O presente trabalho se propõe a analisar as funções punitiva e a preventiva da responsabilidade civil, como mecanismos para coibir a reiteração de condutas lesivas dos fornecedores litigantes habituais, combatendo assim os danos de massa, a partir da aplicação do Código de Defesa do Consumidor. Propõe-se uma reflexão sobre como uma releitura do instituto da responsabilidade civil pode reorganizar as estruturas do mercado de consumo, e, a partir de indenizações que contemplassem os caracteres punitivo e preventivo da responsabilidade, reconduzir as condutas dos grandes fornecedores à observância da lei. / This study proposes to analyze the punitive and preventive functions of civil liability, as mechanisms to prevent the repetition of injurious conduct of habitual litigating suppliers, thus combating mass damages, through the application of the Code of Consumer Protection. It is proposed to reflect on how a re-reading of the institute of civil responsibility can reorganize the structures of the consumer market and, based on compensations that contemplate the punitive and preventive character of civil liability, to redirect the conduct of large suppliers to compliance with the law.

These days, wild pig, or wild boar, causes considerable damage in the Czech Republic, but also in other countries of almost the whole of Europe. The thesis describes the issues of damage done by the wild pig and the protective measures against this damage. The basis of the thesis was to measure the areas of damaged vegetation of unbearded and bearded varieties of wheat. Damaged areas on individual fields of both varieties were then compared with each other and evaluated. The choice of a variety, as an agro-technological measure against damage done by wild pigs, showed to be very effective. The damages that the wild pig did in unbearded varieties were not done in bearded ones.

Le recours à l'arbitrage par les opérateurs du commerce international a une finalité très importante, qui est celle de l'indemnisation appropriée et efficiente du préjudice. En vue d'évaluer celle-ci, notre étude adopte une recherche juridique détaillée en matière de réparation pour aboutir à un résultat satisfaisant concernant le principe le plus adapté en tant que cadre commun de l'opération d'évaluation de l'indemnisation du préjudice par les arbitres internationaux, en mettant notamment la lumière sur l'arbitrage CIRDI et CCI. À cette fin, il était nécessaire de suivre une analyse juridique tant sur les règles fondamentales que contingentes de l'indemnisation dans le souci d'avoir une perspective entière du processus de l'évaluation du quantum du préjudice. Un passage transversal était ainsi inéluctable sur les règles juridiques relatives à la réparation en droit privé français ainsi qu'en système juridique de Common Law. Au demeurant, un examen sur la codification de ces règles a été suivi dans le cadre des instruments internationaux de droit uniforme. Toutes ces réglementations ont inspiré le droit de l'arbitrage et ont servi comme des sources de celui-ci en matière de la réparation. Ces développements nous ont conduits à percevoir que l'indemnisation doit être adéquate en prenant en compte non seulement les préjudices subis, conformément au principe général de l'indemnisation intégrale, mais aussi tous les intérêts lésés. Sachant que certains préjudices ne sont pas mathématiquement évaluables, une indemnisation arbitraire s'impose dans ce cas. Un nouveau concept d' « indemnisation adéquate» du préjudice pourrait alors dans l'avenir s'imposer dans le droit de l'arbitrage international. / Recourse to arbitration on the part of international business operators has a very important aim, which is the appropriate and efficient indemnisation of prejudice. ln order to evaluate this, our study adopts a detailed legal study of reparations to arrive at a satisfactory result concerning the most appropriate principle to be applied at a common framework as a mode of evaluation of the indemnisation of prejudice in international arbitration, focusing the spotlight on ICC and ICSID arbitration. To this end, it is necessary to follow a legal analysis of bath the fundamental and contingent rules of indemnisation in order to gain a complete perspective on the process of the evaluation of the quantum of prejudice. Thus an inevitably recurring feature throughout the thesis was the legal rules of compensation in French private law in addition to the common law legal system. Furthermore, a review of these rules' codification has been followed in the context of international uniform law instruments. Ali these regulations have inspired the arbitration law and served as its sources in reparation matters. These developments have led us to perceive that compensation must be adequate taking into account not only the damages suffered, in accordance with the general principle of full compensation, but also all the interests affected in the knowledge that certain harms are not mathematically evaluable, entailing the necessity in these cases of an arbitrary compensation. Therefore, a new concept of « adequate compensation » for the damage could impose itself in the future in the law of international arbitration.

The presented diploma thesis deals with the current issue of compensation for damages caused by European otter (Lutra lutra), namely the use of feasible preventive measures to eliminate damages and to ensure the entitlement to compensation in accordance with the law No 115/2000 Col. It also presents the results of practical testing of scent barrier systems as an alternative protective equipment agains unwanted predation in real conditions of fish storage pools.

Submitted by Frederico Martins (frederico.martins2015@gvmail.br) on 2017-05-15T16:49:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TC - Frederico Martins - Versão Final modificacoes banca.pdf: 929784 bytes, checksum: 2f70d0f6aa35f7010577b505e0ae26d3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Joana Martorini (joana.martorini@fgv.br) on 2017-05-15T17:26:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TC - Frederico Martins - Versão Final modificacoes banca.pdf: 929784 bytes, checksum: 2f70d0f6aa35f7010577b505e0ae26d3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-15T18:58:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TC - Frederico Martins - Versão Final modificacoes banca.pdf: 929784 bytes, checksum: 2f70d0f6aa35f7010577b505e0ae26d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-17 / O presente estudo aborda com detalhes obstáculos ao ajuizamento de ações privadas de reparação de danos de cartéis no Brasil, notadamente mediante análise dos institutos de direito envolvidos, comparação do tratamento dado a eles em outras jurisdições, análise da interpretação que as cortes brasileiras têm dado a eles nas poucas ações privadas de ressarcimento contra cartéis ajuizadas até o momento, bem como entrevistas de autoridade do CADE para trazer à pesquisa o ponto de vista da autoridade concorrencial, sobretudo no que diz respeito ao compartilhamento de documentos do processo administrativo. Ao final da abordagem de cada tema, buscou-se oferecer soluções propositivas para a superação dos referidos obstáculos e, com isso, fornecer substratos para desenvolvimento das ações privadas de ressarcimento de danos decorrentes de cartéis. / The present study addresses in detail the obstacles to private enforcement of cartels in Brazil, through the analysis of the applicable legal principles, comparing the treatment given to them in other jurisdictions, and analyzing the interpretation that Brazilian courts have given to them in the few private lawsuits for compensations of cartel damages filed in Brazil so far. Interviews with the Brazilian antitrust authority were also conducted in order to bring its point of view to the research, especially regarding the sharing of documents of the administrative proceeding. Concluding each topic of the study, we tried to offer propositive solutions to overcome these obstacles and, with this, to provide tools for the development of private enforcement of cartels in Brazil.

“Contributory intent” refers to the situation where, besides the defendant being at fault and causing harm to the plaintiff, the plaintiff also intentionally causes harm to him- or herself. “Contributory intent” can have the effect of either excluding the defendant’s liability (on the ground that the plaintiff's voluntary assumption of risk or intent completely cancels the defendant's negligence and therefore liability), or limiting the defendant’s liability (where both parties intentionally cause the plaintiff's loss thereby resulting in the reduction of the defendant’s liability). Under our law the "contributory intent" of the plaintiff, can either serve as a complete defence in terms of common law or it can serve to limit the defendant's liability in terms of the Apportionment of Damages Act 34 of 1956. The “Apportionment of Loss Bill 2003” which has been prepared to replace the current Act provides for the applicability of “contributory intent” as a defence limiting liability, but it is yet to be promulgated. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL. M.

La présente recherche aborde l’utilisation et l’application de la causalité juridique dans l’analyse, l’extension et la délimitation des conséquences des dommages résultant de la responsabilité civile extracontractuelle subjective. La thèse propose l’individualisation des éléments, favorisant une lecture et approche nouvelles de la causalité pour la détermination d’une zone circonscrite à la réparation de dommages et pour la création d’un modèle théorique de référence pour l’application pratique dans la sélection des dommages indemnisables. Elle a été divisée en deux parties. La première aborde l’origine, la notion et le développement conceptuel de la causalité, jusqu’à l’avènement d’une causalité juridique et l’application des théories de la causalité dans la résolution de problèmes à responsabilité civile ; l’individualisation d’éléments intégrants de la causalité pour la vérification et l’application dans l’analyse de dommages. Dans la deuxième, il est question de l’utilisation de la causalité juridique dans la sélection des dommages indemnisables, de son insertion dans le code civil brésilien en matière d’indemnisation, et de la formulation d’un régime d’imputation ; les cas difficiles, les dommages par ricochet et ceux de pertes d’opportunités, en étant vérifiée la perte d’une opportunité, et la preuve de la causalité, y compris les cas de présomption. / O presente trabalho trata da utilização e aplicação da causalidade jurídica na apuração, extensão e delimitação das consequências dos danos decorrentes da responsabilidade civil extracontratual subjetiva. A tese propõe a individualização de elementos que favoreçam uma nova leitura e abordagem da causalidade com vistas à determinação de uma zona circunscrita à reparação de danos e à criação de um modelo teórico de referência para a aplicação prática na seleção dos danos indenizáveis. Está dividido em duas partes. Na primeira, tratam da origem, da noção e do desenvolvimento conceitual da causalidade, até a assunção de uma causalidade jurídica e da aplicação das teorias da causalidade na solução de problemas de responsabilidade civil; a individualização de elementos integrantes da causalidade para a verificação e a aplicação na apuração de danos. Na segunda, a utilização da causalidade jurídica na seleção dos danos indenizáveis, a sua inserção no Código Civil brasileiro, em matéria de indenização, e a formulação de um regime de imputação; os casos difíceis, os danos por ricochete e os de perda de oportunidades, verificado na perda de uma chance, e a prova da causalidade, incluindo os casos de presunção. / This work approaches the use and application of legal causality in the calculation, extent and delimitation of the consequences of damage from subjective extra-contractual liability. The thesis proposes the individualization of elements that favor a new reading and approach of causality in view of determining a restricted zone to repair damages and the creation of a theoretical model of reference for the practical application in the selection of compensable damage. It is divided into two parts. The first deals with the origin, development and conceptual notion of causality, to the assumption of a legal causality and application of causality theories in solving liability issues; individualization of integral elements of causality for the verification and application in the calculation of damages. Second, the use of legal causality in the selection of compensable damage, its insertion into the Brazilian Civil Code, relating to compensation, and the formulation of a charging system; difficult cases, rebound damages and lost opportunity damages, found with the loss of a chance, and proof of causality, including cases of presumption.

O presente trabalho se propõe a analisar as funções punitiva e a preventiva da responsabilidade civil, como mecanismos para coibir a reiteração de condutas lesivas dos fornecedores litigantes habituais, combatendo assim os danos de massa, a partir da aplicação do Código de Defesa do Consumidor. Propõe-se uma reflexão sobre como uma releitura do instituto da responsabilidade civil pode reorganizar as estruturas do mercado de consumo, e, a partir de indenizações que contemplassem os caracteres punitivo e preventivo da responsabilidade, reconduzir as condutas dos grandes fornecedores à observância da lei. / This study proposes to analyze the punitive and preventive functions of civil liability, as mechanisms to prevent the repetition of injurious conduct of habitual litigating suppliers, thus combating mass damages, through the application of the Code of Consumer Protection. It is proposed to reflect on how a re-reading of the institute of civil responsibility can reorganize the structures of the consumer market and, based on compensations that contemplate the punitive and preventive character of civil liability, to redirect the conduct of large suppliers to compliance with the law.

Le travail présenté dans ce manuscrit est basé sur l’utilisation de la modélisation moléculaire, de la simulation et de la chimie théorique pour l’étude de la photosensibilisation de l’ADN ; c’est à dire l’augmentation de la sensibilité de l’ADN vis-à-vis de la lumière au travers de l’action d’agents photosensibilisants. Premièrement, les voies photophysiques et photochimiques de plusieurs molécules connues telles que nile bleu, nile rouge, BMEMC ou une base modifiée endogène, Pyo, ont été étudiés dans le but de comprendre leurs mécanismes de photosensibilisation. Les phénomènes associés qui ont été mis en évidence sont des transferts d’électrons et d’énergie, la production d’électrons solvatés et l’activation à deux photons. De plus, deux outils pour l’étude des interactions entre les molécules et l’ADN ont été dévellopés; i) un protocole calculatoire capable de fournir l’énergie libre d’interaction de drogues dans leurs poches; ii) un outil basé sur l’hamiltonien semi-empirique de Frenkel qui permet de modéliser le spectre de dichroïsme circulaire électronique de biomacromolécules. Ensuite, les effets de photolésions sur la structure et la flexibilité de l’ADN ont été étudiés ; i.e. les dimères de pyrimidines, la pyrimidine(6-4)pyrimidone (6-4PP) et les clusters de sites abasiques. Finalement, la reconnaissance de brins d’ADN lésés par des protéines de réparation et le rapport avec leurs activités enzymatiques a été analysé. Le lecteur peut se référer à la première partie de ce manuscrit pour une présentation vulgarisée du contexte de ce projet / The work presented in this manuscript is based on the use of molecular modeling, simulation and theoretical chemistry in order to study the photosensitization of DNA; i.e. the enhancement of the sensitivity of DNA to light through the action of a photosensitizing agent. A first aspect has been to study the photophysical and photochemical pathways of several known sensitizers such as nileblue, nilered, BMEMC or an endogenous modified nucleobase, Pyo, in order to understand their mechanisms of photosensitization. The related phenomena that have been observed are electron transfers, triplet-triplet energy transfers, production of solvated electrons and two-photons activations. Moreover, two tools have been developed to study the interaction between photosensitizing agents and DNA; i) a protocol able to provide the binding free energy of drugs in their interaction pockets; ii) a tool based on the semi-empirical Frenkel Hamiltonian to model the electronic circular dichroism of biomacromolecular systems in a straightforward way. Then the effects of photoinduced lesions on the DNA structure and flexibility have been investigated; i.e. cylcopyrimidine dimers (CPD), pyrimidine(6-4)pyrimidone (6-4PP) and cluster abasic sites. Finally the recognition of damaged DNA strands by repair enzymes is presented and the implication on enzymatic activities has been highlighted. The reader can refer to the first section of the manuscript for a popularized presentation of the project context

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / With advances in techniques of cell culture, stem cells (SCs) have to be used as an alternative therapy, firming the called regenerative medicine. An type of SC that has been studied is the Adipose-derived stem cell (ASCs) having identical characteristics of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs). To realize a transplanting of SCs, is necessary a large amount of cells, which makes such cultures are maintained in vitro for long periods of time, consequently these cells, with the repeated passages, enter cellular senescence, which prevents their use. Thus, some studies showed that the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can act to potentiate the proliferation of these cells. However, it is know that the oxidative metabolism can be associated with the senescence process. From this, the aim of this study was available the cito-genomic effect of the exposition of ASCs to H2O2 and to guaraná extract. Was realized isolation and cultivation of ASCs, that were, in forth passage, exposed to concentrations of 1-1000 μM of H2O2 and realized assays to available the cell viability, oxidative stress parameters, DNA damage and the apoptotic way of caspases. Moreover, senecents ASCs were treated with concentrations of 1-20 mg/mL of guaraná extract, being tested to the senescence reversion, cell viability, oxidative parameters, DNA damage and activity and expression of antioxidants enzymes. The results showed that the H2O2 cause cito-genomic damages to ASCs, with decrease in the cell viability mainly at the concentration of 200 μM, as well as increase the total reactive oxygen species (ROS) rate and lipidic peroxidation effect. The H2O2 also decreased the catalase activity in dose-dependent form e acted in the SOD activity. The treatments also conducted to a progressive increase of DNA damage. Moreover, in the eighth passage was observed the senescence of ASCs and the treatment with guaraná showed capacity to revert this phenotype in the concentration of 5 mg/mL, with reduction in the total ROS rate, lipoperoxidation, protein carbonyl and DNA damage, when compared with senescent ASCs untreated. The guaraná also was able to modulate the activity and expression of antioxidants enzymes, increasing the catalase, decreasing the total SOD and a light decrease in the glutathione peroxidase was observed. Therefore, it can be said that the acute exposition of no senescent ASCs to H2O2 was highly cytotoxic, demonstrating the high sensibility of these cells to this stressor agent. However, senescent ASCs treated with guaraná showed the potential effect of this extract in the reversion of the cellular senescence. / Com os avanços das técnicas de cultivo celular, as células tronco (CTs) passaram a ser utilizadas como forma de terapia alternativa, firmando a chamada medicina regenerativa. Um tipo de CT que vem sendo estudada são as Células Tronco derivada do tecido adiposo (ASCs) que possuem características idênticas as Células Tronco Mesenquimais (CTMs). Para realizar um transplante de CTs, se faz necessária uma grande quantidade de células, o que faz com que tais cultivos sejam mantidos in vitro por longos períodos de tempo, consequentemente tais células, com as repetidas passagens, entram em senescência celular, o que inviabiliza a sua utilização. Sendo assim, algumas pesquisas demonstraram que o peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) pode atuar potencializando a proliferação destas células. Contudo, sabe-se que o metabolismo oxidativo está intimamente associado ao processo de senescência celular. A partir disto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito cito-genômico da exposição de ASCs ao H2O2 e ao extrato de guaraná. Foi realizado isolamento e cultivo de ASCs, as quais em quarta passagem foram expostas as concentrações de 1-1000 μM de H2O2 e realizados ensaios para a avaliação da viabilidade celular, parâmetros de estresse oxidativo, danos ao DNA e rota apoptótica das caspases. Além disso, ASCs senescentes foram tratadas com concentrações de 1-20mg/mL de extrato de guaraná, sendo testadas para a reversão da senescência, viabilidade celular, parâmetros oxidativos, de danos ao DNA e atividade e expressão de enzimas antioxidantes. Os resultados mostraram que o H2O2 causa danos cito-genômicos as ASCs, havendo redução da viabilidade celular principalmente a partir da concentração de 200 μM, assim como aumento da taxa total de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) e peroxidação lipídica. O H2O2 também diminuiu a atividade da catalase de forma dose-dependente e atuou sobre a atividade da SOD. Os tratamentos também conduziram a um aumento progressivo dos danos ao DNA. Além disso, na oitava passagem foi observada a senescência das ASCs e o tratamento com guaraná mostrou capacidade de reversão deste fenótipo na concentração de 5 mg/mL, de forma a reduzir a taxa total de EROS, a lipoperoxidação, a carbonilação de proteínas e os danos ao DNA, quando comparado às ASCs não tratadas. O guaraná também foi capaz de modular a atividade e expressão de enzimas antioxidantes, aumentando a catalase, reduzindo a SOD total e uma leve redução na expressão da glutationa peroxidase. Logo, pode-se dizer que a exposição aguda de ASCs não senescentes ao H2O2 foi altamente citotóxica, demonstrando a alta sensibilidade destas células a este agente estressor. Todavia, ASCs senescentes tratadas com guaraná demonstraram o potencial efeito deste extrato na reversão da senescência celular.