El sorgo granífero (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) es habitualmente utilizado como diferido por el ganado bovino en la región sudoeste de la Pcia. de Bs. As. De esta manera es posible minimizar el déficit de forraje que se presenta frecuentemente durante el período invernal debido a limitantes de temperatura y humedad. Este cultivo presenta una gran adaptabilidad a las condiciones climáticas de la región, desarrollando altas tasas de crecimiento durante la época estival, dando la posibilidad de transferir un gran volumen de forraje en pie para ser utilizado en la época invernal. El sorgo granífero diferido (SGD) se caracteriza por tener valores de proteína bruta que se consideran limitantes para el óptimo crecimiento de novillos a pastoreo. La suplementación nitrogenada puede subsanar esta carencia, mejorando la utilización de este forraje. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la adición de proteína suplementaria sobre el consumo voluntario, la tasa de crecimiento, y parámetros de digestión y metabolismo ruminal en novillos que pastorean SGD. El sorgo granífero SG 9538 fue sembrado el 22/11/2005 y la totalidad de la biomasa producida durante el ciclo de crecimiento, incluido el grano, fue diferida hacia el otoño para ser utilizada por los animales a partir del mes de junio de 2006. Se utilizaron doce novillitos Aberdeen Angus de 224  8 Kg de peso, que fueron asignados al azar a tres tratamientos durante 100 días. Los tratamientos fueron: Control (CON) = pastoreo de sorgo granífero diferido sin restricción, (GS) = SGD sin restricción + 1,257 Kg MS/d de grano de soja entero y (HG) = SGD sin restricción + 1,353 Kg MS/d de harina de girasol. Ambos suplementos fueron calculados de manera de cubrir el desbalance de proteína degradable en el rumen (- 203 g/d) que se genera en el animal al suministrarle la dieta de sorgo granífero diferido. La cantidad de proteína bruta que proporcionan ambos suplementos es de 0,450 kg/día, lo que equivale al 70% de los requerimientos diarios de proteína total de un novillo de 250 kg PV que gana 700 gr/d (NRC, 2000). El sistema de pastoreo del SGD fue frontal con cambios diarios, mediante el empleo de alambre eléctrico. Si bien los animales de todos los tratamientos pastorearon en forma conjunta, los suplementos fueron suministrados en comederos individuales diariamente a las 9:00 h. La composición química del sorgo granífero diferido fue de 71,6; 62,4; 33,0; 3,2 y 7,2%, para materia seca (MS), fibra detergente neutro (FDN), fibra detergente ácido (FDA), lignina detergente ácido (LDA) y proteína bruta (PB), respectivamente. La disponibilidad del cultivo diferido de sorgo granífero fue de 7775,0 kg MS/ha. Los suplementos proteicos presentaron valores de PB de 32,3 y 35,6% para la harina de girasol y el grano de soja, respectivamente. El consumo voluntario de materia seca (CVMS) de sorgo diferido disminuyó (p<0,01) en los animales que fueron suplementados con grano de soja con respecto al control, pasando de 5,1 a 4,6 kg MS/d, observándose un efecto de sustitución del forraje por grano de soja de 0,4 kg de forraje por cada Kg de suplemento suministrado, mientras que los animales suplementados con harina de girasol se mantuvieron con el mismo consumo de sorgo que el grupo control. De esta forma, el consumo total de HG y GS, superó significativamente (p<0,01) al consumo total de CON, con valores de 6,3; 5,9 y 5,1 kg MS/d, respectivamente. Las ganancias de peso vivo (GDP) fueron mayores (p<0,01) en ambos tratamientos suplementados con respecto a CON, no encontrándose diferencias significativas entre ellos. El tratamiento CON ganó 300 g/d, mientras que en los tratamientos HG y GS se determinaron ganancias de 625 y 700 g/d, respectivamente. El peso final de los animales que recibieron suplementación proteica fue 38 y 41 kg superior al control, luego de 100 días de ensayo, para los tratamientos HG y GS, respectivamente. GS fue más eficiente (p<0,01) para convertir alimento en peso vivo que HG y ambos superaron a su vez al grupo control sin suplementar. El grupo control registro una eficiencia de conversión alimenticia (ECA) equivalente a 17,1 mientras que para HG y GS fue de 9,9 y 8,3, respectivamente. Los parámetros sanguíneos analizados mostraron diferencias (p< 0,01) entre el testigo y los tratamientos suplementados en proteína total (6,27, 6,56 y 6,57 g/dl); Urea (11,67, 25,17 y 28,67 mg/dl) y P (6,48, 7,86 y 7,14 mg/dl) para CON, HG y GS, respectivamente. La digestibilidad de la dieta presenta diferencias altamente significativas (p<0,01) entre los tratamientos, siendo mayor en los grupos GS y HG con relación al grupo control, 62,5 y 59,8 vs 53,3%. El consumo de materia seca digestible fue significativamente mayor con el agregado de proteína a la dieta (p<0,01), superando al control en un 41 y 37% para el tratamiento HG y GS. No se han hallado diferencias significativas (p>0,19) entre los distintos tratamientos en lo que respecta a la proporción de grano de sorgo recuperado en heces. A pesar de esto se observa una tendencia a pasar una mayor proporción de grano entero hacia las heces con el agregado de proteína a la dieta. La proporción media de grano que transitó por el tracto sin degradar fue del 27% aproximadamente. Para realizar las evaluaciones de ambiente ruminal se utilizaron 3 novillos fistulados Aberdeen Angus de 550 kg de peso los cuales recibieron los mismos tratamientos que en el ensayo de respuesta productiva, en un diseño de cuadrado latino con tres tratamientos y tres períodos de evaluación. La concentración de N-NH3 se duplico en aquellos animales suplementados con grano de soja y se cuadruplico en los que recibieron harina de girasol luego de que transcurrieran 2 horas desde la entrega del alimento. Luego del pico de concentración de N-NH3, 11,64 y 22,65 mg/dl para GS y HG, respectivamente, los valores comienzan a disminuir paulatinamente a medida que transcurre el tiempo, hasta el punto en que no se observan diferencias significativas entre las distintas dietas más allá de las 6 horas. La concentración de N-NH3 más baja fue observada alrededor de las 24 h, inmediatamente antes de la nueva comida. La concentración de AGV total aumentó (p<0,05) en el orden del 30% con el agregado a la dieta de harina de girasol, mientras que en la dieta con grano de soja si bien el nivel fue superior al control, no alcanzó para detectar diferencias significativas. La proporción relativa de ácido propiónico tendió a aumentar (p=0,08) en las dietas con suplementación proteica y, en consecuencia, se observa una tendencia a disminuir (p=0,10) la proporción de ácido acético. En ningún caso estas diferencias llegaron a ser significativas. En conclusión, la suplementación con proteína de alta degradabilidad ruminal, como es el caso del grano de soja entero o la harina de girasol, mejora la eficiencia de utilización de la dieta, el consumo total de materia seca y, en consecuencia, incrementa la respuesta productiva, cuando es suministrada a novillos que pastorean sorgo granífero diferido. Mayores concentraciones de N-NH3 y AGV totales, además de una tendencia a aumentar la relación A:P, demuestran el efecto beneficioso del grano de soja y la harina de girasol sobre la eficiencia de utilización de la dieta. No se diferenciaron la harina de girasol del grano de soja en la suplementación de sorgo granífero diferido, y se presentan como alternativas a ser consideradas en programas de alimentación bovina para el sudoeste bonaerense. / Grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is usually used as deferred forage for beef cattle at the southwestern Buenos Aires province. Thus, the impact of forage deficit frequently occurring during winter because of limiting weather conditions can be minimized. This crop is highly adapted to the climatic conditions of the area with high summer growing rates; which make it possible to transfer large amounts of forage to the winter time. The CP content of deferred sorghum grain (SGD) is limiting for optimum growth of steers grazing this pasture. Protein supplementation could improve its utilization. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementary protein addition upon voluntary intake of SGD, animal growth rate, digestive and ruminal parameters of steers grazing on SGD. The grain sorghum SG 9538 was seeded on 22/11/2005, and the total biomass yielded during the plant growth cycle, including the grain, was deferred to fall to be grazed from June 2006. Twelve Aberdeen Angus steers (224 8 kg BW) were randomly assigned to three treatments for 100 d. Treatments were: Control (CON) = SGD without restriction to grazing, (GS) = SGD without restriction to grazing + 1,257 kg DM daily of whole soybean grain and (HG) = SGD without restriction to grazing + 1,353 kg DM daily of sunflower meal. Both supplements were designed to provide 450 g of CP, which is equivalent to 50% of daily protein requirements of the animals included in the study. The grazing system was in strip grazing by means of electric fencing with daily changes of the paddock. Although all treatments grazed jointly the same paddock, supplements were offered in individual feeders at 0900 daily. The chemical composition of SGD was 71,6; 62,4; 33,0; 3,2 and 7,2 %, for DM, NDF, ADF, ADL and CP respectively. Mean forage availability of SGD was 7775,0 kg DM/ha. Protein supplements were 32,3 and 35,6% of CP on a DM basis for sunflower meal and soybean grain respectively. The DM intake of SGD decreased (p<0,01) in animals receiving GS compared to CON, from 5,1 to 4,6 kg DM daily; with a substitution of 0,4 kg of forage for each kg of supplement fed. While animals supplemented with HG exhibited a forage intake similar to CON. However, total dietary DM intake in HG and GS were higher than CON (p<0,01), with values of 6,3; 5,9 and 5,1 kg DM per day for HG, GS and CON respectively. Daily weight gains (GDP) increased (p<0,01) with both supplemented treatments compared to CON, however no differences were detected between themselves. An average of 300 g/d was exhibited by the control group, while treatments HG and GS showed GDPs of 625 and 700 g/d respectively. Obviously, these improved gains in the supplemental treatments affected the final liveweights where animals in treatments HG and GS were 38 and 41 kg respectively heavier than CON after 100 d of trial. Additionally, the treatment GS resulted more efficient p<0,01) in feed to gain ratio than HG, but both HG and GS overcome CON. Thus the feed to gain ratio resulted 17,1 for CON vs 9,9 and 8,3 for HG and GS respectively. There were differences in blood parameters between the control group and the supplemented treatments in the contents of: total protein (6,27, 6,56 and 6,57 g/dl); urea (11,67, 25,17 and 28,67 mg/dl) and P (6,48, 7,86 and 7,14 mg/dl) for CON, HG and GS respectively. As far as diet digestibility concerns, the observed results have shown highly significant differences (p<0,01) among treatments, being highest for GS (62,5 %) and HG (59,8 %) vs CON (53,3 %). These results influenced the consumption of total digestible DM, which was higher with addition of protein to the diet (p<0,01), being 41 and 37% for HG and GS better than CON. No differences among the experimental treatments were found for the amount of whole sorghum grain coming from SGD which was recovered in feces (p>0,19). However, there was a marked trend to recover more whole grain in the treatments receiving protein supplementation. Anyhow, the mean proportion of grain passing through the digestive tract without apparent degradation was 27% of the total grain estimated to be consumed. To determine ruminal parameters, three ruminally cannulated Aberdeen Angus steers (550 kg BW) were used. They received the same treatments described for the first experiment in a latin square design (3 treatments and three periods). The NH3-N concentration increased more than 2 times in those animals supplemented with soybean grain and more than 4 times in those receiving sunflower meal as protein supplements after 2 h since the supplements were fed. After a peak was reached there was a progressive decrease in the ruminal NH3-N concentration with time. The decrease was so sharp that no significant differences were observed after 6 h. The lowest NH3-N levels were observed at 24 h, immediately before the supplement was fed again. The total VFA concentration increased (p<0,05) 30% with the addition of sunflower meal. Although the total VFA was also numerically larger than CON the differences were not significant. It was observed a non significant trend to enhance the relationship propionate to acetate with protein supplementation. In conclusion, highly degradable protein supplementation as in HG and GS when fed to steers grazing SGD improved productivity parameters such efficiency of diet utilization and voluntary consumption of digestible nutrients. Higher concentration of NH3-N and total VFAs proved the benefit of feeding either soybean grain or sunflower meal. No meaningful differences between supplementation strategies were found for productivity, and both feeding programs can be considered as alternative to supplement SGD in southwestern Buenos Aires Province.

El hongo comestible Agaricus blazei Murrill es reconocido y muy pretendido por sus propiedades medicinales, pero su cultivo aún no se desarrolló en Argentina. Para su cultivo se emplea la misma metodología que para el champiñón (Agaricus bisporus), obteniéndose rendimientos aún bajos y variables según las diferentes cepas, sustratos y manejo técnico. Este método, incluye la preparación de un compost mediante un proceso fermentativo bifásico, y tiene importantes desventajas: ciclo de producción prolongado, importante requerimiento de espacio y mano de obra, gran inversión inicial y potencial perjuicio ambiental. De modo que los objetivos del estudio realizado durante la ejecución de esta tesis, fueron: 1) Formular y optimizar medios de cultivo y sustratos compostados y no compostados, a base de cáscara de semilla de girasol (residuo local abundante), para la producción eficiente de A. blazei. 2) Determinar la posibilidad de reemplazar como material de cobertura del sustrato a la turba Sphagnum por vermicompost. 3) Determinar la degradación de los componentes de los materiales lignocelulósicos empleados en los distintos sustratos para el cultivo de estos hongos. 4) Evaluar el efecto de la incorporación separada de sales de Zn2+ y Cu2+ en el sustrato, cama de cobertura o en el agua de riego, sobre la productividad y su bioabsorción y biodisponibilidad por el hongo. 5) Evaluar la evolución de la actividad de lacasas en los sustratos con fórmulas diferentes en un ciclo de producción. 6) Determinar la efectividad del sustrato gastado remanente del cultivo de A. blazei en la degradación del herbicida metsulfurón metilo. Como principales resultados, se encontró ventajoso el uso de un medio nutritivo basado en caldo de compost, a un pH 6,5, por sobre el tradicional, a base de caldo de papa, para la conservación o propagación del micelio de A. blazei. Se confirmó la posibilidad de preparar compost para el cultivo exitoso de A. blazei utilizando como sistemas contenedores, durante el compostaje, a un tanque metálico de 200 L y tanques plásticos de 400 L ó 600 L. A su vez, se corroboró la posibilidad de emplear cáscara de girasol como parte fundamental en la fórmula del compostaje para la obtención del sustrato para el cultivo de A. blazei por el método tradicional, con rendimientos similares e incluso mejores a los informados. También, se observó que el vermicompost, empleado como cama de cobertura, tiene un efecto estimulador en la inducción de los carpóforos. Se demostró la posibilidad de cultivar A. blazei sobre sustratos sin compostar con rendimientos cercanos a los informados en sustratos compostados. De manera interesante, el sustrato gastado de hongo, además de mejorar los rendimientos en comparación al sustrato que contenía solo cáscara de girasol, produjo un efecto preventivo de la contaminación, tanto cuando se mezcló con cáscara de girasol sola como cuando se lo usó suplementado. Se observó que la mayor degradación de la materia orgánica del compost/sustrato ocurre durante el cultivo, un 50 % superior a la ocurrida durante el compostaje, y que los componentes lignocelulosos más utilizados durante el cultivo de A. blazei fueron la hemicelulosa y la lignina. Pudo verificarse una mayor degradación del sustrato en aquellos que tuvieron mayor productividad. Por otro lado, el agregado de 100 ó 200 ppm de Zn2+ durante la preparación de la cama de cobertura en un sustrato compostado, o al sustrato o cama de cobertura en sustratos sin compostar, mejoró significativamente los parámetros productivos de A. blazei. A su vez, se encontró que la acumulación y biodisponibilidad de Cu2+ incrementaban proporcionalmente con la concentración del elemento agregado, en cualquiera de sus formas de aplicación. En cuanto a la actividad de lacasas durante el cultivo se pudo observar una diferencia según el tipo de sustrato ensayado, lo que señala una estrategia de degradación y crecimiento diferenciada por parte del hongo. Por último, se determinó que el extracto enzimático obtenido de un sustrato compostado, a base a cáscara de girasol y forraje de trigo, remanente del cultivo de dos oleadas de hongos A. blazei, y con una incubación a 25 C de por lo menos 72 h, es capaz de atenuar el efecto fitotóxico del metsulfurón metilo (5 x 10-3 ppm) sobre el crecimiento de B. napus. / The edible mushroom Agaricus blazei Murrill is recognized and very requested by its medicinal properties, but its cultivation was not developed until now in Argentina. The cultivation methodology employed is the same that the one used for the white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), and low and variables yields are obtained depending on the different strains, substrates and technical handling. This procedure includes the preparation of compost by means of a two-phase fermentative process, which has important disadvantages: a long production cycle, an important space and work force is required, a great initial investment and is a source of potential environmental damage. The objectives of the study carried out during the execution of this thesis, were: 1) to formulate and optimize cultivation media and composted and non-composted substrates, containing sunflower seed hulls (abundant local residue), for the efficient production of A. blazei. 2) to determine for the possible substitution of the Sphagnum peat moss by vermicompost as a casing material. 3) to determine the degradation evolution of the ignocellulosic material components employed in the different substrates for the cultivation of these mushrooms. 4) to evaluate the effect of the separated incorporation of Zn2+ and Cu2+ salts either in the substrate, casing or in the water for watering, on both the productivity and in the A. blazei fruitbody accumulation and their bioavailability from it. 5) to evaluate the laccase activity evolution in the substrates with different formulations during a production cycle. 6) to determine the effectiveness of the A. blazei spent mushroom compost in the degradation of the herbicide metsulfuron methyl. As main results, it was found valuable the use of a compost broth based medium, at pH 6,5, over traditional potato broth based, for the conservation or propagation of the A. blazei mycelium. The possibility of obtaining compost for successful cultivation of A. blazei using as system containers a metallic tank of 200 L and plastic tanks of 400 L or 600 L was confirmed. For the first time, it is demonstrated the possibility of using sunflower seed hulls as fundamental part in the compost formula for the obtaining of the substrate for the A. blazei cultivation for the traditional method, with similar and even better yields to the reported ones. In addition, it was observed that the vermicompost, employed as casing material, has a stimulating effect in the induction of the cap differentiation. The possibility of cultivating A. blazei on non-composted substrates, with yields near to the informed ones in composted substrates, was also demonstrated. Interestingly, the spent mushroom compost, besides improving the yields in comparison to the substrate containing just sunflower seed hulls, showed a contamination preventive effect, so much when it was mixed half part with sunflower seed hulls as when it was used supplemented. It was observed that the major organic matter degradation in the compost/substrate happens during cultivation, and it was 50 % superior to the one occurred during the composting, and that the main used lignocellulosic components during the A. blazei cultivation were hemicellulose and lignin. Larger degradation could still occur in substrates leading to better yield. On the other hand, the addition of 100 or 200 ppm of Zn2+ during the preparation of the casing in a composted substrate, or to the substrate or casing, in non-composted substrates, improved significantly the productive parameters in A. blazei cultivation. In turn, it was found that the accumulation and bioavailability of Cu2+ increased proportionally with the concentration of the added element, irrespective of the application modes. As for the laccases activity, during the cultivation a difference according to the type of substrate employed could be observed, what points out a different strategy for substrate utilization and mushroom growth. Lastly, it was determined that the enzymatic extract obtained from a compost, based on sunflower seed hulls and wheat forage, resulting from the cultivation of A. blazei during two flushes, and with a 25 C incubation of at least 72 h, is able to markedly attenuate the phytotoxic effect of the metsulfuron methyl (5 x 10-3 ppm) on the growth of B. napus.

Realiza la investigación en los alrededores del observatorio de Huancayo, ubicado en el distrito de Huachac departamento de Junin. Aplica una metodología para la estimación de la evapotranspiración (ET) el cual se basa en el algoritmo METRIC (Mapping Evapotranspiration at High Resolution using Internalized Calibration) desarrollado por la Universidad de Idaho, este modelo estima la ET como un residual del balance de energía mediante imágenes de satélite y datos de estación meteorológica. Para la implementación del algoritmo METRIC se emplea 15 imágenes del sensor OLI (tabla 6.2) y datos de la estacion meteorológica de Huayao (tabla 6.1). Los datos imagen OLI, son sometidos a correcciones atmosféricas mediante Flaash y Tasumi et al. (2007) los cuales seran comparados al obtener los flujos de energía y la ET. Asimismo, se compara la ET obtenida mediante la evapotranspiracion´ de referencia (ETr) con las ecuaciones de Hargreaves–Samani (HS) y FAO Penman–Monteith (PM). Para validar el funcionamiento del algoritmo METRIC en la estimacion de la ET se emplea datos obtenidos mediante la técnica de Eddy covariance. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la ET estimada empleando imágenes con corrección Tasumi y la ETr de PM fue la que más se aproxima a la ET observada debido a que mostro un con factor de correlación´ r = 0.66. Asimismo, respecto de los flujos de energía estimado con imágenes, la que más se aproximó al observado fue el flujo de energía neta (Rn) mostrando un r = 0.68, en cambio para en el caso de imágenes con corrección con Flaash se obtiene r = 0.65. / Tesis

Orientador: Itamar Andrioli / Banca: Mara Cristina Pessoa da Cruz / Banca: Marcos Gervásio Pereira / Banca: Roberto Kazuhiko Zito / Banca: José Frederico Centurion / Resumo: O estabelecimento de culturas de cobertura para formação e manutenção dos resíduos culturais na superfície do solo, principalmente nas regiões de cerrado, tem encontrado alguns obstáculos, pois as condições climáticas nestas regiões favorecem a decomposição destes resíduos vegetais. A implantação do plantio direto nestas áreas tem crescido exponencialmente, porém tem sido utilizado como base em dados gerados em outras regiões do País, em outras condições climáticas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal estudar as plantas de cobertura mais utilizadas na região, avaliando o tempo de decomposição dos restos culturais, o acúmulo e liberação de nitrogênio por um período de até 320 dias, associando estes dados a produtividade das culturas. Também, fez-se o monitoramento da temperatura e umidade do solo, semanalmente, durante o período de janeiro a junho de 2000 nas profundidades de 0 a 5 e 5 a 10 cm. Após dois anos agrícolas de implantação do experimento, fez-se uma avaliação da influência destas coberturas em algumas propriedades físicas do solo da área. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições. Nas parcelas principais, os tratamentos utilizados constaram de sete tipos de coberturas: milheto (Pennisetum americanum sin. tiphoydes), braquiária (Brachiaria brizantha), sorgo forrageiro (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), guandu (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp), crotalária juncea (Crotalarea juncea) e aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schreb), pousio e área sob sistema de plantio convencional (testemunha). Nas subparcelas, após a dessecação das coberturas, plantou-se milho e soja, sendo estas culturas rotacionadas no segundo ano... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo). / Abstract: The establishment of covering cultures for formation and maintenance of the cultural residues in the soil surface, mainly in the cerrado areas, has been finding some obstacles, because the climatic conditions in these areas favor the decomposition of these vegetable residues. The no tillage system implantation in these areas, has been increasing exponentially, however it has been used as base, the data generated in other areas of the country, in other climatic conditions. The present study had as main objective to study the covering plants more used in this area, evaluating the time of decomposition of cultural remains, the accumulation and liberation of nitrogen for a period up to 320 days, associating these data to the productivity of the cultures. Also, it was made the observation the soil of temperature and humidity, weekly, during the period of January to June 2000, in the depths of 0 - 5 and 5 - 10 cm. After two agricultural years, it was made an evaluation of the influence of the covering plants in some physical soil properties in the area. The experimental design was random blocks, with subdivided plots and four repetitions. The treatments used consisted in eight covering types: pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum sin. tiphoydes), braquiária (Brachiaria brizantha), sorgun (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp), sunn hemp (Crotalárea juncea) and black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb), fallow land, area in conventional system. In the subplots, after the covering plants dessecation, it was planted corn and soybean, and these cultures were rotated in the second year. Among the appraised coverings it was verified that millet and the sunn hemp were the cultures that presented the best score in dry mass production. Nitrogen accumulation and liberation in the appraised periods... (Complete abstract, click eletronic address below). / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-12-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:42:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 yano_eh_dr_botfca.pdf: 978840 bytes, checksum: 128042dc305593b9ba3a3b56612214a0 (MD5) / O uso do sistema plantio direto tem proporcionado uma série de transformações nas cadeias produtivas devido ao planejamento e à diversificação das atividades agrícolas com as ráticas racionais, o que vem aumentando a produção de grãos e carne no país. Devido à sua grande extensão territorial, as condições climáticas são irregulares, algumas regiões caracterizam-se por elevadas temperaturas, com chuvas de grande intensidade no verão e inverno frio e seco, ocasionando dificuldades na formação de cobertura morta com baixo custo. Uma das espécies utilizadas para esta finalidade são as gramíneas, que, integradas no sistema de rotação e sucessão de culturas, garantem a cobertura do solo por períodos mais prolongados. Este trabalho objetivou analisar o desempenho energético dos sistemas de manejo do solo e da cobertura com a otimização do número de culturas em sucessão para a produção de grãos e feno, e obtenção de cobertura de solo para região de inverno seco. O experimento foi instalado e conduzido em condições de campo, nos anos agrícolas de 2002/2003 e 2003/2004, na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - Campus de Botucatu/ UNESP, num Nitossolo Vermelho Distrófico, cultivado há 7 anos com os mesmos tratamentos de preparo do solo: arado de disco + 2 gradagens leves; escarificador com disco de corte e rolo destorroador; sistema plantio direto no verão; semeadura direta das culturas de inverno com aveia preta e sorgo e tratamento testemunha composto por pousio. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial (3x3), com quatro repetições. Os resultados obtidos permitiram verificar que, independente das espécies utilizadas, a porcentagem de cobertura do solo mostrou-se superior no sistema plantio direto quando comparado aos demais... / The use of the no-tillage system has been providing a series of transformations in the productive chains because of the planning and diversification of the agricultural activities with rational practices, comes increasing the production of grains and meat in the country. Due to your large territorial extension, the climatic conditions are irregular, some areas are characterized by high temperatures, with rains of intensity in the summer and cold and dry winter, causing difficulties in the formation of dead covering with low cost. One the species used for this purpose they are grasses that, integrated in the rotation and succession crops systems, give security to soil coverage for more lingering periods. The objective of this research was to analyze the energy acting of planting systems and soil coverage with the optimize of the number of cultures in succession for the production of grains and hay, and obtaining soil covering for area of dry winter. The experiment was installed and led in field conditions, in the agricultural years 2002/2003 and 2003/2004, in The Lageado Experimental Farm, Unesp, Campus of Botucatu, on an Alfisol , cultivated 7 years ago with the same treatments planting: disk plow + 2 leveling disk harrowing; chisel plow with cut disk and roll; system no-tillage in the summer; no-tillage in the winter with dark oat and sorghum and testifies treatment composed by winter fallow. The experimental design was the split plot in factorial outline (3x3), with four replications. Results showed that, independent of the used species, the percentage of soil coverage was superior in the system no-tillage when compared to the others. The soybean planting prepared with minimum tillage it provided larger integrated force of traction, potency demand, fuel consumption, slip of traction wheel and smaller displacement speed...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo Mención: Manejo de Suelos y Aguas / El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo principal evaluar el efecto acumulado que produce la rotación de cultivos y el sinergismo de éstos con el estiércol sobre las propiedades físicas del suelo y su relación con el crecimiento de plantas de vid (Vitis vinifera). La investigación se llevó a cabo en la Comuna de Vallenar, Región de Atacama, entre los años 2006 y 2009. El suelo corresponde a la Serie Cavancha (Xerollic Haplargids) de clase textural franco arcillosa y presencia de gravas. Se establecieron 4 tratamientos: T1, testigo con suelo desnudo; T2, rotación de cultivos (raps - haba - mostaza - avena); T3, aplicación de estiércol de cabra en dosis de 12,5 Mg ha-1 año-1; T4, rotación de cultivos (raps - haba – cebada - mostaza) establecidos sobre estiércol. En parcelas de 8 plantas de vid distribuidas en dos hileras. Las propiedades físicas del suelo se evaluaron a tres profundidades (0-10; 10-30 y 30-50 cm) en tanto que en la vid se evaluó masa de poda, rendimiento y biomasa de raíces. Las aplicaciones de estiércol (T3 y T4) generaron un incremento de la materia orgánica del suelo, lo que se tradujo en un mejoramiento de las propiedades físicas; sin embargo, el tratamiento que conjugó aplicación de estiércol y cultivo de cobertura (T4) fue el que logró los mejores resultados por un efecto sinérgico entre ambas estrategias. Así, T3 y T4 presentaron disminuciones en la densidad aparente y la resistencia a la penetración, con una mayor estabilidad de agregados y capacidad de flujo de agua y aire, pero además T4 mostró tendencias en aumentar el rendimiento en una de las temporadas evaluadas y un crecimiento sostenido en el tiempo de la biomasa de la vid; no obstante se requiere de un mayor numero de temporadas de mediciones para corroborar, si esta situación se mantiene en el tiempo. / The aim of this work was to evaluate the accumulated effect of crop rotations with or without manure on the physical properties of the soil and its relation with the growth of grape (Vitis vinifera). The investigation was carried out in Vallenar, Atacama Region in Chile, between years 2006 and 2009. In a clay loam Xerollic Haplargid, plots of 8 plants of grapevine distributed in two rows were established, defining 4 treatments: T1, control, bare soil; T2, crop rotation (rapeseed - broad bean - mustard - oats); T3 manure in dose of 12.5 Mg ha-1 year-1; T4, crop rotation (rapeseed - broad bean - barley - mustard) established over manure. The soil physical properties were evaluated at three depths (0-10; 10-30; 30-50 cm), while in the vine the pruning weight, the grape yield and the root growth were measured. The applications of manure (T3 and T4) promoted an increase of the soil organic matter, which resulted in an improvement of physical properties; nevertheless, the treatment that brings together the use of manure and cover crops (T4) achieves the best results because of a synergic effect. T3 and T4 showed a decrease in bulk density and penetration resistance, with higher aggregate stability and capacity of water and air fluxes; in addition, T4 favored a significant higher yield in one season and a sustained biomass growth over time.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-03-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:35:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 alianofilho_a_me_botib.pdf: 803708 bytes, checksum: 7df8e5e731e86aee69b812455f899135 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Um dos focos centrais na produção vegetal, discutidos ultimamente, e a utilização de medidas que visam um planejamento sustentável e ecológico, tendo em vista a degradação ambiental ocorrida nos ultimos anos. Por este motivo, a Rotação de Culturas tem ganhado destaque na literatura, pois e um meio de produção cujos princípios práticos viabilizam uma agricultura ecológica e produtiva. Esta prática, uma vez bem conduzida pelos agricultores rurais, traz inúmeros benefícios, visto que o controle de pragas, patógenos e de plantas daninhas e realizado biologicamente, diminuindo a ação de pesticidas prejudiciais ao meio ambiente e medidas de recuperação do solo, tornando-o sempre fértil. Nesta dissertação, e apresentado um modelo de otimização 0-1 para o problema de Rotação de Culturas, cujo objetivo foi encontrar uma programação de plantio de hortaliças que maximize o lucro da produção, levando-se em consideração restrições de epoca de semeadura para cada cultura considerada, o não cultivo de plantas de mesma família em lotes vizinhos, proibição de plantio consecutivo de plantas de mesma família botânica em um mesmo lote, a necessidade de adubação verde, período de descanso do solo e de demanda. Nesta modelagem, foi considerada uma area de plantio genérica, cujos lotes são irregularmente distribuídos e de diferentes tamanhos. Para resolução do problema, foram desenvolvidas e implementadas a seguintes metaheurísticas: (a) Algoritmo Gen etico, (b) Simulated Annealing, e as abordagens mistas (c) Algoritmo Gen etico com Simulated Annealing e (d) Algoritmo Genético com Busca Local (Memético). Para avaliar os comportamentos computacionais das heurísticas, considerou-se instâncias de diferentes formas com variações nas geometrias e area de plantio. Adicionalmente, uma aplicação destes métodos para um... / The environmental degradation that has occurred throughout the world claims for sustainable and ecological plant production. In this context, agricultural planning based on crop rotation has been addressed in many studies. Once appropriately applied by farmers, this practice brings many bene ts. In fact, it enables biological control of pests, pathogens and weeds, thus reducing the action of pesticides which are harmful to the environment. Planting according to crop rotation also restores the soil, making it always fertile. This thesis presents a binary linear optimization model to the problem of crop rotation aiming to nd a planting schedule for vegetables that maximizes the pro ts of production. The problem constraints include a speci c period for planting each crop, a prede ned demand per crop, the need for green manure and rest period. Other restraints prevent planting of vegetables of the same family consecutively in the same lot, as well as in neighboring lots. A general planting area with irregularly distributed and di erent sized lots is considered. Four metaheuristics were speci cally developed for the above crop rotation problem and the respective algorithms were implemented: (a) a Genetic Algorithm, (b) a Simulated Annealing, and two hybrid approaches - (c) a Genetic Algorithm with Simulated Annealing and (d) a Genetic Algorithm with Local Search, that is, a Memetic algorithm. To evaluate the computing behavior of these algorithms, we considered a crop rotation instance from literature and also an instance built with real data from a Brazilian agricultural company. The computational results showed that the algorithms, specially the hybrid... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Helenice de Oliveira Florentino Silva / Coorientador: Margarida Vaz Pato / Banca: Fernando Luiz Pio dos Santos / Banca: Silvio Alexandre Araújo / Resumo: Um dos focos centrais na produção vegetal, discutidos ultimamente, e a utilização de medidas que visam um planejamento sustentável e ecológico, tendo em vista a degradação ambiental ocorrida nos ultimos anos. Por este motivo, a Rotação de Culturas tem ganhado destaque na literatura, pois e um meio de produção cujos princípios práticos viabilizam uma agricultura ecológica e produtiva. Esta prática, uma vez bem conduzida pelos agricultores rurais, traz inúmeros benefícios, visto que o controle de pragas, patógenos e de plantas daninhas e realizado biologicamente, diminuindo a ação de pesticidas prejudiciais ao meio ambiente e medidas de recuperação do solo, tornando-o sempre fértil. Nesta dissertação, e apresentado um modelo de otimização 0-1 para o problema de Rotação de Culturas, cujo objetivo foi encontrar uma programação de plantio de hortaliças que maximize o lucro da produção, levando-se em consideração restrições de epoca de semeadura para cada cultura considerada, o não cultivo de plantas de mesma família em lotes vizinhos, proibição de plantio consecutivo de plantas de mesma família botânica em um mesmo lote, a necessidade de adubação verde, período de descanso do solo e de demanda. Nesta modelagem, foi considerada uma area de plantio genérica, cujos lotes são irregularmente distribuídos e de diferentes tamanhos. Para resolução do problema, foram desenvolvidas e implementadas a seguintes metaheurísticas: (a) Algoritmo Gen etico, (b) Simulated Annealing, e as abordagens mistas (c) Algoritmo Gen etico com Simulated Annealing e (d) Algoritmo Genético com Busca Local (Memético). Para avaliar os comportamentos computacionais das heurísticas, considerou-se instâncias de diferentes formas com variações nas geometrias e area de plantio. Adicionalmente, uma aplicação destes métodos para um... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The environmental degradation that has occurred throughout the world claims for sustainable and ecological plant production. In this context, agricultural planning based on crop rotation has been addressed in many studies. Once appropriately applied by farmers, this practice brings many bene ts. In fact, it enables biological control of pests, pathogens and weeds, thus reducing the action of pesticides which are harmful to the environment. Planting according to crop rotation also restores the soil, making it always fertile. This thesis presents a binary linear optimization model to the problem of crop rotation aiming to nd a planting schedule for vegetables that maximizes the pro ts of production. The problem constraints include a speci c period for planting each crop, a prede ned demand per crop, the need for green manure and rest period. Other restraints prevent planting of vegetables of the same family consecutively in the same lot, as well as in neighboring lots. A general planting area with irregularly distributed and di erent sized lots is considered. Four metaheuristics were speci cally developed for the above crop rotation problem and the respective algorithms were implemented: (a) a Genetic Algorithm, (b) a Simulated Annealing, and two hybrid approaches - (c) a Genetic Algorithm with Simulated Annealing and (d) a Genetic Algorithm with Local Search, that is, a Memetic algorithm. To evaluate the computing behavior of these algorithms, we considered a crop rotation instance from literature and also an instance built with real data from a Brazilian agricultural company. The computational results showed that the algorithms, specially the hybrid... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Fitopatologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fitopatologia, 2015. / Submitted by Ana Cristina Barbosa da Silva (annabds@hotmail.com) on 2015-04-27T18:04:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_CarinaMarianaLeiteLopes.pdf: 1842247 bytes, checksum: c68538bdb18d42df5ddc8306f6a52c5e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ruthléa Nascimento(ruthleanascimento@bce.unb.br) on 2015-04-30T19:29:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_CarinaMarianaLeiteLopes.pdf: 1842247 bytes, checksum: c68538bdb18d42df5ddc8306f6a52c5e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-30T19:29:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_CarinaMarianaLeiteLopes.pdf: 1842247 bytes, checksum: c68538bdb18d42df5ddc8306f6a52c5e (MD5) / A região oeste da Bahia, um importante polo de produção agrícola do país, tem sofrido perdas de produção nas culturas devido à ação de organismos fitopatogênicos, em especial nematoides fitoparasitas. A adoção de estratégias adequadas de controle de fitonematoides envolve o conhecimento prévio das espécies e suas populações existentes no solo. Com o objetivo de estudar as populações de fitonematoides presentes na região oeste da Bahia, foram coletadas 300 amostras de solo e raízes em cultivos de café, soja, algodão e áreas de reserva legal de cerrado, no período de janeiro a abril de 2014, em fazendas localizadas nos municípios de Barreiras, Luis Eduardo Magalhães, Formosa do Rio Preto, São Desidério, Riachão das Neves e Baianópolis. Nematoides fitoparasitas foram extraídos de amostras de solo e raízes e identificados com auxílio de microscópio óptico. Espécies de Meloidogyne foram identificadas pelo fenótipo da isoenzima esterase. Foram encontrados espécimes de 14 gêneros fitoparasitas, a saber: Pratylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Meloidogyne, Rotylenchulus, Heterodera, Hemicycliophora, Scutellonema, Hoplolaimus, Gracilacus, Criconemoides, Discocriconemella, Nothocriconemoides, Trichodorus e Paratrichodorus. Espécimes do gênero Helicotylenchus foram os mais frequentes nas amostras de solo (58,3%) seguido por Pratylenchus (52,3%). Das espécies de Meloidogyne, M. javanica prevaleceu em relação as demais. Juvenis de Heterodera somente foram identificados em seis fazendas nos municípios de Formosa do Rio Preto, São Desidério e Barreiras. Hemicycliophora spp. estiveram presentes em 69,3% das amostras coletadas em cultivos de café. / The region western of Bahia, an a important agricultural center of Brazil, has suffered crop losses due to the action of pathogenic organisms in the plantations, mainly plant-parasitic nematodes. The adoption of appropriate strategies to control plant-parasitic nematodes, envolves prior knowledge on the species and its populations in the soil. In order to assess the populations of plant parasitic nematodes in western Bahia, 300 soil and roots samples were collected in coffee, soybean and cotton plantations as well as in surrounding native vegetation of cerrado, from January to April 2014, in farms located in the municipalities of Barreiras, Luis Eduardo Magalhães, Formosa do Rio Preto, São Desidério, Riachão das Neves and Baianópolis. Nematodes were extracted from the soil and root samples and identified under light microscope. Species of Meloidogyne were identified by esterase phenotypes. Specimens of genera of plant-parasitic nematodes were found, namely: Pratylenchus Helicotylenchus, Meloidogyne, Rotylenchulus, Heterodera, Hemicycliophora, Scutellonema, Hoplolaimus, Gracilacus, Criconemoides, Discocriconemella, Nothocriconemoides, Trichodorus and Paratrichodorus. Specimens of Helicotylenchus were the most frequent in the samples (58,3%) followed by Pratylenchus (52,3%). The species of Meloidogyne most commonly found was M. javanica. Juveniles of Heterodera were identified in only six farms in the municipalities of Formosa do Rio Preto, São Desidério and Barreiras. Hemicycliophora spp. was present in 69,3% of the samples collected in coffee plantations.

El cultivo de variedades de colza (Brassica napus) con resistencia a herbicidas en nuestro país presenta el riesgo de transferencia de esa característica a especies silvestres emparentadas. Una de estas especies es el nabo silvestre (B. rapa), una importante maleza de los cultivos de invierno que se encuentra ampliamente distribuida en la región pampeana. Debido a esto, actualmente se encuentra prohibida la introducción de semilla de colza transgénica en el país. Resulta crucial evitar la dispersión de nuevos biotipos de malezas resistentes debido a que disminuyen la efectividad de las tecnologías de control químico disponibles. En el año 2008, en el partido de Balcarce, se encontró una población de B. rapa en simpatría con un cultivar de colza resistente a imidazolinonas y otro susceptible. Además, en diferentes sitios de la provincia de Buenos Aires se han hallado recientemente poblaciones del genero Brassica con resistencia a glifosato. Los objetivos generales de esta tesis fueron abordar el estudio de flujo génico desde B. napus hacia la maleza B. rapa, determinar la presencia y transferencia de resistencia a herbicidas, y efectuar la caracterización morfológica y molecular de los individuos resistentes. Para desarrollar estos objetivos se realizaron actividades experimentales que permitieron determinar el grado de hibridación entre las especies, en particular entre la maleza y el cultivar resistente a herbicidas, se identificaron caracteres morfológicos intermedios, se realizó una caracterización molecular sobre los presuntos híbridos interespecíficos, y se evaluó la perdurabilidad del rasgo de resistencia en el ambiente estudiado. Por otro lado, se relevó la presencia de nuevas poblaciones con resistencia a glifosato, se investigó el origen molecular de la resistencia y se evaluó la presencia de resistencia múltiple a glufosinato de amonio. En última instancia, se propusieron medidas de prevención y control. Los resultados obtenidos comprobaron la hibridación entre B. napus y B. rapa en el área principal de cultivo de la Argentina. Los híbridos heredaron caracteres fenotípicos de ambos parentales y el carácter de resistencia a imidazolinonas fue efectivamente transferido desde la colza cultivada. No obstante, el rasgo desapareció al cabo de un año post-hibridación indicando que ante la ausencia de presión de selección por herbicida, la menor aptitud biológica de los híbridos, la competencia con otro cultivo y la rotación del mecanismo de acción de los herbicidas afectaron considerablemente la perdurabilidad de estos individuos. En la evaluación de poblaciones resistentes a glifosato provenientes de distintos sectores de la región pampeana, se confirmó el origen transgénico de la resistencia. Por otro lado, no se detectaron poblaciones con resistencia múltiple al herbicida glufosinato de amonio. / Herbicide-resistant rapeseed (Brassica napus) cultivation in our country entails the risk of gene transfer into wild relative species. One of this species is wild turnip (B. rapa), an important winter crops’ weed, widely distributed in the Pampean region. Thus, transgenic rapeseed is forbidden in the country. It is crucial to avoid dispersion of new resistant weed biotypes as they reduce the effectiveness of chemical control technologies. In 2008, a B. rapa population which was sympatric to an imidazolinone-resistant rapeseed cultivar and a susceptible one, was found in Balcarce county. Furthermore, in different sites of Buenos Aires province, glyphosate-resistant Brassica sp. populations have recently been found. The objectives of this thesis were to study the gene flow from B. napus to B. rapa weed, to establish the presence and transfer of herbicide-resistance and to perform a morphological and molecular characterization of resistant individuals. In order to achieve this objectives, experimental activities where developed. They established the degree of hybridization between species, particularly amongst the weed and the herbicide-resistant cultivar, intermediate morphological characters were identified, a molecular characterization was performed upon the putative interespecific hybrids and the resistant trait persistence was assessed in the studied environment. Moreover, the presence of new glyphosate-resistant populations was screened, the molecular origin of the resistance was investigated and the presence of multiple resistance to glufosinate was evaluated. Ultimately, prevention and control measures were proposed. The results confirmed hybridization between B. napus and B. rapa in Argentina’s main crop area. The hybrids inherited phenotypic characters from both parents and the herbicide-resistant trait was successfully transferred from rapeseed. In spite of this, resistant-trait disappeared after a year post-hybridization showing that without herbicide selection pressure, hybrid fitness, competition with another crop and rotation on the mechanism of action had a significant relevance on these individuals’ persistence. Transgenic origin was verified on glyphosate-resistant populations from different parts of the Pampean region. Conversely, no glufosinate-resistant populations were detected.