up over 20 years and professionalised. We identify the various types of isomorphism which marked its trajectory and cause a hybridisation of its cooperative model. We build up and analyse the set up of itinerant bankers as an organisational innovation, in order to reaffirm the cooperative project. As they bring heteromorphism and heteropraxy into the organisation, these itinerant bankers anchor the organisation in its territory and the stakes of its development. Is this experiment a process of cooperative recovery, and will it spread ? We took part and followed the undergoing processes within a 5 year intervention research. Our analysis focuses on isomorphism, proximity and translation in a neo-institutional perspective. Our results show that itinerant bankers set up revitalise the cooperative system and shareholder relations as well as a business growth. Thus the experience show a rebalancing in hybridisation phenomena favourable to the social project and stimulating economic activity. The deployment of itinerant bankers is recent, and will deserve to be studied in its forms of development.

The writer has drawn a parallel between the co-operative agricultural communities proposed by Robert Owen in England during the nineteenth century and the "kolkhozy" or collective farms of Soviet Russia. Both the co-operative communities and the collective farms were offered as solutions to the problems of unemployment, food scarcity, and general dislocation following war and the beginning of industrialization. Both solutions were based on the development of large-scale, scientific, co-operative agriculture. An examination of the measures employed in these solutions - for example, the allotment of land, the organization and payment of labour, the roles of government and education - illustrate further the parallel between Owen's "Home Colonies" and the Soviet kolkhozy. This similarity may exist for a number of reasons, but it is the writer's opinion that Robert Owen's proposals for co-operative agricultural communities had an influence on the shaping of the Soviet collective farm system. / Arts, Faculty of / Central Eastern Northern European Studies, Department of / Graduate

Savings and loan cooperative as a business corporation Abstract This thesis deals with typical features of the savings and loan cooperative as a business corporation. The aim of the thesis is to compare the specific legal regulation of savings and loan cooperatives with the general legal regulation of business corporations and, especially, with the legal regulation of cooperatives. As a follow-up of the performed comparison, the thesis identifies features identical and, in the first place, features different, specific for the savings and loan cooperative. Such specific legal regulation is a matter of a more in-depth analysis of particular provisions and mutual relations thereof. The thesis is organised in three chapters. The first chapter includes classification of business corporations and their particular typical features, some of which are present in savings and loan cooperatives, too. The second chapter deals with historical development and importance of savings and loan cooperatives, while putting accent on the basic cooperative principles, such as cooperative democracy or an emphasize on the membership principle. Then it explains the origin of numerous restraining measures applicable to savings and loan cooperatives and making them similar to banks. The third, crucial chapter contains an analysis of...

Abstract Syftet med vår studie är att undersöka hur lärare använder sig av kooperativt lärande ute i skolorna och i vad mån kooperativt lärande bidrar till språk-och kunskapsutveckling. Vår undersökning bygger på en kvalitativ metod och etnografisk studie, i vårt fall klassrumsobservationer. Våra observationer har vi genomfört på två olika skolor, i fem olika klasser, med elever i åldrarna 7-10 år. Resultatet har analyserats efter analysmetoderna koncentrering och kategorisering. Resultaten och analysen visar att det finns både för- och nackdelar inom det kooperativa lärandet och att läraren genom sitt arbete har en stor roll i detta. Vår slutsats är att lärarens roll, strukturerna, strategierna och samarbetsfärdigheterna är det som bygger upp det positiva ömsesidiga beroendet. Det vi också såg var att det fanns en tendens till att arbetsformen tog över från ämnesinnehållet. Utvecklingsområden vi såg inom svenska är att eleverna har möjlighet att utveckla sitt tal- och skriftspråk, genom att de får lov att kommunicera, tänka och lära tillsammans.

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Smart grid is more than just the smart meters. The future smart grids are expected to include a high penetration of distributed generations (DGs), most of which will consist of renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind energy. It is believed that the high penetration of DGs will result in the reduction of power losses, voltage profile improvement, meeting future load demand, and optimizing the use of non-conventional energy sources. However, more serious problems will arise if a decent control mechanism is not exploited. An improperly managed high PV penetration may cause voltage profile disturbance, conflict with conventional network protection devices, interfere with transformer tap changers, and as a result, cause network instability. Indeed, it is feasible to organize DGs in a microgrid structure which will be connected to the main grid through a point of common coupling (PCC). Microgrids are natural innovation zones for the smart grid because of their scalability and flexibility. A proper organization and control of the interaction between the microgrid and the smartgrid is a challenge. Cooperative control makes it possible to organize different agents in a networked system to act as a group and realize the designated objectives. Cooperative control has been already applied to the autonomous vehicles and this work investigates its application in controlling the DGs in a micro grid. The microgrid power objectives are set by a higher level control and the application of the cooperative control makes it possible for the DGs to utilize a low bandwidth communication network and realize the objectives. Initially, the basics of the application of the DGs cooperative control are formulated. This includes organizing all the DGs of a microgrid to satisfy an active and a reactive power objective. Then, the cooperative control is further developed by the introduction of clustering DGs into several groups to satisfy multiple power objectives. Then, the cooperative distribution optimization is introduced iii to optimally dispatch the reactive power of the DGs to realize a unified microgrid voltage profile and minimize the losses. This distributed optimization is a gradient based technique and it is shown that when the communication is down, it reduces to a form of droop. However, this gradient based droop exhibits a superior performance in the transient response, by eliminating the overshoots caused by the conventional droop. Meanwhile, the interaction between each microgrid and the main grid can be formulated as a Stackelberg game. The main grid as the leader, by offering proper energy price to the micro grid, minimizes its cost and secures the power. This not only optimizes the economical interests of both sides, the microgrids and the main grid, but also yields an improved power flow and shaves the peak power. As such, a smartgrid may treat microgrids as individually dispatchable loads or generators.

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