Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:41:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Susan Christina Forster.pdf: 1694795 bytes, checksum: c1c69a22729512f527e9852bd419b16c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-02 / Music and those who gravitate around it are generally perceived as associated with good, beauty and entertainment. Notwithstanding, from ancient times, music has had a role in battlefields and, in addition to functioning more and more as a tool for integration and social exclusion based on several criteria, it appears in interrogation and torture rooms, playing an important part in scenarios impregnated with violence. Likewise, music can be found in the workplace in bullying situations, involving abusive and repetitive humiliating behavior detrimental to the physical and mental health of the employee, in violation of human dignity . In this context, in several legal claims within the Country, under which workers seek indemnification for moral damages , music is cited associated with activities, games, motivational practices, pranks and tasks imposed by employers for a number of reasons, such as late arrivals or failure to meet milestones. Among the 223 identified court decisions rendered by the Regional Labor Courts, which were the object of content analysis' techniques, the prevailing musical themes are those of a sensual-erotic (50,39%) and of a solemn-martial (25,20%) nature. In general, the musical themes have rhythms which incite body movements, are strongly integrated into Brazilian popular culture and are mostly products of the Cultural Industry. The court decisions, which were analyzed from the perspective of their musical themes, considering the described bullying practices, lead us to believe that violence in labor relations in Brazil, a historical heritage, still persists, under different guises. Music within such contexts aims to violate the intimacy or to ridicule employee with different objectives, indicating rationality and instrumentality in the implementation of violence / A música e as pessoas que em torno dela gravitam são, de maneira geral, percebidas como voltadas ao bem, ao belo e ao lúdico. Porém, desde tempos remotos, a música teve função nos campos de batalha e, além de cada vez mais servir de recurso de integração e exclusão social com base em diversos critérios, surge nas salas de interrogatório e de tortura, desempenhando importante papel em cenários impregnados de violência. Constata-se, igualmente, a presença da música nas empresas em práticas de 'assédio moral', envolvendo condutas abusivas e repetitivas humilhantes que atentam contra a saúde física e psíquica do trabalhador, em afronta à dignidade humana . Neste tocante, em diversas ações judiciais no País, nas quais os trabalhadores pleiteiam indenização por dano moral , a música é citada associada a dinâmicas, brincadeiras, práticas motivacionais, prendas ou tarefas determinadas pelos empregadores, pelos mais variados motivos, como atrasos ou o descumprimento de metas. Dentre os 223 acórdãos identificados, proferidos pelos Tribunais Regionais do Trabalho, e submetidos a técnicas da "análise de conteúdo", sobressaem as temáticas musicais de cunho erótico-sensual (50,39%) e marcial-solene (25,20%). De modo geral, as músicas têm ritmos que induzem ao movimento corporal, estão fortemente integradas à cultura popular brasileira e são, em sua maioria, produtos da Indústria Cultural. O universo dos acórdãos analisados sob a ótica da temática musical, considerando-se as práticas de 'assédio moral' descritas, faz crer que a violência nas relações de trabalho no Brasil, herança histórica, ainda persiste, assumindo diferentes roupagens. A música em tais contextos visa atingir a intimidade do trabalhador ou expô-lo ao ridículo com propósitos diversos, denotando racionalidade e instrumentalidade na implementação da violência.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi quantificar e caracterizar danos pós-colheita em pêssegos comercializados na Companhia de Entrepostos e Armazéns Gerais de São Paulo - CEAGESP e testar produtos sanificantes no controle de podridão parda (Monilinia fructicola) e podridão mole (Rhizopus spp.). Para tanto, foram realizadas vinte avaliações semanais, entre as safras de 2003 e 2004, amostrando-se 1% do total de caixas de pêssegos em cinco permissionários que comercializam esta fruta. As amostragens foram estratificadas por variedade, calibre e produtor. Em todos os frutos de cada amostra foram quantificados os danos abióticos e as doenças pré e póscolheita. Os patógenos Monilinia fructicola e Rhizopus spp. foram cultivados em meio de cultura para realização dos experimentos de controle in vitro e in vivo utilizando cloreto de benzalcônio, dióxido de cloro, Ecolife40® e hipoclorito de cálcio, realizados de forma curativa e preventiva, além do gás ozônio aplicado somente curativamente. A incidência média de frutos danificados foi de 42% em 2003 e 32% em 2004, sendo subdivididos em injúrias mecânicas pré-colheita 18 e 12% em 2003 e 2004, respectivamente, e pós-colheita 12% em 2003 e 13% em 2004; doenças pré-colheita 3 e 1% em 2003 e 2004, respectivamente, e pós-colheita 4% em 2003 e 2% em 2004. O fungo do gênero Cladosporium sp. foi o patógeno que mais ocorreu nas safras avaliadas com 30% em 2003 e 28% em 2004. Injúria mecânica foi o tipo de dano póscolheita mais freqüente em pêssegos. Pêssegos da variedade Aurora foram os mais sensíveis às doenças pós-colheita. Nos testes in vitro cloreto de benzalcônio e Ecolife40®, ambos na concentração de 1000 ppm, inibiram totalmente o crescimento da M. fructicola. Nenhum dos produtos testados foi eficiente no controle de Rhizopus spp. in vitro. Nos testes in vivo, somente o cloreto de benzalcônio na concentração de 2 mL. L-1 e Ecolife40® a 3 mL. L-1, quando aplicados nos pêssegos de forma preventiva, reduziram significativamente a podridão parda em relação à testemunha, em frutos sem ferimento. O cloreto de benzalcônio inibiu a infecção de Monilinia fructicola em todas as concentrações utilizadas, quando aplicado de forma curativa em pêssegos sem ferimento. Hipoclorito de cálcio a 0,1, 0,2 e 0,3 g. L-1 e dióxido de cloro a 2 e 3 mL. L-1 também apresentaram inibição no crescimento de Monilinia fructicola nos testes curativos e inoculados sem ferimentos. Nenhum produto aplicado de forma curativa foi significativamente eficiente para impedir o desenvolvimento da podridão parda, quando a inoculação do fungo foi realizada sobre ferimentos no fruto. Nos experimentos, in vivo, realizados com Rhizopus spp. nenhum dos produtos e formas de tratamentos testados foram eficientes. O gás ozônio não foi eficiente, na concentração de 0,1 ppm, no controle de podridões parda e mole em pêssegos. / The purposes of this study were to quantify and characterize postharvest damages in peaches commercialized at the Companhia de Entrepostos e Armazéns Gerais de Sao Paulo ? CEAGESP, Brazil, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of sanitizing products in controlling brown rot (Monilinia fructicola) and soft rot (Rhizopus spp.). Twenty weekly evaluations were carried out in 2003 and 2004 and 1% of all peach boxes from five concessionaires was sampled. Samples were stratified according to cultivar, caliber and grower. Every fruit in each sample was assessed as to abiotic damages and pre and postharvest diseases. The pathogens Monilinia fructicola and Rhizopus spp. were grown in culture medium to enable the conduction of the in vitro and in vivo experiments with benzalkonium chloride, chlorine dioxide, Ecolife40® and calcium hypochlorite used curatively and preventively, and ozone gas used only curatively. Average incidences of damaged fruits were 42% and 32% in 2003 and 2004, respectively, involving 18% and 12% pre harvest mechanical injuries, 12% and 13% postharvest injuries, 3% and 1% pre harvest diseases and 4% and 2% postharvest diseases, in 2003 and 2004, respectively. The fungus Cladosporium sp. was the most prevalent pathogen (30% in 2003 and 28% in 2004) in the periods evaluated. Postharvest mechanical injuries were the most common damages in peaches. Peaches cv. Aurora were the most susceptible to postharvest diseases. Benzalkonium chloride and Ecolife40®, both at 1000 ppm, completely inhibited the growth of M. fructicola in in vitro experiments. None of the products tested in this study was effective in the in vitro control of Rhizopus spp. Only the in vivo preventive treatment with benzalkonium chloride at 2 mL. L-1 and Ecolife40® at 3 mL. L-1 promoted significant reduction in brown rot in non-injured peaches when compared to control fruits. The curative use of benzalkonium chloride at all concentrations tested inhibited the infection by Monilinia fructicola in non-injured peaches. The curative application of calcium hypochlorite at 0,1; 0,2 and 0,3 g. L-1 and chlorine dioxide at 2,0 and 3,0 mL. L-1 also inhibited the growth of Monilinia fructicola in non-injured peaches. None of the products tested in curative treatments was significantly effective in preventing the development of brown rot when the fungus was inoculated on injured fruits. None of the products tested was effective in the in vivo control of Rhizopus spp. Ozone gas at 0,1 ppm was not effective in controlling brown rot and soft rot in peaches.

Orientador: Valeriano Mendes Ferreira Costa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T15:00:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moreno_RenataFrancodePaulaGoncalves_D.pdf: 1855825 bytes, checksum: 34288f5215d9381a21dd0dffd262a928 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Com o advento do século XX, a percepção dos problemas ambientais pôde ser melhor compreendida, já que se colocou em contradição a relação entre desenvolvimento e meio ambiente, questionando conceitos consolidados inerentes à sociedade capitalista. Sob esta perspectiva, a questão ambiental e sua preservação se colocaram como insolúveis dentro da sociedade pós-moderna. Deste modo, o direito se apresenta como uma tentativa de conter e disciplinar os riscos produzidos por esta sociedade na pós-modernidade. Ocorre que a imponderabilidade de racionalizar as incertezas desses novos riscos, legitimou o direito penal como mecanismo de controle, através da criminalização de condutas, deixando de ser um direito garantidor da liberdade individual, para atuar na gestão do risco mediante a adaptação do aparelho punitivo do Estado, flexibilizando conceitos e contrariando princípios constitucionais. Assim, o direito penal ao deixar de ser a ultima ratio para se transformar em sola ratio, ao invés de conferir maior proteção, acabou por aumentar a insegurança, invertendo a ordem jurídica já admitida e instituída / Abstract: Upon the beginning of the 20th century, the perception of environmental problems was enhanced and better understood to the extent it was possible to establish a contradiction between economic development and environment, questioning already consolidated concepts related to the capitalist society. Based on this perspective, the environment and its preservation were put as an unquestionable matter in post modern society. In this manner, Law presents itself as an alternative to restrain and regulate the risks produced by such post-modern society. Accordingly, criminal law was legitimated as a control mechanism as a result of the impossibility of rationalization of uncertainties and, as such, Criminal Law is no longer a form to guarantee individual rights, but instead, a form of risk management through the adaptation of the public criminal apparatus, flexing concepts and contradicting constitutional principles. As a result of the above and because Criminal Law is no longer the last resource but the only one, uncertainty has increased thus reverting the already established and institutional juridical order / Doutorado / Ciencias Sociais / Doutora em Ciências Sociais

L'actuel investigation numérique du Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN) modèle avancé est une extension du travail de Ben Bettaieb et al. (2011). Le modèle a été implémenté à l'aide d'une sous routine (VUMAT) contenu dans le code commerciale d'éléments finis Abaqus/explicit. Le modèle d'endommagement améliore l'original en intégrant les trois mécanismes d'endommagement, la nucléation, la croissance, et la coalescence des cavités. Le modèle d'endommagement intègre les lois de nucléation et de croissance basés sur les phénomènes purement physiques. Ces nouvelles contributions incluant l'influence de l'écrouissage cinématique, ont été validées par les résultats de mesures expérimentales de tomographie à rayon X à haute résolution. Aussi, l'implémentation numérique de l'écrouissage cinématique dans le modèle modifié a contraint de proposer et de réarranger la définition de la triaxialité que l'on trouve habituellement dans la littérature. A coté de cela, un second critère d'initiation à la rupture basé sur l'ultime distance inter-cavités a été inclue afin de localiser et de quantifier avec plus de précision la distribution des déformations peu avant que le matériau ne casse complètement. L'actuel modèle d'endommagement a été appliqué dans des conditions industrielles pour prédire l'évolution de l'endommagement, l'état de contraintes, et l'initiation à la rupture pour différentes géométries de tôles et sur des essais d'emboutissage de tôles minces. / This numerical investigation of an advanced Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman (GTN) model is an extension of the original work of Ben Bettaieb et al. (2011). The model has been implemented as a user-defined material model subroutine (VUMAT) in the Abaqus/explicit FE code. The current damage model extends the previous version by integrating the three damage mechanisms: nucleation, growth and coalescence of voids. Physically based void nucleation and growth laws are considered, including an effect of the kinematic hardening. These new contributions are based and validated on experimental results provided by high-resolution X-ray absorption tomography measurements. Also, the numerical implementation of the kinematic hardening in this damage extension has obliged to readapt the classical triaxiality definition. Besides, a secondary fracture initiation criterion based on the ultimate average inter-cavities distance has been integrated to localize and quantify with good accuracy the strain distribution just before the material fails apart. The current damage model is applied in industrial conditions to predict the damage evolution, the stress state and the fracture initiation in various tensile thin flat sheet geometries and the cross-die drawing tests.

La présente thèse a pour objet d’identifier le préjudice financier par la distinction entre le dommage et le préjudice et de prévoir des règles d’indemnisation adaptées au fonctionnement des marchés financiers. Le préjudice financier a été défini comme celui qui résulte de la variation d’une valeur ou du cours d’un titre financier. Il ressort de cette définition que le préjudice financier « pur » doit être distingué d’autres types de préjudices et notamment de la perte de chance. Cette distinction s’impose parce que ces deux types préjudices ne sont pas indemnisés de la même manière. Il était donc primordial de souligner l’inadéquation de l’application systématique de la notion de perte de chance en matière financière. En effet, dans ses dernières décisions la Cour de cassation applique constamment la perte de chance. Cependant, cette jurisprudence amène à une limitation de l’indemnisation, car la perte de chance est indemnisée en fonction de la chance d’éviter le préjudice final et elle ne correspond jamais à la totalité du préjudice subi. Afin d’indemniser intégralement le préjudice de l’investisseur, il fallait essayer de démontrer que l’incertitude concernant le comportement de la victime en l’absence de la faute peut être levée en matière financière. Or, en principe, l’interposition de la décision de la victime entre la faute et le préjudice modifie les rapports de causalité. Toutefois, si on prend en compte l’impact de la faute sur le cours d’un titre, il sera possible d’établir le lien causal entre la prise de la décision d’investissement et la faute. Tel est notamment le cas lorsque la décision d’investissement est prise après une manipulation de marché. La perte de chance ne permet pas de prendre en compte la variation du cours causée par l’acte dommageable. Or, cette spécificité doit être prise en compte non seulement pour identifier le préjudice financier et mais aussi pour l’évaluer. L’identification du préjudice est possible par le recours à la distinction entre le dommage et le préjudice. Cette démarche permet d’établir le lien de causalité plus facilement. En effet, le préjudice a été analysé comme l’aboutissement d’un processus dommageable dans lequel il y a plusieurs événements qui interviennent. Dans la chaîne des événements, le préjudice financier apparaît comme une suite du dommage, lui-même causé par la faute. Ces éléments, à savoir la faute, le dommage et le préjudice, se relient entre eux par des liens causals. Or, s’il s’avère particulièrement difficile de prouver le lien de causalité entre la faute et le préjudice directement et notamment lorsque la décision d’investissement s’interpose entre la faute et le préjudice lui-même, il sera possible d’établir deux liens de causalité : le premier qui relie la faute au dommage et le deuxième qui relie le dommage au préjudice. Enfin, nous avons constaté que l’absence de règles spéciales en matière d’indemnisation et l’efficacité réduite des règles existantes nécessitent l’introduction des règles spécifiques adaptées au contexte financier. Deux séries de mesures ont été proposées afin d’améliorer le système existant. En premier lieu, on peut accroître l’efficacité du système par l’introduction de règles de procédure adaptées au contexte financier. En deuxième lieu, on peut prévoir un régime spécifique applicable au fond. S’agissant des règles de procédure, la présente étude a examiné plusieurs solutions possibles : la création d’in tribunal des marchés financiers, l’extension de l’action de groupe aux abus de marché, amélioration des modes alternatifs de règlement des conflits et la création de fonds d’indemnisation. S’agissant des règles de fond, le droit financier peut se doter d’un régime spécial de responsabilité afin d’assurer une meilleure lisibilité du droit français. / -This thesis aims to identify and solve some significant problems related to investor’s financial harm. The thesis proposes a method to establish the proof of the financial harm and discusses various measures of calculating damages. The thesis begins with a definition of the term financial harm and therefore attempts to identify the financial loss resulting from some harmful activities. The context in which the investor is harmed involves the distinction between “damnum”, i.e. the origin of the harm and its consequence, the “praejudicium “. The introduction of the distinction permits a new method for reliance’s proof between harmful activity and financial loss. In particular the distinction permits to observe that the proof of the loss is different when the investor’s decision is made but for the harmful activity and when the harmful activity intervenes after the investor’s decision. Therefore, proof of the loss and evaluation of damages are established in accordance with the origin of the harm. The thesis examines a possible change to the rules of causation and loss evaluation in order to improve investor’s compensation. In an attempt to remedy the gaps perceived in law Part II discusses the adoption of appropriate compensation schemes.

The mode and of harm and non-proprietary damages relating to health care The subject of this thesis is the issue of compensation of proprietary and non- proprietary damage suffered by patients during the provision of health care. Particularly, it is a damage resulting from bodily and deadly injury, which is most commonly caused by malpractice of doctors and other medical workers. Legal institute of damage compensation is of cardinal and irreplaceable importance in the area of Civil law. The thesis examines this institute from its material aspect, namely in terms of the mode and amount of compensation. First part of the work deals with the introduction of the major changes brought by the new regulation of Czech Civil law into the area of damage compensation and their potential impacts on this sphere. Subsequently, there are further definitions of compensation's content, mode and amount, their mutual relations and historical development. That is followed by presentation of the main functions of the material and non-proprietary damage compensation. The core of this work is focused on exploring the mode and amount of compensation for the different types of material and non-proprietary damage. In this part, there is widely used existing established practice of the courts, the author deals with...

The purpose of thesis is to independently describe and analyze various assumptions upon which arises the liability to damages according to regulation in OZ. The emphasis is being placed particularly on damage to health and associated claims, i.e. compensation for pain and social impairment. A substantial part is devoted to the method and amount of compensation, particularly with regard to the adoption of a new concept, which is to be indemnified loss in full accordance to the principles of decency, if case it cannot be determined otherwise. In addition, it was necessary to deal with other non-pecuniary injuries which include injuries caused by mental distress. The thesis is, besides introduction and conclusion (the first and fifth chapter), composed of three main chapters. The second chapter is devoted to the relationship between two seemingly independently existing phenomena of recent time, and those are law and sport. First, it defines the concept of sport through its characteristics, which is followed by the actual relationship between law and sport. Further, the thesis describes a problematic existence of the branch of Sports law. The third chapter reports on the institute of legal liability under the laws of the Czech Republic, first in general, then specifying the liability arising from...

La thèse examine la comparaison des effets du contrat d’entreprise en droit français et en droit vietnamien. Au sein des contrats spéciaux, dans un monde d’économie de services accrue, le contrat d’entreprise joue désormais un rôle majeur. Ses multiples facettes pourraient d’emblée permettre de dresser une liste de métiers. Elle serait haute en couleur, puisque la plupart des prestations de services peuvent se couler dans le moule juridique du contrat d’entreprise, pour le quel se trouvent concernés artisans,artistes, professions libérales, etc. Synallagmatique, le contrat d’entreprise engendre des obligations réciproques à la charge de l’entrepreneur et du maître de l’ouvrage. Elle a permis de mettre en évidence les obligations qui constituent le droit commun du louage d’ouvrage, et de s’apercevoir que les obligations nées du contrat d’entreprise ainsi que ses effets revêtent des contours spécifiques qui s’expliquent par particularités de la convention. Ces particularités sont indéniables s’agissant des obligations principales et accessoires de l’entrepreneur à l’égard du maître de l’ouvrage et à l’inverse. Ces deux parties devraient être sanctionnées pour l’inexécution des obligations contractuelles et être exonérées de la responsabilité en justifiant les causes d’exonération. L’étude comparative de ces particularités en droit français et en droit vietnamien permettra de constater les similitudes et les divergences entre les deux systèmes juridiques. Les deux pays sont proches sur le plan juridique. Ainsi, la conclusion qui s’en dégage est que certaines dispositions du droit français pourraient utilement inspirer les législateurs vietnamiens et vice versa. / The thesis examines the comparison of the effects of the contract of enterprise in Vietnamese law and French law. Within the special contracts, in a world of greater economy of services, the contract of enterprise plays from now on a major role with various operations. It would be with a ruddy complexion, because most of the services can steal into the legal mold of the contract of enterprise, thus that are concerned craftsmen, artists, medical services, liberal professions, etc. Synallagmatic, the contract of enterprise engenders mutual obligations chargeable to the contractor and the owner. The study allowed to point out the obligations that constitute the common rules of the contract of enterprise and, to notice that the obligations following the contract of enterprise are specific because of the particular aspects of this agreement.The particularities are undeniable with respect to the main and secondary obligations of the contractor towards his owner and on the contrary. Both parties should be sanctioned by the non-fulfillment of the contractual obligations and to be exempted from the responsibility by justifying the causes of exemption. Comparative studies of these particularities in French law and in Vietnamese law will allow to notice the similarities and the differences between both legal systems. The two countries are close on the legal plan. Thus, the conclusion that emerges is that certain provisions of the French law could usefully inspire the Vietnamese legislators and vice versa

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / Sectoral Determination 9,1 Wholesale and Retail Sector echoes the wording found in the Basic Conditions of Employment Act2 when it comes to the section pertaining to deductions from employees’ remuneration. It is unclear how an employer may lawfully make a deduction (other than those required by law) from an employee’s remuneration in order to recover costs such as till shortages, stock losses and improper notice. Loss and damages are common problems faced not only by retailers but by all employers, yet the two governing bodies, that is, the Department of Labour and the CCMA, fail to offer any assistance to the employer in this regard. The law is unfairly biased against the employer, who may be financially unable to recover from losses caused by an employee and may face closure should it be unable to recover losses suffered. The two remedies available to the employer are civil action and criminal action against the employee. However, both have proven to be inadequate for recovering losses incurred. Furthermore, the employer will have already incurred losses and therefore can ill afford the money or the time to pursue these options. The Small Claims Court does offer some relief to a smaller employer wanting to claim to a maximum of R7000, but companies are excluded from this mechanism as the rules of the Small Claims Court specifically exclude them from using this forum. In this study, I will look at the common law principle of offset to see whether it can be applied to employers making deductions against employees for loss or damage. Notice is a quantifiable amount and is a legal debt; therefore. it should be able to be applied as an offset. Two subsections deal with deductions; after looking carefully at the wording of theses subsections I will try to determine whether the one is alternate to the other, or whether the narrow interpretation that the Department of Labour gives to the statute is accurate. A narrow interpretation of the law states that the employee must sign an acknowledgement of debt. However, employees often refuse to sign an acknowledgement of debt, thereby frustrating the law. Could this possibly have been the intentions of the drafters? Surely not, yet the Department of Labour, by having a narrow interpretation of the law, see it as such and as a result the employer is left out of pocket. In this mini-thesis, I will look at the way the law should be interpreted and the way it should be applied in practice. 1 Sectoral Determination 9: Wholesale and Retail Sector, Government Gazette No. 24207 2 The Basic Conditions of Employment Act 75 of 1997 What problems does this ambiguity create? Some problems could include a higher case load for the Department of Labour, demotivated employees, increased tension in the workplace and frustrated employers. I also consider comparative labour law to see if other countries faced with similar situations have made any allowances for such circumstances. Aims of this mini-thesis: 1. To highlight the problems and ambiguities in the interpretation and application of section 34 of the Basic Conditions of Employment Act (BCEA)3 and section 8 of the Sectoral Determination 9(SD9)4 2. To recommend, propose and encourage a practical solution for employers to implement in the workplace 3. To improve the situation for employers under the current structure. 4. To lead the legislature drafters to amend or redraft these sections

The thesis aims to analyze customer satisfaction in the airlines Travel Service in claiming damages. The theoretical part provides the basic concepts of air transport, legislation on civil aviation, the importance of the position of airlines in Czech and foreign aviation market and the introduction of airline Travel Service. The practical part deals with the definition of fundamental rights of air passengers in claiming damages, especially when claiming baggage and delayed or canceled flights. The practical part has been prepared based on the survey of customers Airlines Travel Service In the final part of this thesis compares Travel Service with selected airlines. This thesis uses descriptive method especially in its theoretical part, analysis and comparison method in the practical part.