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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
451

Dor osteomuscular em membros superiores e casos sugestivos de LER/DORT entre trabalhadores bancários

Scopel, Juliana January 2010 (has links)
Introdução: As Lesões por Esforços Repetitivos/Distúrbios Osteomusculares Relacionados ao Trabalho – LER/DORT – têm provocado grande impacto na vida dos trabalhadores e apresentam significativas repercussões socioeconômicas. Este estudo tem como objetivo estimar a prevalência de casos sugestivos de LER/DORT e dos sintomas em membros superiores, além da identificação de fatores associados a essas lesões e sintomas, em bancários de Porto Alegre. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado com questionário validado, nomeado “LER-like condition” para o rastreamento de casos sugestivos de LER/DORT. Um total de 356 indivíduos foi selecionado aleatoriamente a partir da estratificação dos bancos em públicos e privados e das agências em unidades de pequeno, médio e grande porte, resultando em uma amostra representativa composta de seis estratos dos diferentes bancos de Porto Alegre. A análise estatística univariada e multivariada foi realizada pelo modelo de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta, incorporando-se a estrutura do delineamento e ajuste para os conglomerados. Resultados: A prevalência de casos sugestivos de LER/DORT foi de 35% nas mulheres e 21,5% nos homens (RP= 1,54 IC95% 1,18-2,02). Trabalhadores que apresentaram monotonia física (RP= 1,78 IC95% 1,07-2,97), idade entre 26 e 45 anos (RP= 1,99 IC95% 1,16-3,39) e com mais de 45 anos (RP= 2,84 IC95% 1,26- 6,39) apresentaram maior prevalência de casos sugestivos de LER/DORT do que os grupos de comparação. Conclusão: O estudo mostra que os aspectos importantes no adoecimento por sintomas osteomusculares e LER/DORT entre os bancários parecem ser diferentes hoje dos conhecidos historicamente. Os aspectos psicossociais da sobrecarga, como a monotonia no trabalho, parecem prevalecer, necessitando de estudos longitudinais para melhor avaliar as hipóteses levantadas no presente estudo. / Introduction: Repetitive Strain Injury/Work-Related Osteo-Muscular Disease – RSI/WROD – has had a major impact on the lives of workers, with significant socioeconomic effects. The purpose of the present study is to estimate the prevalence of “RSI-like condition” and of upper-limb symptoms, together with associated factors, amongst bank workers in Porto Alegre. Methods: A cross-sectional study was used with a questionnaire designed to screen “RSI-like condition”. A sample of 356 subjects were selected at random from a stratification of banks into public or private, with small, medium and large branches, resulting in a representative sample for Porto Alegre. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were applied using a Poisson regression with robust variance and incorporating the structure of the design and adjustment for sampling design. Results: The prevalence of “RSI-like condition” was greater amongst women than amongst men (RP= 1,54 IC95% 1,18-2,02). Workers facing physical monotony (PR = 1.78 95% 1,07-2,97) aged between 26 and 45 years (PR = 1.99 95% CI 1,16-3,39) and more than 45 years (PR = 2.84 95% 1,26-6,39) have significantly more “RSI-like condition” than comparative groups. Conclusion: This study shows that important aspects of musculoskeletal symptoms and RSI/WROD, on bank workers seem to be different today than the ones historically known and require further longitudinal studies to better evaluate the hypotheses raised in this study, pointing to psychosocial burdens such as the monotony at work.
452

Transtornos mentais em uma amostra de gestantes da rede de atenção básica de saúde no sul do Brasil

Almeida, Michele Scortegagna de January 2010 (has links)
Objetivo: Medir a prevalência de prováveis diagnósticos psiquiátricos durante a gravidez e os fatores sociodemográficos associados em mulheres gestantes atendidas na rede básica de saúde no sul do Brasil. Método: Estudo transversal, em uma amostra de 712 gestantes entre a 16ª e 36ª semana de gestação, realizado em 18 Unidades Básicas de Saúde em Porto Alegre e Bento Gonçalves. Foram aplicados questionário sociodemográfico e instrumento para Avaliação de Transtornos Mentais na Atenção Primária (PRIME-MD). Na análise dos dados, foi utilizada Regressão de Poisson com variância robusta para o estudo de associação e determinação das Razões de Prevalência bruta e ajustada. Resultados: A prevalência de provável transtorno mental ocorreu em 41,7% das gestantes. O diagnóstico mais prevalente foi o transtorno depressivo maior (21,6%), seguido pelo transtorno de ansiedade generalizada (19,8%), transtorno do pânico (9,3%), transtorno depressivo maior em remissão parcial (9,0%), distimia (8,4%), e bulimia nervosa (0,6%). Após realizar a análise multivariada, os seguintes fatores mantiveram significância: não trabalhar nem estudar RP 1,25 (IC 95% 1,04-1,51), não morar com o companheiro RP 1,24 (IC 95% 1,01-1,52), e ter dois ou mais filhos RP 1,21 (IC 95% 1,01 – 1,46). Conclusão: Evidenciou-se que as gestantes da amostra atendidas na atenção primária à saúde apresentaram alta prevalência de provável transtorno mental. Abordagens para diagnóstico e tratamento deverão ser implementadas no período do pré-natal. / Objective: Measure the prevalence of probable psychiatric diagnoses during pregnancy and sociodemographic factors associated in pregnant women in primary care in southern Brazil. Methods: Cross-sectional study in a sample of 712 pregnant women between 16 and 36 weeks of gestation, conducted in 18 Basic Health Units in Porto Alegre and Bento Gonçalves. The Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD) and sociodemographic questionnaire was used for evaluating the probable psychiatric diagnoses. In the data analysis, Poisson regression was applied with robust variance for the association study and determination of crude and adjusted prevalence ratios. Results: The prevalence of probable mental disorder occurred in 41.7% of pregnant women. The most prevalent diagnosis was Major Depressive Disorder (21.6%), followed by Generalized Anxiety Disorder (19.8%), Panic Disorder (9.3%), Major Depressive Disorder in partial remission (9.0%), Dysthymia (8.4%) and Bulimia Nervosa (0.6%). After performing a multivariate analysis the following factors remained significant: neither working nor studying PR 1.25 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.51), not living with partner PR 1.24 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.52), and having two or more children PR 1.21 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.46). Conclusion: This study revealed that pregnant women in the sample treated in primary care had a high prevalence of probable mental disorder. Approaches to diagnosis and treatment should be implemented during the prenatal period.
453

The Effects of Perceived Barriers to Healthy Eating on Dietary Consumption among Parents of Elementary-School Aged Children

January 2018 (has links)
abstract: Background: Healthy eating plays critical roles in the prevention of many chronic diseases, but there are many barriers in life that prevent people from adopting and maintaining healthy diets. Thus, identifications of barriers that people perceive they have in trying to eat healthy can guide the strategies for dietary behavior change interventions by taking account of the barriers. Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify and quantify the perceived barriers to healthy eating (PBHE), to investigate the relationship between socioeconomic factors and PBHE, and to explore the associations between PBHE and dietary intake among parents of elementary-school aged children living in South Phoenix, AZ. Methods: Socioeconomic factors and PBHEs were obtained via survey and diet was assessed by two interviewer-assisted 24 h diet recalls. The associations between employment and PBHEs, education and PBHEs, and household monthly income and PBHEs were analyzed by Mann-Whitney Test, Kruskal Wallis Test, and Spearman’s correlation test, respectively. The relationship between PBHEs and dietary intake were analyzed by Spearman’s correlation test. Linear regression was used to assess the associations between total PBHE, and dietary intake (including added sugar, fruit and vegetable), adjusted by covariates (including socioeconomic status, birth country, age and gender). Results: Of 149 participants who completed the survey (mean age = 38.47±7.08 y), 136 completed the 24 h diet recalls. The mean reported total, social support, emotions and daily mechanics PBHE scores were 2.63±0.91, 2.52±1.16, 2.71±1.06, and 2.58±0.95, respectively, out of a 5-point scale. Daily fruit, vegetable, sugar-sweetened beverage, sweetened foods, and added sugar intake were reported as 1.66±1.56 servings, 2.45±1.43 servings, 1.19±1.30 servings, 2.02±2.12 servings and 49.93±31.17 g, respectively. Employment status was significantly associated with total PBHE (Z = -2.28, p=0.023), and support PBHE (Z = -2.623, p=0.009). Education was significantly related to total PBHE (χ2 = -7.987, p=0.046), and daily mechanics PBHE (χ2= 11.735, p=0.008). Household monthly income levels were significantly correlated to daily mechanics PBHE (r = -0.265, p=0.005). Added sugar was positively correlated with total PBHE (r=0.202, p=0.020), emotions PBHE (r=0.239, p=0.006), and daily mechanics PBHE (r=0.179, p=0.040). Sugar sweetened beverage intake was significantly related to emotions PBHE (r=0.183, p=0.035). When adjusting for socioeconomic factors in the regression analysis, there was no significant association between PBHE and diet intake. Conclusion: Overall, results suggest PBHEs listed in this study are mainly associated with socioeconomic factors, but they are not related to diet intake. Future studies will focus on the precise role of overcoming some identified barriers in improving healthy eating behaviors, and the causality between barriers and healthy eating. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Nutrition 2018
454

Soldering interconnects through self-propagating reaction process

Zhu, Wenbo January 2016 (has links)
This thesis presents a research into the solder interconnects made through the reactive bonding process based on the self-propagating reaction. A numerical study of soldering conditions in the heat affected zone (HAZ) during bonding was initially carried out in order to understand the self-propagating reactive bonding and the related influencing factors. This was subsequently followed by an extensive experimental work to evaluate the feasibility and reliability of the reactive bonding process to enable the optimisation of processing parameters, which had provided a detailed understanding in terms of interfacial characteristics and bonding strengths. In addition, by focusing on the microstructure of the bonds resulted from the self-propagating reactions, the interfacial reactions and microstructural evolution of the bonded structures and effects of high-temperature aging were studied in details and discussed accordingly. To study the soldering conditions, a 3D time-dependent model is established to describe the temperature and stress field induced during self-propagating reactions. The transient temperature and stress distribution at the critical locations are identified. This thus allows the prediction of the melting status of solder alloys and the stress concentration points (weak points) in the bond under certain soldering conditions, e.g. ambient temperature, pressure, dimension and type of solder materials. Experimentally, the characterisation of interconnects bonded using various materials under different technical conditions is carried out. This ultimately assists the understanding of the feasibility, reliability and failure modes of reactive bonding technique, as well as the criteria and optimisation to form robust joints. The formation of phases such as intermetallic compounds (IMCs) and mechanism of interfacial reactions during reactive bonding and subsequent aging are elaborated. The composition, dimension, distribution of phases have been examined through cross-sectional observations. The underlying temperature and stress profile determining the diffusion, crystallization and growth of phases are defined by numerical predictions. XXI Through the comparative analysis of the experimental and numerical results, the unique phases developed in the self-propagating joints are attributed to the solid-liquid-convective diffusion, directional solidification and non-equilibrium crystallization. The recrystallization and growth of phases during aging are revealed to be resulted from the solid-state diffusion and equilibration induced by the high-temperature heating. In conclusion, the interfacial reactions and microstructural evolution of interconnect developed through self-propagating reactive bonding are studied and correlated with the related influencing factors that has been obtained from these predictions and experiments. The results and findings enable the extensive uses of self-propagating reactive bonding technology for new design and assembly capable of various applications in electronic packaging. It also greatly contributes to the fundamentals of the crystallization and soldering mechanism of materials under the non-equilibrium conditions.
455

Influência da infecção pregressa pelo vírus da hepatite B em portadores de hepatite C crônica: análise histológica / Influence of previous HBV infection in patients with chronic hepatitis C: histological assessment

Gaspar Lisboa Neto 16 June 2009 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: Os vírus das hepatites B (VHB) e C (VHC) são os principais causadores de hepatopatia crônica em todo mundo. Ambos compartilham vias semelhantes de transmissão. Em pacientes portadores crônicos de VHC com sorologia compatível com infecção pregressa pelo VHB (anti-HBcAg[+] e HBsAg [-]), o VHB DNA residual tem sido detectado por técnicas de biologia molecular altamente sensíveis no soro, em células linfomononucleares de sangue periférico e em hepatócitos (como cccDNA), de forma que o anti-HBcAg tem sido associado a pior prognóstico, tanto histológico quanto terapêutico. OBJETIVOS: Analisar a associação entre infecção pregressa pelo VHB nos portadores crônicos do VHC e o dano histológico hepático, além das características epidemiológicas, clínicas e laboratoriais destes pacientes em região de baixa prevalência para o VHB. MÉTODOS: A prevalência do anti-HBcAg foi avaliada em 574 pacientes portadores crônicos de VHC atendidos durante o ano de 2006 no ambulatório de Hepatites Virais do DMIP-HC FMUSP. Deste grupo, foram selecionados 215 pacientes (98 de 112 com anti-HBcAg[+] e 117 de 462 monoinfectados pelo VHC) para análise comparativa. Ainda, 145 indivíduos foram submetidos à análise estatística multivariada, por metodologia de Regressão Logística sequencial, para identificação de possíveis preditores de fibrose avançada. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 98 pacientes com marcadores sorológicos de infecção pregressa pelo VHB. Quarenta e seis indivíduos (47%) possuíam o anti-HBcAg de forma isolada. O principal fator de risco relacionado à infecção viral foi hemotransfusão (31,6%). Contudo, a freqüência de UDI foi maior no grupo com infecção pregressa pelo VHB, em relação aos 117 indivíduos monoinfectados pelo VHC (p<0,05). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa quanto ao estadiamento (p=0,40) ou à graduação necroinflamatória histológica (APP, p=0,70) entre esses dois grupos. O tempo de infecção e a taxa de progressão de fibrose também foram semelhantes (p=0,99 e p=0,61, respectivamente). A presença do anti-HBcAg não foi considerada preditora de fibrose hepática avançada (p=0,11), porém identificamos como variáveis independentes o tabagismo acentuado (OR 4,40; IC95%: 1,30-14,87), aumento da ALT (OR 1,01; IC95%: 1,00-1,03), de gamagt (OR 1,01; IC95%: 1,00-1,01) e leucopenia (OR 7,75; IC95%: 2,13-28,23). CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de infecção pregressa pelo VHB em portadores de infecção crônica pelo VHC foi de 20%, sendo este valor compatível com outros estudos realizados em regiões de endemicidade semelhante. A freqüência do marcador anti-HBcAg isolado foi alta neste grupo, refletindo uma possível supressão da imunidade humoral contra o VHB frente a resposta dirigida ao VHC. A infecção pregressa pelo VHB não parece acentuar ou acelerar o dano histológico hepático no nosso meio. / INTRODUCTION: Hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) virus are the main causers of chronic hepatic disease worldwide. Both viruses share similar transmission routes. In chronic HCV infected patients with serological markers of resolved HBV infection (anti-HBcAg [+] and HBsAg [-]), residual HBV-DNA has been detected through highly sensible techniques in serum, PBMC and hepatocytes (as cccDNA). In fact, anti-HBcAg has been associated with worse prognoses, severe histological liver damage and less sustained virological response to HCV treatment. OBJECTIVE: Assess the relationship between previous HBV infection (anti-HBcAg [+]; HBsAg [-]) in patients with chronic hepatitis C (HCV) and histological damage, considering epidemiological, clinical and laboratorial characteristics of this group in a region of low prevalence for HBV. METHODS: Anti-HBcAg prevalence was evaluated in 574 patients seen during a period of one year in a tertiary center (University of Sao Paulo General Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil). Of this group, 215 subjects addressed selection criteria and have been selected for evaluation (98 of 112 carriers of anti-HBcAg and 117 of 462 infected only by HCV). 145 individuals have undergone analysis for identification of predictors of advanced fibrosis through univariate and multivariate stepwise logistic regression. RESULTS: Nineteen-eight subjects with serological markers of previous HBV infection were evaluated. Forty-six (47%) patients had anti-HBcAg in isolated form. The main risk factor for infection was blood transfusion (31,6%). However, the IDU frequency was greater in this group (p<0.05). There was no difference regarding histological staging (fibrosis ranging from 0 to 4, p=0.40) or grading (portal inflammation, p=0.70) compared with subjects infected only by HCV with no markers of HBV infection. The rate of fibrosis progression (in units per year) and the infection length was similar in these two groups (p=0,61 and p=0,99, respectively). Anti-HBcAg was not considered a predictor for advanced fibrosis (p=0.11). However, we identified tobacco smoking (OR 4.40; CI 95%: 1.30-14.87), increased ALT (OR 1.01; CI 95%: 1.00-1.03), increased -gt (OR 1.01; CI 95%: 1.00-1.01) and leucopenia (OR 7.75; CI 95%: 2.13-28.23) as independent variables. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of resolved HBV infection in subjects with chronic hepatitis C was 20%. This result was equivalent to other studies carried out in regions of similar endemicity. The frequency of the isolated anti-HBcAg was higher in this group, reflecting a possible suppression of the humoral immunity against HBV caused by an active immune response directed to HCV. Former and resolved HBV infection does not seem to increase or accelerate histological damage in our geographical area.
456

Valor da ultrassonografia na avaliação anatômica do plexo braquial através da correlação com estudo por ressonânica magnética / Value of sonography in anatomical evaluation of the brachial plexus through correlation with magnetic resonance imaging

Wanda Chiyoko Iwakami Caldana 27 February 2014 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: O plexo braquial é uma rede de estruturas nervosas responsáveis pela inervação motora e sensitiva do membro superior. Os métodos por imagem são de importância fundamental para a complementação diagnóstica tanto na localização como na caracterização do tipo de lesão que acomete o plexo braquial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia do exame de ultrassonografia (US) na visualização do plexo e avaliar o método comparativamente à ressonância magnética (RM). MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Este é um trabalho prospectivo comparativo entre US e RM na avaliação da anatomia do plexo braquial direito e esquerdo de 20 voluntários normais, totalizando 40 plexos braquiais. Os exames foram realizados no Instituto de Radiologia - Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP. O grupo estudado foi constituído por 10 homens e 10 mulheres, com idades entre 33 e 68 anos (mediana = 42,5 anos, média = 47,2 anos). O estudo de US foi realizado utilizando transdutor linear multifrequencial (13-5 mHz) e o de RM com equipamento em alto campo magnético (1,5 T), utilizando bobina de superfície. O plexo braquial foi dividido em segmentos para estimar a frequência de visualização de cada um em ambos os métodos de diagnóstico por imagem: 1) foraminal (raízes nervosas), 2) espaço interescaleno (junção das raízes nervosas até a formação dos troncos); 3) espaço costoclavicular, correspondendo à região supra e infraclaviculares (troncos e divisões anterior e posterior, cordas); 4) espaço retropeitoral menor (cordas). RESULTADOS: As raízes cervicais juntamente com os troncos superior e médio foram as estruturas que apresentaram maior grau de visualização pelo US. Na RM a maioria das estruturas, com exceção das divisões do plexo, apresentaram excelente grau de visualização. Na análise de equivalência entre os observadores de US e RM, as raízes cervicais de C6, C7 e o tronco médio bilateral apresentaram grau de visualização equivalentes com alta concordância. Nos demais segmentos não houve equivalência na visualização entre os observadores, atentando para menor visualização pelo observador do US. CONCLUSÃO: O método de US consegue avaliar de forma eficaz o segmento proximal do plexo braquial que compreende as saídas das raízes cervicais de C5, C6 e C7, assim como os troncos superior e médio na região lateral do pescoço. O método não é adequado para visualizar as raízes de T1, as divisões anterior e posterior e consegue avaliar de forma parcial e limitada as raízes de C8, tronco inferior e as cordas medial, lateral e posterior do plexo braquial nos espaços costoclavicular e retropeitoral menor / INTRODUCTION: The brachial plexus is a network of neural structures responsible for sensory and motor innervation of the upper limb. The imaging methods are of fundamental importance for diagnostic reasons both in location and in the characterization of the lesion affecting the brachial plexus. The aim of this study was to assess the degree of effectiveness of the ultrasound examination in view of the segments of brachial plexus and assess the value of the method compared to MRI. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a prospective study of comparison between US and MRI, studying the anatomy of the right and left sides of brachial plexus in 20 volunteers, totaling 40 plexuses. The exams were performed in the Institute of Radiology - Hospital das Clínicas University of São Paulo Medical School (FMUSP). The study group consisted of 10 men and 10 women, aged 33-68 years (median = 42.5 years, mean = 47.2 years). The U.S. study was performed using a multifrequency linear transducer (13-5 MHz) and MRI equipment in high magnetic field (1.5 T) using a surface coil. The brachial plexus was divided into segments to estimate the frequency of visualization and comparison with MRI: 1) foramen (nerve roots), 2) interscalene space (junction of the nerve roots to the formation of the trunks) 3) costoclavicular space, corresponding to supra and infra-clavicular (trunks and anterior and posterior divisions, cords), 4) retropectoralis minor space (cords). RESULTS: The cervical roots along with the superior and middle trunks were the structures that showed better visualization degree by the US. On MRI, most structures, except for the anterior and posterior divisions of plexus, showed excellent visualization degree. In the analysis of equivalence between the US and MRI of the cervical roots C6, C7 and bilateral upper and middle trunk showed equivalent degree of visualization. In other segments there was equivalence in view among observers, always towards lower viewing by the observer from the US. CONCLUSION: US can effectively assess the proximal segment of the brachial plexus comprising outlet cervical roots C5, C6 and C7, as well as the upper and middle trunk in the lateral neck and partial and limited visualization of other brachial plexus segments in the costo-clavicular and retropectoralis minor spaces
457

Uso da rede de urgência e emergência e suas conexões com as unidades de atenção básica: uma análise transversal / Use of the emergency care network and its connections with the primary care units: a cross-sectional analysis

Altino, Rita de Cássia [UNESP] 24 February 2017 (has links)
Submitted by RITA DE CÁSSIA ALTINO DELARMELINDO null (altino.blv@terra.com.br) on 2017-04-19T16:32:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseRitadeCássiaAltino.pdf: 1177929 bytes, checksum: 5973d9ac7cdd543da8b590d9369a39bf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-04-19T16:56:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 altino_rc_dr_bot.pdf: 1177929 bytes, checksum: 5973d9ac7cdd543da8b590d9369a39bf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-19T16:56:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 altino_rc_dr_bot.pdf: 1177929 bytes, checksum: 5973d9ac7cdd543da8b590d9369a39bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-24 / Introdução. A Rede de Atenção à Urgência e Emergência (RUE), organizada por Unidades de Pronto Atendimento (UPA) e outros serviços de urgência tem finalidade de oferecer assistência à saúde de complexidade intermediária entre a rede de Atenção Básica à Saúde (ABS) e a Rede Hospitalar. Contudo, estudos têm apontado a utilização expressiva das UPA, por usuários não urgentes, que poderiam ser atendidos em Unidades de Atenção Básica e da Família, alocadas nas regiões das UPA. Objetivo geral. Analisar a utilização de usuários, acima de 13 anos, da RUE de município do interior paulista, levando-se em consideração o aparelhamento da ABS adscrita às UPA. Método. Pesquisa epidemiológica do tipo transversal, conduzida junto à RUE, em município com 366.769 habitantes. Coletou-se dados secundários, de 2014 a 2015, referentes a atendimentos de usuários em unidades de urgência e emergência, a partir de sistema de informações, assim como realizou-se análise documental de planilhas sobre classificação de risco. Esses dados integraram o banco de dados em planilhas eletrônicas e foram analisados por estatística descritiva. Resultados. A população adscrita às UPA totalizou 328.900, a qual conta com 21 unidades da ABS, sendo 15 Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) e seis Unidades Saúde da Família (USF). Dos 270.990 usuários submetidos à classificação de risco, apenas 6% configurou-se em atendimentos de emergência (vermelho) e urgência (amarela) e a maioria (94%) pouco urgente (verde) e não urgente (azul). Dos agrupamentos de doenças, propostos pelo CID, destacou nas UPA (18 a 23%) sintomas, sinais e achados anormais de exames clínicos e de laboratório, seguido de 15 a 17% de doenças do aparelho respiratório. As faixas etárias de usuários economicamente produtivos foram as mais acometidas por esse perfil diagnóstico. O período diurno reuniu 75% dos atendimentos realizados. O intervalo de quatro a sete vezes atendimentos anuais abarcou a maior porcentagem de usuários frequentes, de oito a 11%. Apenas um por cento dos usuários atendidos nas UPA tiveram desfecho para internação hospitalar. De acordo com a Correlação de Pearson, o número de usuários classificados como não urgentes (verde e azul), independe do número de UBS e USF alocadas nas regiões das UPA. Conclusões. As UPA que contam com maior número de unidades da ABS por habitante, não apresentaram números menores de atendimentos de usuários, com classificação de risco não urgente (verde e azul). Considera-se este estudo contribuir, principalmente, para reestruturação da acessibilidade de usuários a partir da ABS, para então reduzir o número de atendimentos não urgentes nas UUE. A originalidade deste estudo está na resposta à objeto escasso de pesquisa, analisando usuários da RUE, com o número de unidades e população adscrita à ABS. / Introduction. The Urgent and Emergency Care Network (RUE), organized by Emergency Care Units (UPAs), and other urgent services have the purpose of providing intermediate-complexity health care between the Primary Health Care Network (ABS) and the Hospital Network. However, studies have shown the expressive use of UPAs by non-urgent users who could be treated at Primary Care and Family Units allocated in the regions surrounding the UPAs. Goal. To analyze the utilization of RUE by users older than 13 years in a city in inner in São Paulo state, taking into account the facilities found at the ABS adjoined to the UPAs. Method. This is a cross-sectional epidemiological study conducted at the RUE in a city with 366,769 inhabitants. Secondary data referring to 2014 and 2015 concerning the treatment provided to users at urgent and emergency units were collected from an information system. The documental analysis of spreadsheets containing risk classifications was also performed. These data integrated the database in the form of Excel spreadsheets and were analyzed by descriptive statistics. Results. The population adjoined to the UPAs totaled 328,900 inhabitants, and counted on 21 ABS units, of which 15 were Primary Health Care Units (UBSs) and six were Family Health Care Units (USFs). Of the 270,990 users who underwent risk classification, only 6% showed to be emergency (red) and urgent (yellow) treatments, and most of them (94%) were fairly urgent (green) and non-urgent (blue). Of the groups of diseases, as proposed by ICD, symptoms, signs and abnormal findings of clinical and laboratory tests (18 to 23%) were noteworthy at the UPAs, which was followed by 15 to 17% of diseases of the respiratory system. The age ranges of economically productive users were the ones most often affected by such diagnostic profile. 75% of the treatments were performed at daytime. The interval of four to seven annual treatments comprised the highest percentage of frequent users, from eight to 11%. Only 1% of the users treated at the UPAs had a hospitalization outcome. According to Pearson Correlation, de number of users classified as non-urgent (green and blue) does not depend on the number of UBSs or USFs allocated in the regions of the UPAs. Conclusions. The UPAs that have the largest number of ABS units per inhabitant do not show smaller numbers of users’ treatments with a non-urgent risk classification (green and blue). This study is thought to mainly contribute to the reorganization of users’ accessibility starting from ABS so as to then reduce the number of non-urgent treatments at the RUEs. The originality of this study lies in the response to a scarce research object by analyzing RUE users with the number of units and population adjoined to the ABS.
458

Um panorama do tabagismo em 16 capitais brasileiras e Distrito Federal: tendências e heterogeneidades / An overview of smoking in 16 Brazilian state capitals and district Federal: trends and heterogeneities

Valeska Carvalho Figueiredo 25 May 2007 (has links)
Esta tese inclui dois artigos que têm por objetivo apresentar um panorama das tendências e heterogeneidades do tabagismo nas capitais brasileiras e, assim, oferecer subsídios ao planejamento e avaliação de medidas de controle do tabaco no País. Utilizaram-se os dados da Pesquisa Nacional sobre Saúde e Nutrição (PNSN), e do Inquérito Domiciliar Sobre Comportamentos de Risco e Morbidade Referida de Doenças e Agravos Não Transmissíveis (InqDANT). No primeiro artigo estimou-se a diferença na prevalência de tabagismo em 14 capitais brasileiras entre pessoas de 15 anos ou mais em 1989 (PNSN) e 2002/2003 (InqDANT) relacionando as mudanças observadas às principais medidas de controle do tabaco desenvolvidas no período. O estudo mostrou que o percentual de fumantes diminuiu de 30,2% para 19,4% no período. Entre homens, a prevalência passou de 37,5% para 23,2% (1,1% /ano) e entre mulheres, de 24,3% para 16,5% (0,6% /ano). A avaliação cronológica sugere que as principais medidas de impacto refletidas no decréscimo observado foram a lei que obriga que haja advertências sobre os malefícios do tabagismo nas embalagens e propagandas de cigarros, a restrição e proibição da propaganda de produtos do tabaco e as intervenções relacionadas à proteção ao tabagismo passivo. O declínio da prevalência observado no estudo foi um dos maiores do mundo. No segundo artigo, fez-se uma descrição da situação do tabagismo no Brasil considerando heterogeneidades regionais e de subgrupos populacionais a partir de uma amostra de 24.681 indivíduos de 15 anos ou mais residentes em 16 capitais brasileiras incluídas no InqDANT. A prevalência de tabagismo no gênero masculino variou de 17,0% a 28,2% e no feminino, de 10% a 22,9%. Entre mulheres, menores prevalências foram observadas nas regiões Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste. Este padrão não se repetiu entre homens. Independentemente de gênero, maiores percentuais de fumantes foram encontrados entre pessoas de menor escolaridade e faixa etária 40-49 anos. A cessação média entre homens e mulheres foi de 50%. Os dados indicaram que as políticas públicas de controle do tabaco têm sido efetivas particularmente na indução à cessação de fumar. Contudo, a elevada prevalência em jovens mostrou a importância de reforço a medidas que contenham a iniciação. As heterogeneidades observadas mostraram a necessidade de ações específicas por região. Além dos dois estudos referidos, esta Tese também descreveu novas pesquisas sobre tabagismo utilizando-se dados do InqDANT. Subsequentemente, com base na discussão prévia, delineou-se uma proposta sumária das principais linhas de investigação a serem desenvolvidas no Brasil a fim de subsidiar o Programa Nacional de Controle do Tabagismo e a implantação da Convenção Quadro Para o Controle do Tabaco. / This Thesis includes two papers that aim at describing tobacco use trends and heterogeneity in Brazilian regions and capitals. These data, in turn, aim at supporting tobacco control plan and evaluation. Data from two household surveys The Health and Nutrition National Survey (PNSN) and the Non-Communicable Disease and Self-Perceived Domiciliary Survey (InqDANT) - were used in this study. The first papers objective is to estimate the differences in tobacco use prevalence in Brazilian capitals between 1989 and 2002/2003, and their relationships to tobacco control actions during this period. The percentage of current smokers decreased from 30.2% to 19.4% from 1989 to 2002/2003. The prevalence changed from 37.5% to 23.2% (1.1% /year) in men and from 24.3% to 16.5% (0.6 % /year) in women. The timing of the principal public health actions related to smoking suggests that the declines were the result of the combined effects of cigarette package warning labels, tobacco products advertisement restriction and ban, and restriction of environmental tobacco smoke exposure in public places. The decline in smoking prevalence observed in the present study was one of the highest of the world. On the second paper, we described tobacco use in Brazil and its heterogeneity by region and other characteristics. The study included 24.681 participants selected through a multi-stage sampling strategy of individuals 15 years old or older living in 16 capitals and in the Federal District. The prevalence of smoking was greater in men than in women in all cities. The smoking prevalence ranged from 17.0% to 28.2% in men, and from 10% to 22.9% in women. The highest prevalences in women were found in the South and Southeast regions, a pattern that was not observed in men. Regardless of gender, the highest prevalences of smoking were found in those with lower educational levels and those aged 40- 49 years. Cessation average was approximately 50% in both men and women. These results suggest that tobacco control public policies have been effective, particularly with regard to cessation strategies. However, the high smoking prevalence in the young individuals underscores the importance of reinforcing smoking initiation control measures. The heterogeneity observed in this survey highlights the necessity of tailoring control actions to the different regions. In addition to these two study reports, this Thesis also described possible new studies on tobacco use using InqDANT data. Finally, a description is also presented of important research areas to be developed in Brazil aiming at supporting the National Tobacco Control Program and the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.
459

Associação entre deficiência auditiva, estilo de vida e doenças crônicas não transmissíveis autorreferidas no Brasil : dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2013

Soares, Midiany de Oliveira January 2016 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: Mais de 5% da população mundial - 360 milhões de pessoas - tem surdez incapacitante, já as doenças crônicas não transmissíveis são responsáveis por 38 milhões de mortes por ano e vem aumentando sua prevalência na população adulta. Já é sabido que as doenças crônicas e a perda auditiva estão associadas a aspectos ligados ao estilo de vida, como tabagismo, etilismo, exposições laborais, entre outros. OBJETIVO: Verificar a associação entre a deficiência auditiva, estilo de vida e doenças crônicas não transmissíveis autorreferidas em adultos no Brasil. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal baseado nos dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2013. A amostragem foi feita por conglomerados de três estágios, sendo os setores censitários a unidade primária, os domicílios as unidades secundárias e um morador adulto (maior ou igual a 18 anos) selecionado de cada domicílio como unidade terciária. Os domicílios e os moradores foram selecionados por amostragem aleatória simples. A população-alvo foi constituída por moradores adultos, residentes em domicílios particulares de todo o território nacional. Foram realizadas 60.202 entrevistas individuais com o morador selecionado no domicílio. O desfecho foi obtido através da pergunta: “O Senhor (a) tem deficiência auditiva?”. As variáveis foram descritas por frequências absolutas e relativas. A estimação do parâmetro populacional foi realizada a partir do intervalo de 95% de confiança. Os dados foram ponderados utilizando-se peso amostral. A medida de efeito calculada foi a Razão de Prevalências (RP) obtida a partir dos modelos de Regressão de Poisson com variância robusta univariável e multivariável. As variáveis que apresentaram valor de p<0,20 na análise univariável foram selecionadas para permanecer na análise multivariável. O modelo multivariável foi construído de forma hierárquica considerando a proximidade dos fatores com o desfecho em estudo. O critério para a permanência da variável no modelo subsequente foi de que a mesma apresentasse um valor p<0,10 no seu bloco. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5% (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: A prevalência de deficiência auditiva foi 2,4% (IC95% 2,3-2,6), de diabetes 6,0% (IC95% 5,9-6,2), de hipertensão arterial 20,8% (IC95% 20,4-21,1), de colesterol alto 12,1% (IC95% 11,9-12,4) e de AVC 1,6% (IC95% 1,5-1,7). A deficiência auditiva foi maior no sexo masculino 2,9% (IC95% 2,7-3,1), na faixa etária com mais de 75 anos, 13,5% (IC95% 12,3-14,8), em quem se autodeclarada de cor de pele ou raça branca, 2,9% (IC95% 2,7-3,1) e em quem tem nível de escolaridade até o ensino fundamental incompleto, 6,1% (IC95% 5,6-6,7). Na análise multivariável, obteve-se um modelo final com as variáveis sociodemográficas, tabaco e exposição ocupacional onde a associação entre deficiência auditiva e doenças crônicas não transmissíveis mostrou-se significativa. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de deficiência auditiva em adultos no Brasil é de 2,4%. Essa deficiência foi mais prevalente em homens, grupos com idade avançada e baixa escolaridade. Adultos tabagistas, diabéticos, hipertensos, com colesterol alto e com histórico de AVC, bem como com exposição ocupacional para deficiência auditiva apresentam maior risco de perda de audição. A compreensão dos fatores de risco etiológicos relacionados à deficiência auditiva redundará em ações mais direcionadas para populações adscritas, resultando em melhor aplicação dos recursos em saúde pública e contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas para a prevenção da deficiência auditiva. / INTRODUCTION: More than 5% of the world's population - 360 million people - have incapacitating deafness, since chronic noncommunicable diseases account for 38 million deaths annually and have been increasing in the adult population. It is already known that chronic diseases and hearing loss are associated with aspects related to lifestyle, such as smoking, alcoholism, occupational exposures, among others. OBJECTIVE: To verify the association between hearing loss, lifestyle and self - reported non - transmissible chronic diseases in adults in Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study based on data from the National Health Survey of 2013. Sampling was done by three-stage clusters, census tracts being the primary unit, households secondary units and an adult (18 years or older) selected from each household as a tertiary unit. Households and residents were selected by simple random sampling. The target population consisted of adult residents living in private homes throughout the country. A total of 60.202 individual interviews were conducted with the resident selected at home. The outcome was obtained through the question: "Do you have a hearing impairment?". The variables were described by absolute and relative frequencies. The population parameter was estimated from the 95% confidence interval. The data were weighted using sample weight. The calculated effect measure was the Prevalence Ratio (RP) obtained from the Poisson Regression models with robust univariate and multivariate variance. The variables that presented p value <0.20 in the univariate analysis were selected to remain in the multivariable analysis. The multivariate model was constructed hierarchically considering the proximity of the factors with the outcome under study. The criterion for the permanence of the variable in the subsequent model was that it presented a p value <0.10 in its block. The level of significance was 5% (p <0.05). RESULTS: The prevalence of hearing loss was 2.4% (CI95% 2.3-2.6), diabetes 6.0% (CI95% 5.9-6.2), arterial hypertension 20.8% (CI95% 20.4-21.1), high cholesterol 12.1% (CI95% 11.9-12.4) and stroke 1.6% (CI95% 1.5-1.7). Hearing impairment was greater in males 2.9% (CI95% 2.7-3.1), in the age group older than 75 years, 13.5% (CI95% 12.3-14.8), in (CI95% 2.7-3.1), and in those with a level of schooling up to incomplete primary education, 6.1% (CI95% 5.6% 6,7). In the multivariate analysis, a final model was obtained with sociodemographic, tobacco and occupational exposure variables, where the association between hearing loss and chronic non-communicable diseases was significant. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of hearing impairment in adults in Brazil is 2.4%. This deficiency was more prevalent in men, older age groups and low schooling. Adult smokers, diabetics, hypertensives, high cholesterol and a history of stroke, as well as occupational exposure to hearing impairment present a higher risk of hearing loss. The understanding of etiological risk factors related to hearing impairment will result in more targeted actions for ascribed populations, resulting in a better application of resources in public health and contributing to the development of public policies for the prevention of hearing impairment.
460

Možnosti volnočasových aktivit při práci s průřezovými tématy na 1. stupni ZŠ / Possibilities of leisure-time activities at work with cross-sectional themes at the first stage of a primary school

HEJCMANOVÁ, Radka January 2010 (has links)
The thesis is written about the possibilities of leisure-time activities at work with cross-sectional themes at the first stage of a primary school. The thesis is aimed to capture the experience of teachers in integrating cross-sectional themes and making up a five-day program. Teoretical part is defined basic terms of the general educational program and cross-sectional themes and are characterized by leisure-time activities. Outlines the procedures how cross-sectional themes are adapated into the school educational programs. Joining between cross-sectional themes and leisure-time activities, pointing out possibilities of leasure-time activities offering goals for fulfilling the content cross-sectional themes issues in education. The practical part is find out the situation of the integration of cross-sectional themes helped by questionnaire methods at primary schools. The focus of this thesis is to prepare a five-day program of leisure activities with a focus on multicultural education.

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