From the Proceedings of the 1971 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 22-23, 1971, Tempe, Arizona / The early Spanish explorers did not lean toward rivers and boats. Bred in the culture of an arid land, they naturally explored with horses or by foot, leaving boats and rafts to the English and French. No historical records reveal any Spanish desires or attempts to control river flow or harness desert water resources on any appreciable scale. Yet they transformed the Sonoran desert into a productive garden land never before achieved by indigenous peoples. Pueblos were built on river banks where alluvial fans could be easily irrigated. Small arroyo check dams diverted water into wells and town tanks, while larger diversion dams were built to draw water into canals for crop irrigation. The dams were designedly weak and efficient only to the point of diverting sufficient water for the pueblo. There is no concept of storing water in reservoirs or lakes for periods of scarcity, but only of tapping enough water during periods of excess flow. All surplus water was allowed to flow downstream for the use of others in their struggle for survival. In this way the Spanish achieved a balance between human needs and the limited resources of the desert. The records of the Mexicans and the Anglos have been much more exploitive and destructive.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T14:42:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 claudia adriana.pdf: 420834 bytes, checksum: 841b3fc76b59f3d3b0619cb8de80fc1a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-10 / The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of cultural practices established with soil mulch with straw of Brachiaria ruziziensis, and biological control with sprayings of 2 x 109 viable spores / mL of Trichoderma harzianum strain 1306, to decrease the inoculum density of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, causal agent of white mold on soybeans, and the incidence of white mold. The experiment was carried out in Jataí, GO, at the Brazilian Center-West Region, in a commercial soybean field naturally infested with the pathogen, in 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 seasons. Implemented in March 2006 on plots of 630 m² in a completely randomized design with three repetitions, the presence and absence of B. ruziziensis and applications of T. harzianum in dosages 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 L.ha-1 in one or two sprayings (March and October). The soil was sampled for quantification of sclerotia in March to assess the initial inoculum, in June, and September to evaluate the viability of sclerotia on PDA medium. Field and laboratory assessments were done for viability and parasitism of S. sclerotiorum sclerotia by Trichoderma spp. and other soil microorganisms, the number of apothecia, white mold incidence and yield components. In the presence of B. ruziziensis the viability of sclerotia was lower and at 0.5 and 1.0 L.ha-1 T. harzianum strain 1306 parasitism of sclerotia was higher than the control without T. harzianum strain 1306 . In the presence of straw in Brachiaria decreased the number of apotécios. The white mold incidence of residual effects was lower in the presence of straw in doses 0.5 and 1.0 L.ha-1 T. harzianum strain 1306 . The grain yield of soybean was higher dosage of 0.5 L ha-1 T. harzianum strain 1306 . / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito integrado dos métodos de controle cultural, pela semeadura de Brachiaria ruziziensis para formação de palha no Sistema Plantio Direto, e controle biológico com aplicação de Trichoderma harzianum 1306 , produto comercial Trichodermil®, na redução da densidade de inóculo e na incidência de Mofo branco. Realizado no município de Jataí, GO, em área comercial de soja naturalmente infestada por Sclerotinia sclerotiorum nas safras 2006/2007 e 2007/2008. Implantado em março de 2006 em faixas com parcelas de 630 m², na presença e ausência de B. ruziziensis e aplicações de T. harzianum 1306 nas dosagens 0, 0.5, 1.0 e 1.5 L.ha-1 em uma ou duas épocas (março e outubro). O solo foi amostrado para quantificação de escleródios, em março para avaliação inicial do inóculo, em junho, e em setembro para avaliação de viabilidade de escleródios em meio BDA. Foram avaliados o número de escleródios, a viabilidade e o parasitismo de escleródios por Trichoderma spp e por outros microorganismos, o número de apotécios, a incidência da doença e os componentes de produção. A palhada de braquiária reduziu a viabilidade de escleródios e o número de apotécios, e ainda, nas doses de 0,5 e 1,0 L.ha-1 de T. harzianum 1306 o parasitismo de escleródios foi superior. A incidência de Mofo Branco foi menor no efeito residual da presença de palhada de B. ruziziensis nas doses 0,5 e 1,0 L.ha-1 de T. harzianum 1306 . A produtividade de grãos de soja foi maior na dosagem de 0,5 L ha-1 de T. harzianum 1306 .

O cancro cítrico, causado pela bactéria Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, é uma das doenças mais importantes da citricultura. O estudo do efeito de medidas alternativas de controle para o manejo desta doença assume grande importância tanto para áreas citrícolas onde a erradicação de plantas não é a principal medida de controle do cancro cítrico, como no Estado do Paraná, como para regiões onde a prática da erradicação vem sendo adotada como principal medida de controle da doença, como no Estado de São Paulo. Instalado em pomar citrícola do município de Ourizona, na região Noroeste do Estado do Paraná, este trabalho buscou estudar o progresso dessa importante doença em campo sob condições de proteção química das plantas, utilizando produto cúprico; e cultural, por meio de quebra-vento. Além disso, importantes informações relacionadas ao efeito de cada tratamento sobre a produção das plantas de laranja ‘Pêra’ também foram obtidas. Enquanto a aplicação de cobre apresentou efeito significativo na redução dos níveis de cancro cítrico, o emprego de quebra-vento pouco ou nada contribuiu para o controle da doença. Após 29 avaliações mensais, plantas submetidas à aplicação de bactericida cúprico apresentaram valores médios de AUDPC* de incidência da doença nas folhas de cerca de 20 %, nível 44 % inferior ao observado para as plantas não protegidas quimicamente. O mesmo comportamento foi observado para a severidade da doença. Após 18 avaliações mensais foi possível observar que plantas submetidas à aplicação de produto cúprico apresentaram em média folhas com níveis de AUDPC* de severidade 37 % menores do que plantas não protegidas quimicamente. Em 2004, quando os níveis da doença foram relativamente elevados, plantas submetidas ao controle químico apresentaram produção 54 % superior àquelas não tratadas. Em 2005, quando os níveis de cancro foram menores, não foi observada diferença na produtividade entre os tratamentos. Nas duas safras, plantas tratadas com bactericida apresentaram menor incidência da doença em frutos e maior proporção de frutos colhidos em relação a carga total da planta (colhidos + caídos). Dos modelos testados, o logístico foi o mais adequado para descrever o progresso temporal do cancro cítrico nos dois anos estudados para todos os tratamentos. Nas duas safras estudadas a proporção de frutos colhidos foi a variável que apresentou função de dano com maior coeficiente de determinação (R2) quando relacionada aos níveis de incidência e severidade de cancro cítrico observados. / Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, is one of the most important diseases to citrus production. The effect of alternative measures of citrus canker control is very important to areas where plant eradication is the most important measure of control, as in Sao Paulo State, as well as to areas where eradication is not a major component of canker control, as in Parana State. This work aimed to study the progress of citrus canker in field conditions under chemical control, by using copper sprays; and cultural control, by using windbreak. Field plots were installed in a citrus orchard of ‘Pêra’ sweet orange located in Ourizona county, northwest of Parana State, Brazil. Information regarding the effect of each treatment alone or in combination was assessed. Whereas copper sprays showed significant effect on reducing citrus canker levels, windbreak did not contribute significantly to disease control. After 29 monthly assessments, plants submitted to copper sprays showed values of AUDPC* of citrus canker incidence near to 20 %. This disease level was 44 % lower than that observed to plants not protected with copper compound. The same pattern was observed to disease severity. After 18 monthly assessments, plants sprayed with copper showed values of AUDPC* of disease severity 37 % lower than that observed to plants of the check plots. In 2004, when the citrus canker level was higher, plants treated with copper yielded 54 % more than that not sprayed. In 2005, when the citrus canker level was lower, no significant difference was observed between treatments. In both seasons, plants sprayed with copper showed lower citrus canker incidence on fruits and higher rate of harvested fruits. Among the temporal models tested, the logistic was the most appropriate to describe citrus canker incidence over time in both years studied to all treatments. In both harvests the rate of harvested fruits was the variable that showed the higher coefficient of determination (R2) when related to citrus canker incidence and severity levels.

Examensarbete (4FE18E), Civilekonomprogrammet – Controller, Ekonomihögskolan vid Linnéuniversitetet i Växjö, VT 2023. Titel: ”Fallerar den ena, fallerar den andra” - En studie av relationen mellan kulturell- och cybernetisk verksamhetsstyrning i Sparbanken Eken Bakgrund och problem: Tidigare forskning har riktat fokus mot enskilda styrsystem och studerat dessa isolerade från varandra, något som bidragit till att ”antingen-eller-förhållanden” satt sin prägel och begränsat studiernas resultat. Kulturell styrning har i flera av dessa studier porträtterats som det nav vilket binder samman organisationer och skapar regler eller normerför att förklara och vägleda. Samtidigt går det att ställa sig frågande till om cybernetisk styrning fungerar utan hänsyn till andra system, eller om de är beroende av en specifik tolkning baserad på värderingar, antaganden och normer, för att fungera. Med utgångspunkten att cybernetiska kontroller är starkt beroende av tolkning, finns det en klar fördel av att studera verksamhetsstyrsystem i relation till varandra, inte var för sig. Förvånansvärt nog är det få studier som faktiskt lyckats precisera betydelsen av relationen mellan kulturell- och cybernetisk styrning. Tidigare studier har fångat relationen genom begreppen samspel och balans men inte beskrivit systemens relation på djupet. Med anledning av att system ofta studerats isolerade från varandra krävs studier som fördjupar förståelsen för relationen mellan kulturell- och cybernetisk styrning. Syfte och frågeställningar: Syftet med studien är att fördjupa förståelsen för relationen mellan kulturell- och cybernetisk styrning. Frågeställningarna som väglett undersökningen är hur kulturell styrning kommer till uttryck i cybernetiska styrmedel samt hur cybernetisk styrning kommer till uttryck i kulturella styrmedel. Metod och genomförande: Studien präglades av en kvalitativ forskningsansats med ett deduktivt angreppssätt. För att besvara frågeställningarna var Sparbanken Eken fallföretag, en bank med andra incitament för styrning än de som genomsyrar större banker. Insamlingen av empiriskt material utgick från semi-strukturerade intervjuer på olika hierarkiska nivåer, från ledning till medarbetare, dokument samt deltagande observationer. Det empiriska materialet bidrog till en förståelse för hur kulturell- och cybernetisk styrning kan tänka sig relatera till varandra och hur de bidrar till varandras utfall. I analysen sammanstrålades referensramen meddet empiriska materialet vilka det genom senare kunde dras slutsatser utifrån. Detta mynnade ut i ett nytt synsätt för hur relationen mellan kulturell- och cybernetisk styrning kan bli sedd. Slutsats: Relationen mellan systemen kommer till uttryck genom symbios. Därmed är systemen beroende av varandra och påverkas, på ett eller annat sätt, mer eller mindre, utav händelser i respektive system. Det som binder samman systemen är företags arbetssätt. På så vis kan arbetssättet för framställning av budget eller mål inom cybernetisk styrning, få inverkan på värderingar inom kulturell styrning. Värderingar kan sedan bli grunden för subkulturer vilka på ett gynnsamt eller missgynnsamt sätt kan påverka utfall inom cybernetisk styrning. Subkulturer med stort engagemang för styrning och de mål som satts upp inom cybernetisk styrning, påverkar sedermera utfallen av dessa genom arbetssättet. Därmed går det inte att se vart den ena styrningen börjar och slutar, de arbetar ständigt i symbios med varandra och är i starka beroendeställningar till varandras framgångar. Fallerar den ena, fallerar den andra. / Master thesis (4FE18E), Master of Science in Business and Economics, School of Business and Economics at Linnaeus University in Växjö, Spring 2023. Title: ”If one fails, the other fails” - A study about the relationship between cultural- and cybernetic management controls in Sparbanken Eken Background and problem: Previous research have focused on single control systems and studied these isolated from each other which has contributed to that “either-or-relationships” has left its’ mark and limited the studies’ results. Cultural controls have in many of these studies been portrayed as the hub that ties organizations together and creates rules or norms to explain and guide. At the same time, it is possible to raise questions about whether cybernetic controls function without consideration to other systems, or if they are dependent on a specific mode of interpretation based on values, convictions, and norms, to work. With the premise that cybernetic controls are strongly dependent on interpretations, there is a clear advantage of studying management controls systems in relation to each other, not one by one. Surprisingly enough, few studies have managed to pinpoint the importance of the relationship between cultural- and cybernetic controls. Previous studies have captured the relationship by using the concepts interplay and balance but have not been able to describe the systems’ relationship in depth. Since systems is usually studied isolated from each other, there is a need for studies that deepens the understanding for the relationship between cultural- and cybernetic controls. Purpose and research questions: The purpose of the study is to deepen the understanding of the relationship between cultural- and cybernetic controls. The research questions that have guided the study are how cultural controls is expressed through cybernetic means of control and how cybernetic controls is expressed through cultural means of controls. Method and implementation: The implementation of the study was characterized by a qualitative research approach with a deductive nearing. To answer the research questions, Sparbanken Eken acted case company, a bank with other incentives regarding control than those permeating bigger banks. The collection of empirical material was based on semi-structured interviews on different hierarchical levels ranging from corporate management to co-workers, documents, and participatory observations. The empirical material contributed to an understanding for how cultural- and cybernetic control systems could relate to each other and how they contribute to each other’s results. In the analysis section, the frame of reference and the empirical material converged, through which conclusions later could be drawn from. This resulted in a new outlook for how the relationship between cultural- and cybernetic controls can be seen. Conclusion: The relationship between the systems is expressed through symbiosis. Hence, the systems are dependent on each other and are affected by, in one way or another, more or less, events in the respective systems. What ties the systems together is the company’s way of working. Thus, the way of working when constructing budget or goals within the cybernetic control system, will influence values in the cultural control system. Further, values may become the ground for subcultures which in a favourable or non-favourable way can affect outcomes in the cybernetic control system. Subcultures with great commitment to controls and goals set within the cybernetic control system, further affects the outcomes of these through the way of working. Thus, it is not possible to declare where one control system starts or ends, they work simultaneously in symbiosis with each other and are in strong dependency positions for eachother’s success. If one fails, the other fails.

Weed management in sustainable farming systems often requires the integration of several different pest management techniques. Cultural, biological, and chemical pest control efforts can be utilized to contribute to the common goal of reducing weeds in vegetable row crop systems. This research addresses how common disturbances such as tillage and insecticide use affect: carabid beetle assemblages; predation of weed seeds by invertebrates; and weed seed recruitment. Field experiments were conducted over three years at two different locations on the OSU Vegetable Research Farm, Linn Co., OR. We found that activity-density of carabid beetles varied seasonally and peaked in late August-September each year. Insecticide applied in year 1 affected seed loss in year 2, suggesting possible long-term effects of land management on weed seed removal. Weed recruitment was highly variable between treatment, site, and year. Conserving biological weed control agents in combination with cultural techniques such as reducing tillage and the use of cover crops, helps growers shift from expensive, density-independent control efforts to more ecological, long-term solutions for weed management in agroecosystems. / Graduation date: 2011 / Access restricted to the OSU community, at author's request, from Dec. 15, 2010 - Dec. 15, 2011.

Bakgrund: Forskning kring familjeföretag har på senare år fått mer och mer uppmärksamhet eftersom familjeföretagen utgör en stor del av företagen världen över. I Sverige finns det totalt 450 000 aktiva företag och av dessa är runt 90% familjeföretag. De svenska familjeföretagen är idag den största arbetsgivaren och bidrar med ca 30% av Sveriges BNP. Styrningen av familjeföretag skiljer sig ofta från icke-familjeföretag vilket har skapat ett intresse hos många forskare. Främst visar forskning på att familjeföretagen präglas av en stark företagskultur och mer sociala och emotionella typer av styrverktyg. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att med ett explorativt angreppssätt bidra med kunskap om hur ekonomi- och verksamhetsstyrningen är utformad i svenska familjeföretag. Detta görs med hjälp av ett formellt och informellt perspektiv på styrningen. Metod: Studien har genomförts genom en kvantitativ metod med en deduktiv ansats. Det teoretiska materialet innefattar teori om vad ett styrpaket kan vara, vad informell och formell styrning är samt tidigare forskning om familjeföretagen. En tvärsnittsstudiedesign användes med hjälp av enkäter för att samla in det empiriska materialet från ett slumpmässigt urval av familjeföretag i Sverige. Slutsats: Denna studie bidrar till indikationer på att svenska familjeföretag har en styrning som främst är utformad på ett informellt vis. De använder samtliga delar av ett typiskt styrpaket: Kulturstyrning, planering, prestationsmätning, belöningssystem och administrativ styrning. Kulturstyrningen är mest framträdande och anses vara hjärtat i de svenska familjeföretagen. Resultatet visar att den tidigare forskningen om vilka styrverktyg som används i familjeföretag även kan appliceras på de svenska familjeföretagen till stor del. Resultatet kunde däremot inte påvisa att styrningen skiljer sig beroende på ifall ägare eller anhörig till ägare har en chefsposition eller inte i svenska familjeföretag. / Background: Research about family firms have recently got more attention since family firms are a large part of the companies around the world. In Sweden there are 450 000 active companies in total and about 90% of them are family firms. The Swedish family firms are today the largest employer and contributes with about 30% of Sweden’s GDP. Management control in family firms usually differ from those of non-family firms which has created an interest for more research in the subject. Research shows mainly that family firms has a strong corporate culture and use more social and emotional types of control practices. Purpose: The purpose of this study is that with an exploratory approach contribute with knowledge about how management control is formed in Swedish family firms. This is made with the help of a formal and informal perspective on control. Method: This study was conducted with a quantitative method with a deductive approach. The theoretical material included management control as a package, definitions of informal and formal management control and previous research about family firms. A cross-sectional study design was implemented together with a survey instrument to collect the empirical data from a random sample of family firms in Sweden. Conclusion: This study contributes with indications about the management control in Swedish family firms and shows it is mainly informal. They use all parts of a typical control package: Cultural control, planning, performance measurement, reward systems and administrative control. The cultural control is most prominent in the package and is considered to be the heart of the Swedish family firms. The result shows that the previous research about which management control practices are used in family firms also could be applied to the Swedish family firms to a large extent. The result could on the other hand not prove that the management control differs depending on whether the owner or owner’s relative is a part of the leadership or not in Swedish family firms.

Bakgrund: Traditionellt sett förknippas ekonomistyrning med den formella styrningen och mycket fokus har därmed lagts på den formella styrningen. Eftersom företag idag påverkas av kultur på olika sätt, kan den formella styrningen kompletteras med den informella styrningen. I styrningsarbetet blir ledarnas uppgift att reflektera på inflytande, vägleda och vidta olika åtgärder så att medarbetarna utför önskvärda ageranden. Samtidigt bör hänsyn tas till att det som kommuniceras av ledarna inte alltid uppfattas likadant av medarbetarna. Syfte: Uppsatsen syftar till att beskriva hur företagskultur relaterar med den cybernetiska och administrativa styrningen, med avseende på vilken typ av relation som är förekommande enligt ledarna och medarbetarna. Uppsatsens delsyfte är att beskriva ledarna och medarbetarnas uppfattning om den cybernetiska, administrativa och kulturella styrningen som styrmedel. Metod: Studien har genomförts på en av IKEAs organisationer i Älmhult och är därmed en fallsstudie. Undersökningen utgår ifrån en kvalitativ ansats med femton semistrukturerade intervjuer med ledare och medarbetare. Vidare har studien utgått ifrån en deduktiv ansats. Slutsats: Resultatet av studien visar att företagskultur relaterar till den cybernetiska och administrativa styrningen på flera olika sätt. Kulturen har en kompletterande, stödjande och samverkande effekt på den cybernetiska ochadministrativa styrningen. I vissa fall förekommer det även motsägande relationer mellan styrsystemen. Ytterligare en slutsats som kan dras är att kultur som styrmedel används i större omfång än den cybernetiska och administrativa styrningen i fallföretaget. Ledarna och medarbetarna har liknande uppfattning om den kulturella och administrativa styrningen. Uppfattningen om den cybernetiska styrningen som styrmedel varierar dock bland ledare och medarbetare. / Background: Traditionally, management accounting is associated with formal management and a lot of focus has thus been placed on formal management. Since companies today are influenced by culture in different ways, formal control can be supplemented with informal control. In the management work, the leaders' task is to reflect on influence, guide and take various measures so that the employees perform desirable actions. At the same time, it should be taken into account that what is communicated by the leaders is not always perceived in the same way by the employees. Purpose: The essay aims to describe how organizational culture relates to the cybernetic and administrative management, with respect to what type of relationship is present according to the leaders and employees. The partial aim of the essay is to describe the leaders' and employees' perception of the cybernetic, administrative and cultural management as a means of governance. Method: The study has been carried out at one of IKEA's organizations in Älmhult and is thus a case study. The survey is based on a qualitative approach with fifteen semi-structured interviews with leaders and employees. Furthermore, the study was based on a deductive approach. Conclusion: The result of the study show that corporate culture relates to cybernetic and administrative control in several different ways. Culture has a complementary, supportive and synergistic effect on cybernetic and administrative control. In some cases, there are also contradictory relationships between the control systems. Another conclusion that can be drawn is that culture as a means of control is used to a greater extent than cybernetic and administrative control in the company. Leaders and employees have a similar opinion about the cultural and administrative management. However, the perception of cybernetic governance as a means of governance varies among leaders and employees.