Os objetivos foram definidos com base no cromossomo 5: 1) caracterizar genotipicamente as populações CTCT e TCTC, 2) construir o mapa consenso e 3) mapear simultaneamente QTLs associados às características de desempenho e carcaça. Foram obtidos dados fenotípicos para vinte e quatro características de desempenho e carcaça em 906 animais F2 (356 CTCT e 550 TCTC) oriundos de cruzamentos recíprocos entre uma linhagem de postura (CC) e outra de corte (TT). As quatro famílias CTCT e as seis famílias TCTC, que apresentaram maior grau de informatividade, tiveram seus F2 genotipados para 11 e sete marcadores microssatélites, respectivamente. A caracterização das gerações parentais, F1 e F2 foi realizada através da estimação dos parâmetros genotípicos conteúdo de informação polimórfica (PIC), heterozigosidades observada (Hetobs) e esperada (Hetesp) e número de alelos por loco (A) empregando o programa Cervus 3.0. Os cruzamentos recíprocos entre as duas linhagens (PIC = 0,07-0,78; Hetobs = 0,07-0,79; A = 2,0-7,0) possibilitaram um incremento no nível de informatividade dos locos tanto nas gerações F1 (PIC = 0,43- 0,76; Hetobs = 0,52-1,00; A = 3,0-6,0) quanto nas F2 (PIC = 0,44-0,71; Hetobs = 0,48-1,00; A = 3,0-6,0). Portanto, as populações CTCT e TCTC são apropriadas para a construção do mapa de ligação e mapeamento de QTLs. Mapas de ligação para cada população e o consenso (CTCT/TCTC) foram obtidos através da estimação das ordens e distâncias entre os locos pelo programa CRI-MAP. Os mapas apresentaram (intervalo médio entre marcadores, em cM) 148,0 cM (24,6) em TCTC, 174,7 cM (17,4) em CTCT e 163,8 cM (16,3) no consenso. Os mapas CTCT e o consenso foram mais semelhantes devido ao maior número de locos avaliados na região alvo e não foram constatadas inversões. O mapeamento simultâneo de QTLs empregou o mapeamento por intervalo combinado à modelagem fenotípica através de modelo misto (efeito de incubação aleatório) e as análises foram implementadas pelos programas SAS, QTL Express e R. Foram mapeados 12 QTLs (11 sugestivos e 1 significativo), dos quais seis ainda não foram descritos (peso dos pés, asas, fígado, peso vivo 42 dias, eficiência alimentar 35-41 dias e colesterol). Foi constatado efeito da interação QTL x população para o peso da gordura abdominal, cujos alelos para incremento dessa característica tiveram origem em fêmeas da linhagem de corte da população CTCT. Quatro possíveis genes candidatos (FGF4, FGF19, ALX4 e FMN1) foram selecionados através do mapeamento de QTLs. Futuramente, polimorfismos associados a estes genes poderão ser identificados e validados em populações comerciais. Dessa forma, a seleção assistida por marcadores em associação com a seleção fenotípica em programas de melhoramento genético poderá ser efetivamente implementada na galinha doméstica. / The aims were defined based on the chromosome 5: 1) to describe genotypically CTCT and TCTC populations, 2) to construct consensus linkage map and 3) to map jointly QTL associated with performance and carcass traits. Phenotypic data were obtained for twenty-four performance and carcass traits from 906 F2 animals (356 CTCT and 550 TCTC) generated from reciprocal crosses between a layer line (CC) and a broiler line (TT). The four families CTCT and the six families TCTC, which showed the highest degree of informativeness, had their F2 offsprings genotyped using 11 and seven microsatellite markers, respectively. Parental, F1 and F2 generations were genotypically characterized by estimation of the genotypic parameters polymorphic information content (PIC), observed heterozygosity (Hetobs) and expected heterozygosity (Hetesp) and number of alleles per locus (A) using Cervus 3.0 software. Reciprocal crosses between two lines (PIC = 0.07 to 0.78; Hetobs = 0.07 to 0.79, A = 2.0 to 7.0) increased the level of informativeness of the loci in both generations F1 (PIC = 0.43 to 0.76; Hetobs = 0.52 to 1.00, A = 3.0 to 6.0) and F2 (PIC = 0.44 to 0.71; Hetobs = 0.48 to 1.00, A = 3.0 to 6.0). Therefore, CTCT and TCTC populations are suitable for constructing the linkage map and QTL mapping. Linkage maps for each population and the consensus (CTCT / TCTC) were obtained by estimation of orders and distances between loci using CRI-MAP software. The maps presented (average interval between markers in cM) 148.0 cM (24.6) in TCTC, 174.7 cM (17.4) in CTCT and 163.8 cM (16.3) in consensus. CTCT and consensus maps were more similar due to high number of loci evaluated in the target region. No inversion was detected. Joint mapping of QTL was accomplished using interval mapping combined with phenotypic modeling via mixed model (random effect of hatch) and analyses were implemented in SAS, QTL Express and R softwares. Twelve QTL were mapped (11 suggestive and one significant). Out of these, six were not previously described (weights of legs, wings and liver, body weight at 42 days, feed efficiency 35-41 days and cholesterol). QTL x population interaction was evidenced for abdominal fat weight, indicating that the alleles that increased this trait came from the female broiler line of the population CTCT. Four putative candidate genes (FGF4, FGF19, ALX4 and FMN1) were selected by QTL mapping. In future, polymorphisms associated with these genes can be identified and validated in commercial populations. Thus, marker-assisted selection in combination with phenotypic selection in breeding programs will be effectively implemented in poultry.

Através do manejo do foco narrativo,dentre outros recursos literários, o Autor alterna e entrelaça narrativas de experiências de personagens oriundas de formações culturais diferentes com a representação do pensamento de cada uma delas sobre o passado, sobre si, sobre o outro e sobre vários espaços em que atuam. Esses espaços se revelam incongruentes com a idéia de um mundo sem fronteiras conforme se apregoa na modernidade tardia. O objetivo desta tese é discutir como aspectos do real histórico e do real psicológico nos tempos em que vivemos se sedimentam na forma deste romance contemporâneo / Through shifts in point-of-view, among other literary resources, the Author alternates and intertwines narratives of the experiences of two characters from contrasting cultural formations with narratives of their thoughts about the past, themselves, each other and the various settings in which they act. These spheres are rendered as incongruent with the idea of a world without borders, so often celebrated in late modernity. The aim of this thesis is to discuss how elements of present-day historical and psychological experience solidify in the form of this particular contemporary novel

Zambia is one of only three countries in southern Africa which has experienced two alternations, but there has been little institutional reform since independence. A time-based comparison of Zambia’s constitution, legislation and institutions from 1991 to 2015 is conducted because the ‘moving picture’ reveals continuities which tend to be overlooked by a ‘snapshot’ analysis. New incumbents are reluctant to relinquish the increasing returns derived from executive dominance and weak oversight institutions such as the national assembly and judiciary. Therefore, institutional weaknesses from Zambia’s one-party state have infiltrated the multi-party era, where they continue to blur the separation of powers. Factionalism stemming from ethnic polarisation, which emerged in the colonial era, undermines all ruling parties in Zambia. The study finds that succession contests, triggered by term limits or the deaths of sitting presidents, are the primary mechanism which repeatedly weakens dominant parties. The outcomes of such intra-party conflicts have far-reaching consequences for the political party system by giving rise to new parties, re-orientating ethnic and political alliances, and contributing to turnover in elections. However, the dissertation reveals that both the Movement for Multi-Party Democracy and the Patriotic Front governments in Zambia reneged on the reforms which they promised while in opposition and opted to maintain the constitutional clauses, repressive legislation and patronage system which they inherited. An extensive analysis of the 35 by-elections which occurred after the 2011 turnover ascertains that there was pervasive co-option of opposition members into the Patriotic Front, leading back to the dominant path. Therefore, the dissertation concludes that one-party dominance in Zambia is path dependent. Consequently, it is an alternation fallacy to expect the ousting of a dominant party to stimulate democratisation. Democracy advocates will need to confront the challenge of providing incentives that will persuade incumbents to undertake reforms which diminish executive dominance and strengthen the independence of oversight institutions.

Os objetivos foram definidos com base no cromossomo 5: 1) caracterizar genotipicamente as populações CTCT e TCTC, 2) construir o mapa consenso e 3) mapear simultaneamente QTLs associados às características de desempenho e carcaça. Foram obtidos dados fenotípicos para vinte e quatro características de desempenho e carcaça em 906 animais F2 (356 CTCT e 550 TCTC) oriundos de cruzamentos recíprocos entre uma linhagem de postura (CC) e outra de corte (TT). As quatro famílias CTCT e as seis famílias TCTC, que apresentaram maior grau de informatividade, tiveram seus F2 genotipados para 11 e sete marcadores microssatélites, respectivamente. A caracterização das gerações parentais, F1 e F2 foi realizada através da estimação dos parâmetros genotípicos conteúdo de informação polimórfica (PIC), heterozigosidades observada (Hetobs) e esperada (Hetesp) e número de alelos por loco (A) empregando o programa Cervus 3.0. Os cruzamentos recíprocos entre as duas linhagens (PIC = 0,07-0,78; Hetobs = 0,07-0,79; A = 2,0-7,0) possibilitaram um incremento no nível de informatividade dos locos tanto nas gerações F1 (PIC = 0,43- 0,76; Hetobs = 0,52-1,00; A = 3,0-6,0) quanto nas F2 (PIC = 0,44-0,71; Hetobs = 0,48-1,00; A = 3,0-6,0). Portanto, as populações CTCT e TCTC são apropriadas para a construção do mapa de ligação e mapeamento de QTLs. Mapas de ligação para cada população e o consenso (CTCT/TCTC) foram obtidos através da estimação das ordens e distâncias entre os locos pelo programa CRI-MAP. Os mapas apresentaram (intervalo médio entre marcadores, em cM) 148,0 cM (24,6) em TCTC, 174,7 cM (17,4) em CTCT e 163,8 cM (16,3) no consenso. Os mapas CTCT e o consenso foram mais semelhantes devido ao maior número de locos avaliados na região alvo e não foram constatadas inversões. O mapeamento simultâneo de QTLs empregou o mapeamento por intervalo combinado à modelagem fenotípica através de modelo misto (efeito de incubação aleatório) e as análises foram implementadas pelos programas SAS, QTL Express e R. Foram mapeados 12 QTLs (11 sugestivos e 1 significativo), dos quais seis ainda não foram descritos (peso dos pés, asas, fígado, peso vivo 42 dias, eficiência alimentar 35-41 dias e colesterol). Foi constatado efeito da interação QTL x população para o peso da gordura abdominal, cujos alelos para incremento dessa característica tiveram origem em fêmeas da linhagem de corte da população CTCT. Quatro possíveis genes candidatos (FGF4, FGF19, ALX4 e FMN1) foram selecionados através do mapeamento de QTLs. Futuramente, polimorfismos associados a estes genes poderão ser identificados e validados em populações comerciais. Dessa forma, a seleção assistida por marcadores em associação com a seleção fenotípica em programas de melhoramento genético poderá ser efetivamente implementada na galinha doméstica. / The aims were defined based on the chromosome 5: 1) to describe genotypically CTCT and TCTC populations, 2) to construct consensus linkage map and 3) to map jointly QTL associated with performance and carcass traits. Phenotypic data were obtained for twenty-four performance and carcass traits from 906 F2 animals (356 CTCT and 550 TCTC) generated from reciprocal crosses between a layer line (CC) and a broiler line (TT). The four families CTCT and the six families TCTC, which showed the highest degree of informativeness, had their F2 offsprings genotyped using 11 and seven microsatellite markers, respectively. Parental, F1 and F2 generations were genotypically characterized by estimation of the genotypic parameters polymorphic information content (PIC), observed heterozygosity (Hetobs) and expected heterozygosity (Hetesp) and number of alleles per locus (A) using Cervus 3.0 software. Reciprocal crosses between two lines (PIC = 0.07 to 0.78; Hetobs = 0.07 to 0.79, A = 2.0 to 7.0) increased the level of informativeness of the loci in both generations F1 (PIC = 0.43 to 0.76; Hetobs = 0.52 to 1.00, A = 3.0 to 6.0) and F2 (PIC = 0.44 to 0.71; Hetobs = 0.48 to 1.00, A = 3.0 to 6.0). Therefore, CTCT and TCTC populations are suitable for constructing the linkage map and QTL mapping. Linkage maps for each population and the consensus (CTCT / TCTC) were obtained by estimation of orders and distances between loci using CRI-MAP software. The maps presented (average interval between markers in cM) 148.0 cM (24.6) in TCTC, 174.7 cM (17.4) in CTCT and 163.8 cM (16.3) in consensus. CTCT and consensus maps were more similar due to high number of loci evaluated in the target region. No inversion was detected. Joint mapping of QTL was accomplished using interval mapping combined with phenotypic modeling via mixed model (random effect of hatch) and analyses were implemented in SAS, QTL Express and R softwares. Twelve QTL were mapped (11 suggestive and one significant). Out of these, six were not previously described (weights of legs, wings and liver, body weight at 42 days, feed efficiency 35-41 days and cholesterol). QTL x population interaction was evidenced for abdominal fat weight, indicating that the alleles that increased this trait came from the female broiler line of the population CTCT. Four putative candidate genes (FGF4, FGF19, ALX4 and FMN1) were selected by QTL mapping. In future, polymorphisms associated with these genes can be identified and validated in commercial populations. Thus, marker-assisted selection in combination with phenotypic selection in breeding programs will be effectively implemented in poultry.

<p>У раду је анализирана вaријабилност, генски ефекти, наслеђивање компонената приноса у укрштању пет сорти хексаплоидне пшенице (Triticum aestivum L.). Резултати истраживања<br />iv<br />указују да између родитеља и генерација потомстaва постоје значајне разлике у средњим вредностима испитиваних својстава. Методом диалелног укрштања утврђена је комбинациона способност родитељских линија и добијене су информације о природи генских ефеката за важне агрономске особине. У наслеђивању компонената приноса (висина биљке, маса биљке, дужина класа, број зрна по класу, маса зрна по класу и маса зрна по биљци), применом адитивно-доминантног модела, уочено је присуство неалелне интеракције &ndash; епистазе. Aнализом међузависних односа установљене су значајне или високо значајне вредности коефицијената корелације између већине испитиваних својстава.</p> / <p>U radu je analizirana varijabilnost, genski efekti, nasleđivanje komponenata prinosa u ukrštanju pet sorti heksaploidne pšenice (Triticum aestivum L.). Rezultati istraživanja<br />iv<br />ukazuju da između roditelja i generacija potomstava postoje značajne razlike u srednjim vrednostima ispitivanih svojstava. Metodom dialelnog ukrštanja utvrđena je kombinaciona sposobnost roditeljskih linija i dobijene su informacije o prirodi genskih efekata za važne agronomske osobine. U nasleđivanju komponenata prinosa (visina biljke, masa biljke, dužina klasa, broj zrna po klasu, masa zrna po klasu i masa zrna po biljci), primenom aditivno-dominantnog modela, uočeno je prisustvo nealelne interakcije &ndash; epistaze. Analizom međuzavisnih odnosa ustanovljene su značajne ili visoko značajne vrednosti koeficijenata korelacije između većine ispitivanih svojstava.</p> / <p>A study has been conducted to assess variability, gene effect and inheritance of yield components in five crosses of hexaploid wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.). The results of the study have shown that the mean values of parents and their progenies were significantly different. In diallel<br />vii<br />crossing information about combining ability of parental lines and the nature of genetic effects for some important agronomic traits had been obtained. Non-allelic interactions, epistatic gene effect, were observed in the inheritance of yield components (stem height, biomass, spike length, kernel number per spike, kernel weight per spike and kernel weight per plant) using the additive-dominance model. Significant and highly significant values of correlation coefficients were calculated for the most of studied traits.<br />&nbsp;</p>

La présente thèse vise à réfléchir sur les actions éducatives qui ont pour but de promouvoir de la « sociabilité démocratique » - l’une des directives de la scolarisation au Brésil - à partir de l’investigation sur les impasses relatives au lien fraternel et de l’affirmation selon laquelle l’école peut être comprise en tant que dispositif sociétal impliqué dans ce que nous appelons « socialisation du narcissisme ». Pour ce faire, deux lignes de travail sont développées. La première, consacrée aux vicissitudes des fratries, part du débat établi entre Einstein et Freud en 1932 sur les « puissantes forces psychologiques » qui agissent dans le sens d’entraver le rêve d’une vie commune moins marquée par la haïne et par la ségrégation. L’objectif ici est de reprendre ce débat et de reconstituer le mythe freudien de l’origine de la culture pour soutenir que l’approfondissement d’une éthique fraternelle exige que nous prenions en compte l’antagonisme insurmontable sur lequel la relation entre semblables est basée. La deuxième ligne de travail cherche à mettre en évidence le caractère nécessaire de la participation du semblable dans le processus de subjectivation de l’être humain. Si dans un premier moment Freud nous a aidé à constituer un cadre de références pour l’interprétation des ambivalences et de la fragilité du lien fraternel, l’objectif maintenant est de montrer comment le conflit du sujet avec son semblable peut être compris à travers l’analyse des processus identificatoires requis dans ce processus de subjectivation. Pour cela, nous faisons recours à l’essai Le stade du miroir, de Lacan, et à quelques écrits de l’écrivaine brésilienne Clarice Lispector. / The aim of this thesis is to reflect upon educational actions whose purpose is to promote “democratic sociability” – one of the directives of schooling in Brazil – from the investigation on the impasses related to fraternal bond and the assertion that school can be understood as a societal system associated with what we call the "socialization of narcissism". For this, two lines of work are being developped. The first one, dedicated to the investigation on the impasses of fraternal bond and the vicissitudes of phatries, starts from the debate between Einstein and Freud in 1932 on "psychological factors of weight" that act in the sense of hindering the dream of a life in common less marked by hatred and segregation. The aim here is to recover this debate and reconstitute the Freudian myth of the origin of culture to support that the further development of a fraternal ethic requires that we take into account the insurmountable antagonism on which the relation among fellow creatures is based. As to the second line of work, what is sought is to highlight the necessary character of the participation of the fellow creature in the process of subjectivation of the human being. If, at the beginning, the study of Freud's socio-anthropological works helped to provide a framework of references for the interpretation of ambivalences and the fragility of the fraternal bond, the objective is now to show how the conflict of the subject with the fellow creature can be understood through the analysis of the identifying processes required in this process of subjectivation. In order to achieve this, the essay Le stade du miroir by Lacan and some writings by Clarice Lispector are used. / Esta tese busca refletir sobre as ações educativas que têm como fim a promoção da“sociabilidade democrática” – uma das diretrizes da escolarização no Brasil. Parte-se, paraisso, de uma reflexão sobre os impasses relativos ao laço fraterno e da afirmação de que aescola pode ser compreendida como um dispositivo societário implicado com o quedenominamos, na companhia da psicanalista Maria Rita Kehl, de “socialização donarcisismo”. Três linhas de trabalho são, então, requeridas. A primeira, dedicada àinvestigação dos impasses do laço fraterno e às vicissitudes das fratrias, tem como ponto departida o debate estabelecido entre Einstein e Freud, em 1932, sobre os “fatores psicológicosde peso” que atuam no sentido de dificultar – ou até mesmo de inviabilizar – o sonho de umavida em comum menos marcada pelo ódio, pelos preconceitos e pela segregação. O objetivo,aqui, é recuperar esse debate e reconstituir o mito freudiano da origem da cultura para deleextrair uma diferença que aparece em filigranas no pensamento de Freud: se a horda primitivanos remete a uma massa de indivíduos indiferenciados entre si porque subjugados à violênciae ao autoritarismo do pai-primevo, a comunidade fraterna, por outro lado, remete-nos arelações sociais mediadas pela autoridade da Lei simbólica e, por isso, marcadas pelarivalidade e pela agressividade entre semelhantes. Como pensar, então, o aprofundamento deuma ética fraterna quando afirmamos que as relações numa fratria são atravessadas por umantagonismo constitutivo e, por isso, intransponível? A segunda linha de trabalho buscaresgatar das teorias de Claude Lefort e de Cornelius Castoriadis algumas noções que nosajudam a compreender o que implica, para a experiência política do Ocidente, a invenção dademocracia. Na terceira linha de trabalho, finalmente, destaco o caráter necessário daparticipação do semelhante no processo de subjetivação do rebento humano. Se num primeiromomento o estudo das obras “socioantropológicas” (ENRIQUEZ, 2005) de Freud ajudou-nosa constituir um quadro de referências para a interpretação das ambivalências e da fragilidadedo laço fraterno, o objetivo agora é mostrar como a conflitiva do sujeito com o semelhantepode ser compreendida por meio da análise dos processos identificatórios requeridos nesseprocesso de subjetivação. Para isso, realizo um mergulho simultâneo no ensaio O estádio doespelho como formador da função do eu, de Lacan, e na obra A paixão segundo G.H., daescritora Clarice Lispector.Palavras-

This thesis investigates how Pakeha-Māori have been represented in New Zealand non-fiction writing during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The chronological and textual boundaries range from Arthur Thomson's seminal history The Story of New Zealand (1859) to James Belich's Making Peoples (1996). It examines the discursive inventions and reinventions of Pakeha-Māori from the stereotypical images of the Victorian era to modern times when the contact zone has become a subject of critical investigation and a sign of changing intellectual dynamics in New Zealand and elsewhere. This thesis is about the history of attitudes to culture-crossers in New Zealand, the use of the term 'Pakeha-Māori', and the images that underlie the thinking of Britons and Pakeha about them. It explores the motives and backgrounds of specific authors and the ways in which they frame New Zealand history. It elucidates the ambiguous and contradictory perspectives of Pakeha-Māori in the literature and analyses its impact on changing public perceptions about them. The study critiques the literature with emphasis on theoretically informed research, historical analysis, and literary insights. Discussion is confined to published texts, with the aim of exploring the multiplicity of Pakeha-Māori images and the processes that gave rise to them. This study is essentially an investigation into how and why historians and other scholars try to draw boundaries between cultures in order to create a satisfactory metanarrative or myth of the 'settlement' of New Zealand and thus to forge a sense of New Zealandness. The cultural and racial categories of 'Māori' and 'Pakeha' are very unstable, however, and a consideration of the 'in-between' or 'culture-crossing' category of 'Pakeha-Māori' can reveal the way in which 'Māori' and 'Pakeha' and a sense of New Zealand and New Zealanders have been constructed. More particularly, consideration of representations of those culture-crossers or race-crossers called Pakeha-Māori can reveal the hopes and fears of Pakeha writers regarding Pakeha, Māori and New Zealand and how Pakeha-Māori have frequently been a barometer or litmus test of public perceptions of relations between Māori and Pakeha in different historical periods.

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<!--[if gte mso 10]> <mce:style><! /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} --> <!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1026" /> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1" /> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> The 1990s is commonly referred as the Golden Age for High Technology and during this time the industry grew with a rapid speed. As a result, the consumers were presented with a various number of innovative products such as the Internet, computers and mobile phones. Within the High Tech frame, one of the fastest growing industries is the mobile phone handset industry. In 2006, 800,2 million mobile phones were sold worldwide and the market value was $104,3 billion. Forecasts about the mobile phone market predicts that the market will grow to 1,8 billion units in 2011 and have a value of $211,9 billion.   However, during this time, the researcher, Geoffrey Moore, identified a problem for the High Tech companies, i.e. the chasm. The chasm is a gap between the early market and the mainstream market that has arisen due to the characteristics of the high tech industry and the differences between these two groups. Due to the fact, that the early market only represents 10-15% of the total market it is vital for companies to cross the chasm and reach the mainstream market, in order to cover the high initial R&amp;D costs.   Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to conduct a qualitative study within the Swedish mobile phone industry to understand how the manufacturers’ products are crossing the chasm.   The research has been carried out as a case study, and two of the largest mobile phone manufacturers were used as cases, Sony Ericsson and LG Electronics. The data collection was of qualitative nature and four respondents were chosen to be interviewed.   In the Swedish mobile phone industry, the researchers have identified two types of products; class products and innovation product, which have been identified, defined and named by the researchers themselves. Class products are defined as “mobile phones with no significant innovation value for the consumers”, whereas innovation products are defined as “mobile phones with high innovation value”. The main difference is that class products will never attract the interest of the early market and therefore they are usually launched directly to the mainstream market, ignoring the chasm. Factors such as incremental changes, development of IT, changes in how to market new technologies and overlapping groups in the life cycle has narrowed down the chasm in the industry for innovation products. The most important strategy in order to reach the mainstream market is partnerships and alliances and it is impossible for a manufacturer to survive on their own.

The aim of this dissertation is to describe and analyze how discourse as a theoretical and didactical concept can help in advancing knowledge about the teaching of mathematics in school. The dissertation has been written within a socio-cultural perspective where active participation and support from artefacts and mediation are viewed as important contributions to the development of understanding. Discourse analysis was used as a theoretical point of departure to grasp language use, knowledge construction and mathematical content in the teaching practises. The collection of empirical data was made up of video and audio tape recordings of the interaction of teachers and pupils in mathematics classrooms when they deal with problem-solving tasks, as well as discussions between student teachers as they engage in planning a teaching situation in mathematics. Discourse analysis was used as a tool to shed light upon how pupils learn and develop understanding of mathematics. The results of my studies demonstrate that discussions very often are located in either a mathematical or in an every-day discourse. Furthermore, the results demonstrate how change between every-day and mathematical language often takes place unknowingly. Also the results underline that a specific and precise dialogue can contribute towards teachers’ and pupils’ conscious participation in the learning process. Translated into common vocabulary such as speak, think, write, listen and read teachers and pupils would be able to interact over concepts, signs, words, symbols, situations and phenomena in every-day discourse and its mathematical counterpart. When teachers and pupils become aware of discursive boundary crossing in mathematics an understanding of mathematical phenomena can start to develop. Teachers and pupils can construct a meta-language leading to new knowledge and new learning in mathematics. / Syftet med avhandlingen är att beskriva och analysera hur diskurs som teoretiskt- didaktiskt begrepp kan bidra till att utveckla kunskap i och om matematik i skolan. Avhandlingen skrivs utifrån ett sociokulturellt perspektiv där aktivt deltagande med hjälp av artefakter och mediering är viktiga bidrag till förståelsen. För att få syn på språket, kunskapen och matematiken i matematikundervisningen används diskursanalys som teoretisk utgångspunkt och metod. Data insamlingen består av video- och ljudbandsinspelningar av lärares och elevers samtal i ett matematikklassrum då de arbetar med problemlösning och lärarstudenters samtal när de planerar en undervisningssituation i matematik. Diskusanalys har använts som ett redskap för att upptäcka hur elever lär och utvecklar sin förståelse av matematik. Resultaten visar att i mina studier befinner sig samtalet ofta antingen i en matematisk eller i en vardaglig diskurs. Växlingen mellan vardagligt och matematiskt språk sker ofta omedvetet. I avhandlingen understryks att ett specifikt och precist samtal i matematik underlättar ömsesidig förståelse och kan bidra till att lärare och elever blir delaktiga i lärandet. Med hjälp av orden tala, tänka, skriva, lyssna och läsa skulle lärare och elever kunna interagera kring begrepp, tecken, ord, symboler, situationer och företeelser i den vardagliga och den matematiska diskursen och förståelse skulle lättare kunna äga rum i matematik. Genom att lärare och elever blir medvetna om hur de passerar diskursiva gränser både i matematiken och mellan matematik och vardag kan förståelse klargöras. Lärare och elever skulle kunna utveckla ett metaspråk som leder till ny kunskap och nytt lärande inom matematiken i skolan.

Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar has wide application areas in both civil and military use. The range resolution is a critical concept for these FMCW radars as for the other radar types. There are theoretical restrictions in the range resolution. In addition, the non-ideal properties of the modules used in the systems negatively affects the range resolution. The transmitter leakage, non-linear frequency sweep, FM to AM distortion and measurement errors are some of the critical non-ideal properties. The problems arising from these non-ideal properties further restrict the range resolution of FMCW radars. Another important concept for the range resolution that can be obtained from FMCW radars is the signal processing method. This thesis deals with the non-ideal properties of the system modules and techniques to reduce their effects on the range resolution. Furthermore, the signal processing methods used for FMCW radar signals and the possible improvement techniques for these methods are discussed. Moreover, a simple signal processing unit called zero crossing counter which can be used for short range FMCW radars is implemented and range resolution performance of this zero crossing counter is investigated by carrying out measurements on a prototype FMCW radar at 2200MHz.