The aim was to find out teachers in Swedish as a second language in primary schools view on how they work with a language development teaching in a multicultural environment. I did a semi-structured interview where I both made questions before the interview and also used individualized follow-up questions during my interview. I did that because I really wanted to get answers to the subject and the aim of the essay. Two teachers in Swedish as a second language have been interviewed.   The result shows that a holistic approach to language development is important, where great emphasis lies on understanding. Teachers say that communication and interaction are key factors and that it is important with good linguistically appropriate and understandable texts where the words/concepts are learned and used in the right context. / Syftet med studien är att ta reda på uppfattningarna bland lärare i svenska som andraspråk om hur de i grundskolan och mångkulturella miljöer bedriver en språkutvecklande undervisning. En semistrukturerad intervju har genomförts med gjorda frågor både innan intervjun samt individualiserade följdfrågor under själva intervjun. Detta genomfördes för att verkligen få svar på frågeställningarna och syftet. Intervjuerna har gjorts med två lärare i svenska som andraspråk.   Resultatet visar att en helhetssyn på språkutveckling är betydelsefullt, där stor vikt läggs på förståelsen. Lärarna belyser att kommunikation och samspel är centrala faktorer för denna utveckling samt bra språkligt anpassade och lättförståeliga texter där ord/begrepp lärs in och används i sitt rätta sammanhang/kontext.

Studiens syfte är att belysa förskollärares tankar och erfarenheter kring barns kulturella bakgrunder, diskriminering och eventuella samband däremellan. Frågeställningarna som studien svarar på är hur förskollärare ser på kultur och barns kulturella bakgrunder, vilket samspel de upplever krävs i mötet med barn från olika kulturella bakgrunder och hur diskriminering av barn utifrån barnets kulturella bakgrund uppfattas. Vi har använt oss av en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade enskilda intervjuer. Urvalet av informanter är sex stycken förskollärare på fyra olika förskolor inom två skilda kommuner. Studiens resultat visar att förskollärarna har en antropologisk syn på kultur där de ser på kultur som något skilt och annorlunda från den svenska. Förskollärarna betonar kompetenser som utifrån Stiers (2009) teori kan förklaras med en interkulturell kompetens, vilket förskollärarna menar krävs i samspelet och mötet med barnen. Förskollärarna uppfattar att diskriminering ständigt sker i förskolan genom att barnen inte får samma möjlighet till förståelse i kommunikationen och på så vis exkluderas. Det framkom även att diskriminering kommer till uttryck i förskolan genom förskollärares val av hur kulturer synliggörs i verksamheten. Ett segregerat arbetssätt, där vissa kulturer och/eller delar av en kultur uppmärksammas, bidrar till att samspelet mellan kulturer osynliggörs. Diskrimineringsbegreppet var av förskollärarna svårdefinierat och syftade istället till en kränkande behandling.

Denna studie bygger på intervjuer med lärare och undersöker hur lärarna arbetar med integrering av elever med annan etnisk bakgrund och socioekonomiskt svag bakgrund. Studien eftersöker lärarnas kopplingar mellan elevers etniska bakgrund, socioekonomiska bakgrund och skolresultat samt analyserar hur lärarnas arbetsmetoder, uppfattningar och tankar skiljer sig åt baserat på var skolan de är verksamma på är belägen utifrån en socioekonomisk områdesindelning. Resultatet visar på att enligt lärarna har skolorna inte några skrivna riktlinjer för integreringsarbete och integreringsarbeten genomförs och tolkas olika av lärarna vilket verkar ha ett samband till hur skolans upptagningsområde ser ut. Den påverkansfaktor som lärarna anser vara den största utmaningen i integreringsarbete samt i försök att förklara det rådande studiegapet mellan elever med annan etnisk bakgrund och elever med svensk bakgrund antas vara bristande språkförmåga. Den främsta möjligheten anser de vara de positiva vinningarna som kommer från att elever har olika bakgrunder. Gällande vårdnadshavare framför lärarna att vårdnadshavares bakgrund påverkar både samverkan mellan skolan och hemmet och elevens skolresultat. Hälften av lärarna tror att det finns skillnader i krav och förväntningar på elever utifrån etnisk- och socioekonomisk bakgrund. Diskussioner som berör etnisk- och socioekonomisk bakgrund anser lärarna inte vara känsliga.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att beskriva och analysera vilka förutsättningar studie- och yrkesvägledare på språkintroduktionsprogram har för det individuella vägledningssamtalet. Utifrån detta utformades följande frågeställningar: vilka är vägledarnas förutsättningar för det individuella vägledningssamtalet med elever med annan kulturell bakgrund? Hur arbetar studie- och yrkesvägledaren med det individuella samtalet för att stötta eleverna i studie- och yrkesvalsprocessen? För att besvara uppsatsens frågeställningar använde vi oss av en kvalitativ metod och genomförde sex intervjuer med studie- och yrkesvägledare på språkintroduktionsprogram. Tidigare forskning visar att vägledningssamtal utgör en central funktion för studie- och yrkesvägledning och är den plats där framtidsfrågor ges utrymme. Studie- och yrkesval för elever med annan kulturell bakgrund kan innebära utmaningar då eleverna befinner sig i en ny kontext samt kan sakna kunskap om utbildning och arbetsmarknad. För att analysera vägledarnas förutsättningar och hur de arbetar med det vägledande samtalet används begreppen habitus, fält och kapital från Bourdieus sociologiska teori. Begreppet handlingshorisont från Hodkinson och Sparkes careership theory och begreppet levnadsrum från Peavys konstruktivistiska vägledning används även vid analys av empirin. Studien visar att de intervjuade vägledarna trots varierande förutsättningar, arbetar kompensatoriskt genom att informera om utbildning och arbetsmarknad samt samarbetar med andra aktörer i det vägledande samtalet. / Due to the increased cultural differences in schools across Sweden, it has been argued that there is a clash of how different guidance counselors work with language introductory programs. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to describe and analyze the prerequisites of guidance counselors in such programs with a focus on individual guidance consultation. The paper adds knowledge to previous research that suggest that consultations are key in the guidance of career and study for individuals coming from abroad. This is because study and career choices for students with different cultural backgrounds can be challenging as students are included in a new context and lacks knowledge about education and the labor market in Sweden. Conducting six interviews with guidance counselors on language introduction programs in Scania region of Sweden, this paper analyzes, using the concepts of action horizon from Hodkinson and Sparkes careership theory and living space from Peavy's constructivist how they work with the guiding conversations, as well as the concepts of habitus, fields and capital drawing on Bourdieu's sociological theory. The study shows that the interviewed guidance counselors, despite different and equal conditions, work compen-satory by informing about education and the labor market and cooperating with other actors in the guiding conversation.

The theories of social cognition and personal constructs compose the theoretical backdrop to this dissertation which deals with people's expectations regarding romantic partners and relationships.Five women were interviewed and a qualitative analysis undertaken and discussed with a view to elucidating the influence of one's parents, cultural background and individual identity on the development and functioning of expectations. These expectation are based on beliefs about men and relationships in general and about healthy and unhealthy relationships in particular. Attension is given to the role of relationship beliefs and expectations in evaluations of romantic relationships and the consequences of such evaluations for relationship satisfaction and commitment. It is concluded that expectations play an important role in the process of partner and relationship eva,uation and thus, in the outcome of relationships. Parental and cultural influences are found to play an important part in shaping individual values and expetations, albeit in an indirect manner. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:32:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lilian dos Santos Lacerda.pdf: 897515 bytes, checksum: 45952f1b4d88a1a1f69d618bcc725621 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The school is privileged to train readers place, and how teachers view and deal with reading regulates their practices and affects the education of students. This perspective of reading as a cultural practice, headed for the option to conduct this study, with the theoretical Critical Theory of Society, especially the aspects related to the formation of the individual. The questions that guided the research are: what is the place of reading in the lives of students in the educational process? Reading in school is presented as a differential element of training and the empowerment of learners in the schooling process? Thus, given the possibilities of conducting the empirical research, was defined as objective to describe and analyze what is provided in terms of reading, students of the 6th year of elementary school in a state public school, located in the southern city of São Paulo. The hypothesis is empirically verified that the reading experience offered by the school is bound predominantly to schoolwork, prevailing practices that do not take reading as a cultural practice, which, in turn, tends to nullify their formative dimension. Classroom observations were conducted during a week - a total of twenty-three classes - in the year 2013. The collection and analysis of information was identified fourteen practical situations. Information was also collected on teachers and their approach toward reading in school, through a questionnaire. As the theoretical framework, empirical data were analyzed based on the concepts of cultural training and experience (Theodor W. Adorno). Still, for better understanding of the teaching and learning of reading resorted to studies by Magda B. Smith, Anne-Marie Chartier and Roxane Rojo. And to situate the teaching practice was used studies Alda J. Marin and José Gimeno Sacristan. The survey results point to the predominantly guided in teaching courseware. In general, in relation to the teaching strategies, there is a gap between practical social and school reading practice and the prevalence of situations that the student activity is restricted to copying. Teachers, while recognizing the importance of reading for the training of individuals in practice do not value it. The results allow us to affirm that the hypothesis of this study was confirmed / A escola é lugar privilegiado para a formação de leitores, e o modo como os professores concebem e lidam com a leitura regula suas práticas e repercute na formação dos alunos. A perspectiva da leitura como prática cultural encaminhou para a opção de se realizar este estudo, tendo por referencial teórico a Teoria Crítica da Sociedade, especialmente os aspectos relacionados à formação do indivíduo. As questões que orientaram a investigação são: qual o lugar da leitura na vida dos alunos em processo de escolarização? A leitura na escola se apresenta como elemento diferencial de formação e promoção da autonomia dos educandos em processo de escolarização? Assim, diante das possibilidades de realização da pesquisa empírica, definiu-se como objetivo descrever e analisar o que é proporcionado, em termos de leitura, aos alunos do 6º ano do ensino fundamental de uma escola estadual paulista, situada na zona sul da cidade de São Paulo. A hipótese verificada empiricamente é a de que a experiência de leitura ofertada pela escola está vinculada predominantemente às tarefas escolares, prevalecendo as práticas que não tomam a leitura como uma prática cultural, o que, por sua vez, tende a anular sua dimensão formativa. Observações em sala de aula foram realizadas no decorrer de uma semana no total de vinte e três aulas , no ano de 2013. Da coleta e análise das informações foi possível identificar catorze situações práticas. Também foram Quanto ao referencial teórico, os dados empíricos foram analisados com base nos conceitos de formação cultural e experiência (Theodor W. Adorno). Ainda, para melhor compreensão acerca do ensino e da aprendizagem da leitura recorreu-se aos estudos de Magda B. Soares, Anne-Marie Chartier e Roxane Rojo. E para situar a prática docente utilizou-se estudos de Alda J. Marin e de José Gimeno Sacristán. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam para o ensino predominantemente pautado no material didático. De modo geral, em relação às estratégias didáticas, verifica-se o distanciamento entre a prática da escola e as práticas sociais de leitura e a prevalência de situações em que a atividade discente está restrita à cópia. Os docentes, embora reconheçam a importância da leitura para a formação dos indivíduos, na prática não a valorizam. Os resultados encontrados permitem afirmar que a hipótese deste estudo foi confirmada

The theories of social cognition and personal constructs compose the theoretical backdrop to this dissertation which deals with people's expectations regarding romantic partners and relationships.Five women were interviewed and a qualitative analysis undertaken and discussed with a view to elucidating the influence of one's parents, cultural background and individual identity on the development and functioning of expectations. These expectation are based on beliefs about men and relationships in general and about healthy and unhealthy relationships in particular. Attension is given to the role of relationship beliefs and expectations in evaluations of romantic relationships and the consequences of such evaluations for relationship satisfaction and commitment. It is concluded that expectations play an important role in the process of partner and relationship eva,uation and thus, in the outcome of relationships. Parental and cultural influences are found to play an important part in shaping individual values and expetations, albeit in an indirect manner. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

This diploma thesis focuses on the Czech language and the Czech cultural background studies teaching in the 5th grade of the Czech division of the Czech and Slovak School & Community Manchester (CSM). Initially, based on the available data, this thesis provides a characterization of the Czech community in the United Kingdom. What follows is a description of the Czech and Slovak School & Community Manchester (CSM) organization, which focuses predominantly on its aims and the form that the Czech language and the Czech cultural background studies teaching of children and adults takes. Subsequently, this thesis provides an analysis of the content of the CSM's School Education Programme and, furthermore, it evaluates the possibility of realizing this programme to the fullest extent within the bounds of the school year. The following parts concentrate on the description of a fifth-grader from the point of view of developmental psychology and the specifics of the CSM students and the teaching of them. The concluding part contains teaching materials created and applied in the 5th grade of CSM by the author of this thesis. The materials take into consideration the uniqueness of the teaching of the CSM students. Concerning the teaching materials, this thesis elaborates on the purposes of their creation,...

<p>Tourism is typically a hedonic product, and its consumption promotes positive psychology and wellbeing. Industry practitioners and academics have long been advocating sustainable practices and experiences that promote the health and wellness benefits of tourism. Indeed, studies that support designing tourism experiences with positive social and wellness outcomes are needed to better leverage design factors in delivering, communicating, and sustaining the health-related benefits of the tourism experiences. Food is an integral part of the overall tourism experience and has important implications for tourists’ pleasure and wellbeing. Thus, it is important to identify the factors that contribute to a better wellness value of the tourist food experience. </p> <p>Using a multi-qualitative method, the first study explored the communal dining experiences of solo travelers. The results indicate that solo traveler communal dining is affected by many motivations (e.g., socialization and authenticity seeking) and constraints (e.g., safety and health concerns). Other factors that were found to affect communal dining include socio-demographic factors (age, gender, cultural background, previous experiences, and extroversion); other diners’ factors (e.g., attitudes and behaviors, perceived similarity, and cultural barriers); dining place-related factors (e.g., social environment, entertainment, and employees openness); and situation-related factors (food quality, environment safety, group composition, communal dining vibes, and dining time). This study found that communal dining triggers four experiential domains: sensory, intellectual, affective, and behavioral which could result in a transformative and wellness value for solo travelers. Under the right circumstances, communal dining triggers a process of self-change that results in personal and social transformations. </p> <p>Continuing to examine the social experiences of solo travelers, the second study empirically examined the impact of the emotional display of fellow diners on solo travelers’ affect and perceived interpersonal relations during communal dining. The scenario-based experiment showed that other diners' display of emotions influenced solo traveler's affect and rapport perceptions in communal dining. Additionally, fellow communal table diners’ characteristics including their ingroup status and perceived similarity can play a role in impacting solo travelers’ communal dining experience. The perceived similarity was found to act as a trigger or “catalyst” for communal dining experience formation for solo travelers. Further, a positive influence of affect and rapport on solo travelers’ subjective wellbeing was noted.</p> <p>The third study examined the phenomenon of tourist food sharing. The study used experimental design to empirically examine the impact of food sharing on tourists’ interpersonal relationship development, sense of authenticity, and subjective wellbeing. The two experiments showed that tourist food sharing improves interpersonal relationships, tourist perceptions of experience authenticity, and wellbeing. Two culturally divergent tourist groups were compared: U.S. tourists and Chinese tourists. The results showed that U.S. tourists evaluated food sharing higher regarding its impact on authenticity and wellbeing than their Chinese counterparts. </p>

The struggle between church and state continued during the thirteenth century. The crusades continued in the East with the advance of Islam. Crusades were also called for to put an end to heresies, in particular the Albigensian heresy. Unfortunately the established orders, such as the Cistercians, failed to combat heresy and to solve the problems of corruption in the Church. Scholastic theology developed with the establishment of the universities. These events influenced the thirteenth century. During the thirteenth century spiritual renewal began with Pope Innocent III. Councils like the Fourth Lateran Council defined church teaching and addressed corruption of the clergy. However, one of the most important sources of spiritual renewal came from the mendicant orders who had been given permission by Pope Innocent III to operate in the Church. These orders contributed immensely to education in the universities and through the Catholic laity culture advanced. / Die stryd tussen kerk en staat het voortgegaan gedurende die dertiende eeu. Die kruistogte het voortgeduur in die Ooste met die aanruk van Islam. Kruistogte was ook aangeroep om sodoende ‘n einde te maak aan kettery, veral Albiganiese kettery. Ongelukkig die ontwikkelde heerskappye, soos die Cisteriaanse orde, het nie daarin geslaag om probleme soos kettery en korrupsie in die kerk op te los. Skolastiese teologie het ontwikkel met die vestiging van die universiteite. Hierdie gebeure het ‘n kardinale impak gehad op die dertiende eeu. Gedurende die periode, het geestelik hernuwing begin met Pous Innocent III. Owerhede soos die Vierde Laterniese Owerheid het godsdiens onderrig, gedefinieer en korrupsie aangespreek. Tog, was een van die belangrikste bronne van geestelike hernuwing, die Bedelmonnik Orde, wat toestemming van Pous Innocent III gekry het om in die kerk te handel. Hierdie orde het bygedra tot onderig in universiteite en deur Katoliek leke het kultuur voortgespruit. / Christian Spirituality, Church History & Missiology / M. Th. (Church History)