<p>Prevencija u osiguranju motornih vozila postaje permanentan proces, koji se usavršava i nadograđuje. Povećan rizik prevara u osiguranju zahteva automatizaciju procesa osiguranja i procene šteta na motornim vozilima, kao i modelovanje samog procesa uz određen nivo razmene podataka. Funkcionisanje celokupnog sistema zavisi od definisanja elemenata koji dovode do povećanog rizika prevara u osiguranju motornih vozila. Uspostavljanje procesa automatizacije će takve rizike umanjiti i ublažiti a ujedno povećati i obim osiguranja. Na bazi dobijenih podataka će biti omogućeno filtriranje i blagovremena automatska selekcija a sistem primenjiv u osiguranju.</p> / <p>Prevention in motor insurance becomes a permanent process, which is<br />improved and upgraded. Increased risk of fraud in insurance claims process<br />automation and security assessments of damage to motor vehicles, as well<br />as the modeling of the process with a certain level of data exchange. The<br />functioning of the entire system depends on the definition of the elements<br />that lead to an increased risk of fraud in motor insurance. Establishment of<br />process automation will reduce such risks and also increase insurance<br />coverage. Based on the obtained data will be able to filter and timely<br />automatic selection and the system will be able to be effective in insurance.</p>

<p>From July 2005 on, the new Swedish Corporate Governance Code will be applied gradually by companies listed on the stock exchange or any authorized financial market in Sweden. The Code has been drawn up in order to clarify and to improve the self-regulation in Swedish companies. The need for codified self-regulation standards has been considered as urgent due to negative trends on the market such as the last few years’ corporate scandals in domestic and international trade and industry. The sought-after consequence is to clarify the mission framework for corporate directors.</p><p>Ch. 15, section 1 of the Swedish Corporate Act (Aktiebolagslagen) regulates the internal and external damages liability of corporate directors. In order to decide whether or not they have broken a rule or neglected to follow their responsibilities, and thereby contracted damages liability, a so-called culpa judgement is to be made. Virtue of the culpa judgement is foremost found in Ch. 8 of the Swedish Corporate Act, regulating the tasks of the corporate directors.</p><p>The Stockholm Stock Exchange has decided to incorporate the Code in their quotation prerequisites. This means that all quoted companies have to comply to the Code or, when compliance is not possible, explain the cause of divergence.</p><p>My purpose with this master thesis is to investigate in what way the new Corporate Governance Code affects the culpa judgement, as well as to discuss in what conditions the Stockholm Stock Exchange can handle the code as a disciplinary instrument towards the quoted companies.</p> / <p>Från juli 2005 skall den nya svenska koden för bolagsstyrning successivt börja tillämpas av bolag vars aktier kan handlas på börs eller annan auktoriserad marknadsplats i Sverige. Koden har utformats i syfte att förtydliga och förbättra självregleringen i svenska bolag. Behovet av kodifierade självregleringsnormer har ansetts stort inte minst med tanke på de senaste årens bolagsskandaler i svenskt och internationellt näringsliv. Följden blir, hoppas man, bland annat att bolagens styrelser och verkställande direktörer skall kunna arbeta efter tydligare ramar i sina uppdrag.</p><p>Genom ABL 15:1 regleras styrelseledamots och vd:s interna och externa skadeståndsansvar. För att kunna avgöra huruvida de brutit mot eller underlåtit att genomföra sina förpliktelser, och därigenom ådragit sig ett skadeståndsansvar, görs en s k culpabedömning. Ledning för culpabedömningen hämtas främst från bolagsledningens arbetsuppgifter såsom de är formulerade i ABL 8 kap.</p><p>Stockholmsbörsen har beslutat att införliva koden i sina noteringskrav. Detta innebär att samtliga noterade bolag måste följa kodens regler eller, när så inte är möjligt, avge en förklaring till varför så inte skett.</p><p>Föremålet för min uppsats är att utreda på vilket sätt den nya koden för bolagsstyrning påverkar culpabedömningen, samt diskutera Stockholmsbörsens förutsättningar att hantera koden som ett disciplinärt instrument gentemot de noterade bolagen.</p>

From July 2005 on, the new Swedish Corporate Governance Code will be applied gradually by companies listed on the stock exchange or any authorized financial market in Sweden. The Code has been drawn up in order to clarify and to improve the self-regulation in Swedish companies. The need for codified self-regulation standards has been considered as urgent due to negative trends on the market such as the last few years’ corporate scandals in domestic and international trade and industry. The sought-after consequence is to clarify the mission framework for corporate directors. Ch. 15, section 1 of the Swedish Corporate Act (Aktiebolagslagen) regulates the internal and external damages liability of corporate directors. In order to decide whether or not they have broken a rule or neglected to follow their responsibilities, and thereby contracted damages liability, a so-called culpa judgement is to be made. Virtue of the culpa judgement is foremost found in Ch. 8 of the Swedish Corporate Act, regulating the tasks of the corporate directors. The Stockholm Stock Exchange has decided to incorporate the Code in their quotation prerequisites. This means that all quoted companies have to comply to the Code or, when compliance is not possible, explain the cause of divergence. My purpose with this master thesis is to investigate in what way the new Corporate Governance Code affects the culpa judgement, as well as to discuss in what conditions the Stockholm Stock Exchange can handle the code as a disciplinary instrument towards the quoted companies. / Från juli 2005 skall den nya svenska koden för bolagsstyrning successivt börja tillämpas av bolag vars aktier kan handlas på börs eller annan auktoriserad marknadsplats i Sverige. Koden har utformats i syfte att förtydliga och förbättra självregleringen i svenska bolag. Behovet av kodifierade självregleringsnormer har ansetts stort inte minst med tanke på de senaste årens bolagsskandaler i svenskt och internationellt näringsliv. Följden blir, hoppas man, bland annat att bolagens styrelser och verkställande direktörer skall kunna arbeta efter tydligare ramar i sina uppdrag. Genom ABL 15:1 regleras styrelseledamots och vd:s interna och externa skadeståndsansvar. För att kunna avgöra huruvida de brutit mot eller underlåtit att genomföra sina förpliktelser, och därigenom ådragit sig ett skadeståndsansvar, görs en s k culpabedömning. Ledning för culpabedömningen hämtas främst från bolagsledningens arbetsuppgifter såsom de är formulerade i ABL 8 kap. Stockholmsbörsen har beslutat att införliva koden i sina noteringskrav. Detta innebär att samtliga noterade bolag måste följa kodens regler eller, när så inte är möjligt, avge en förklaring till varför så inte skett. Föremålet för min uppsats är att utreda på vilket sätt den nya koden för bolagsstyrning påverkar culpabedömningen, samt diskutera Stockholmsbörsens förutsättningar att hantera koden som ett disciplinärt instrument gentemot de noterade bolagen.

<p><font size="3" face="Arial"><font size="3" face="Arial"> <p align="left">In this study, I will look at the common law principle of offset to see whether it can be applied to employers making deductions against employees for loss or damage. Notice is a quantifiable amount and is a legal debt / therefore. it should be able to be applied as an offset. Two subsections deal with deductions / after looking carefully at the wording of theses subsections I will try to determine whether the one is alternate to the other, or whether the narrow interpretation that the Department of Labour gives to the statute is accurate. A narrow interpretation of the law states that the employee must sign an acknowledgement of debt. However, employees often refuse to sign an acknowledgement of debt, thereby frustrating the law. Could this possibly have been the intentions of the drafters? Surely not, yet the Department of Labour, by having a narrow interpretation of the law, see it as such and as a result the employer is left out of pocket. In this mini-thesis, I will look at the way the law should be interpreted and the way it should be applied in practice.</p> <p>&nbsp / </p> </font></font></p>

The tongtime deveolpment of 5 different forest stands with different harvest intensities had been monitored over 30 years. The appearance of secondary damages had been noticed. The results of monitoring had been used for a simulation of the future development. / Holzernteschäden unterschiedlicher Holzernteintenistäten wurden untersucht und in einem Zeitraum von bis zu 30 Jahren beobachtet. Dabei wurde besonders dem Auftreten von Sekundärschäden wie Sonnenbrand und Wasserreiser Beachtung geschenkt. Die gewonnenen Informationen wurden genutzt, um die zukünftige Bestandesentwicklung zu simulieren.

<p>The cost of a road construction over its service life is a function of the design, quality of construction, maintenance strategies and maintenance operations. Unfortunately, designers often neglect a very important aspect which is the possibility to perform future maintenance activities. The focus is mainly on other aspects such as investment costs, traffic safety, aesthetic appearance, regional development and environmental effects.</p><p>This licentiate thesis is a part of a Ph.D. project entitled “Road Design for lower maintenance costs” that aims to examine how the life-cycle costs can be optimized by selection of appropriate geometrical designs for the roads and their components. The result is expected to give a basis for a new method used in the road planning and design process using life-cycle cost analysis with particular emphasis on road maintenance.</p><p>The project started with a review of literature with the intention to study conditions causing increased needs for road maintenance, the efforts made by the road authorities to satisfy those needs and the improvement potential by consideration of maintenance aspects during planning and design.</p><p>An investigation was carried out to identify the problems which obstruct due consideration of maintenance aspects during the road planning and design process. This investigation focused mainly on the road planning and design process at the Swedish Road Administration. However, the road planning and design process in Denmark, Finland and Norway were also roughly evaluated to gain a broader knowledge about the research subject. The investigation was carried out in two phases: data collection and data analysis. Data was collected by semi-structured interviews with expert actors involved in planning, design and maintenance and by a</p><p>review of design-related documents. Data analyses were carried out using a method called “Change Analysis”. This investigation revealed a complex combination of problems which result in inadequate consideration of maintenance aspects. Several urgent needs for changes to eliminate these problems were identified.</p><p>Another study was carried out to develop a model for calculation of the repair costs for damages of different road barrier types and to analyse how factors such as road type, speed limits, barrier types, barrier placement, type of road section, alignment and seasonal effects affect the barrier damages and the associated repair costs. This study was carried out using a method called the “Case Study Research Method”. Data was collected from 1087 barrier repairs in two regional offices of the Swedish Road Administration, the Central Region and the Western Region. A table was established for both regions containing the repair cost per vehicle kilometre for different combinations of barrier types, road types and speed limits. This table can be used by the designers in the calculation of the life-cycle costs for different road barrier types.</p>

No description available.

This thesis questions why young female and aboriginal plaintiffs consistently receive lower damage awards for loss of future earning capacity than young white male plaintiffs. I argue that due to the social construction of law, and specifically tort law, the dividing line between public and private law should be challenged. The effect of tort is partially "public" in nature due to the broad impact tort has on valuing the potential of individual plaintiffs. When damages for female and aboriginal plaintiffs are assessed on a reduced scale due to gender and race, a message is sent that the potential of these plaintiffs, and the potential of the groups to which they belong, is somehow less. Due to the "public" impacts of damages quantification, principles of equality derived from the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms should be considered in the quantification process. I argue further, that the current practice of damages quantification has been the result of the court's over-reliance on "formalist" notions of tort law which has insulated the area from the social context of law. In addition, I suggest that the acceptance by courts of economic evidence, which is often reflective of discriminatory norms in the labour market and our society generally, has had the effect of de-valuing certain members of Canadian society; in particular women and aboriginal plaintiffs. I demonstrate this analysis through an examination of cases dealing with young, catastrophically injured, female and aboriginal plaintiffs. Finally, I suggest that, though an imperfect solution, currently the only equitable method of quantifying damages for loss of future earning capacity is to adopt white male earning tables for all young plaintiffs with no demonstrated earning history.

The objective of this paper is the research of the comparatively intact Kaunas lagoon regional park forest status, as well as identification of the main environmental factors that influence individual trees, consequently, the grove status. The paper discusses research on damage to the main tree sorts and research on air quality, as well as recreational digression, whereby the status of forests in Kaunas lagoon regional park has been determined. Most attention is devoted to the evaluation of the importance of the protective properties of forest plantations. Based on the analysis of the evaluation results, these were the main findings: 3.86 % of groves perform their protective functions very well, 91,23 % - well and 4,91 % - poorly. The subject of the work: forests in Dubravos area, located in Kaunas lagoon regional park.

Konkurencijos teisė yra jauna teisės šaka, kuri pradėjo formuotis tik XIX – XX a. Jungtinės Amerikos Valstijos sukūrė teisės normomis reglamentuotą mechanizmą ir padėjo tvirtus, teismine praktika grįstus, pamatus privataus konkurencijos teisės įgyvendinimo instituto efektyviam funkcionavimui. Tuo tarpu Europos Bendrija ir Lietuva šio instituto svarbą suprato visai neseniai, dėl to iš konkurencijos teisės pažeidimų kylančios bylos teisminėje praktikoje vis dar retas reiškinys nūdienai. Šiame darbe analizuojami privačios konkurencijos teisės įgyvendinimo, pareiškiant civilinį ieškinį dėl žalos, patirtos pažeidus sąžiningos konkurencijos taisykles, reglamentavimo ypatumai Jungtinėse Amerikos Valstijose ir lyginami su Europos Bendrijoje ir Lietuvoje šio instituto reglamentavimu, siekiant nustatyti neišspręstas problemas ar spragas, trukdančias efektyviai jį įgyvendinti. Įvertinus privačios konkurencijos teisės įgyvendinimo instituto skirtumus ir/ar panašumus skirtingų kontingentų teisinėse sistemose, buvo bandoma aptarti įvairius būdus ir instrumentus, kuriais remianti galėtų būti suformuotos gairės ir atrasta panacėja nuo šio instituto nefunkcionavimo Europos kontinente. Lyginamuoju aspektu darbe buvo nagrinėjamos konkrečios ir esminės problemos dėl įrodinėjimo naštos, bylinėjimosi išlaidų, patirtos žalos apskaičiavimo, kolektyvinio gynybos būdo, antkainio perkėlimo argumento, institucijų kompetencijos ir vaidmens nustatymo šioje srityje ir kt., pateikiami šio instituto... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Competition law is a young branch of the law system which developed only in the XIX–XX century. Despite this fact, United States of America has already established a mechanism governed by the rules and put the foundations for effective functioning of the private enforcement institute, based on huge judicial practice. Meanwhile, the European Community and Lithuania have understood the importance of this institute recently – therefore the private litigation cases regarding the breach of the competition law are still rare. In this paper the analysis is represented on regulation’s features of private enforcement institute of the United States which are being compared with the regulation applied for the mentioned institute in the European Community and Lithuania, in order to identify unresolved problems or gaps that hinder the effective implementation of it. After the assessment of differences and/or similarities between the private enforcement institute regulations applied in different legal system contingents, there have been attempt to discover various methods and instruments, which could be called as guidelines or panacea against the effectless implementation of this institute in the European continent. With the help of comparative method the fundamental problems concerning the burden of proof, costs, damage calculation, class action (collective defense), passing-on defense, the role of institutions in this process, the relationship between the public and the... [to full text]