Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-05-15T15:37:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 julianalimadasilva.pdf: 5766185 bytes, checksum: 31aa81390314aa8532bb979475eb9f8b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-05-22T14:56:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 julianalimadasilva.pdf: 5766185 bytes, checksum: 31aa81390314aa8532bb979475eb9f8b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-05-22T14:57:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 julianalimadasilva.pdf: 5766185 bytes, checksum: 31aa81390314aa8532bb979475eb9f8b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-22T14:57:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 julianalimadasilva.pdf: 5766185 bytes, checksum: 31aa81390314aa8532bb979475eb9f8b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-06 / Este trabalho tem por objetivo compreender como acontece a formação inicial para professores e professoras do curso presencial de Pedagogia da UFJF no que se refere aos saberes/fazeres para atuar com bebês e crianças pequenas na faixa etária de 0 a 3 anos. Desenvolvida no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da UFJF e inserida na linha de pesquisa Linguagem, Conhecimento e Formação de Professores esta pesquisa destaca a necessidade de problematizar a formação para os docentes que atuam na creche. O trabalho se deu a partir da questão: como a formação inicial oferecida no curso presencial de Pedagogia da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - UFJF tem contribuído para a construção de saberes/fazeres das professoras nas creches conveniadas do referido município? Em que pese o avanço da legislação e das diretrizes no campo da Educação Infantil e da formação de professores, as discussões parecem não ter alcançado os cursos de Pedagogia e são, geralmente tratadas, quando aparecem, de forma superficial. Além da leitura de trabalhos de autores como Gatti (2010), Saviani (2006) e Tardif (2010) que nos ajudam a compreender o contexto da formação inicial de professores no Brasil; e Barbosa (2010), Kramer (2005) e Martins Filho (2017) que abordam as especificidades do trabalho do professor na Educação Infantil, a necessidade da formação e seus desafios. A pesquisa está ancorada na abordagem qualitativa. Inicialmente, foi realizada análise das matrizes curriculares do curso. Em seguida, foram feitas entrevistas com estudantes do curso que se encontravam nos períodos finais e professores responsáveis pelas disciplinas na área da Educação Infantil. Além disso, organizamos um grupo focal com egressas, que são atualmente professoras de creches conveniadas do município de Juiz de Fora. Os dados foram organizados e analisados a partir da construção de núcleos de significação. . Costurando os dados produzidos, foi possível elaborar como reflexão que a formação do professor da creche, ainda que precise ser repensada, teve um aumento quantitativo no número de disciplinas de Educação Infantil no referido curso. Sem dúvida, há um caminho sendo construído para que a prática docente com os bebês e crianças pequenas seja reconhecida, valorizada e abordada no curso de formação inicial. É fundamental compreender a intencionalidade da ação pedagógica cotidiana na creche e as implicações no campo da ética e da formação humana. . Os assuntos pertinentes ao trabalho na creche não devem ficar restritos às disciplinas específicas, mas perpassar a matriz curricular, favorecendo a apropriação desta primeira etapa e, principalmente, a qualidade do trabalho do professor que está diariamente com as crianças de 0 a 3. / This paper intends to comprehend how undergraduation of teachers works in face-to-face classes on UFJF Education Program. It is about Knowledges and Practices to work with Early Childhood Education (infants and toddlers from 0 to 3 years-old). It was developed on Graduate Program on Education of UFJF and it is subscripted in the research initiative of Language, Knowing and Teacher Training. This research emphasizes the necessity of questioning the training of teachers who works at daycares. The work emerged from the question: how undergraduation disciplines on a face-to-face Education course from the Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF) have been contributing to the construction of teachers’ Knowledges and Practices in public daycares of the municipality? Although laws and guidelines have been advanced in the Early Childhood Education and Teaching Training fields, all discussions seem not to be reaching the Education Programs and they handle with this subject, usually, only when they emerge, and in a superficial way. Authors as Gatti (2010), Saviani (2006) and Tardif (2010) help us to comprehend the teachers' undergraduation context in Brazil. Moreover, Barbosa (2010), Kramer (2005) and Martins Filho (2017) are authors who addressing the specificities of teaching on Childhood Education, its training necessity and its challenging. This research has a qualitative approach. In the first step, it was analyzed programs planning of the undergraduation. After that, it was made interviews with undergraduate students, which are on final semesters and, also, with supervising professors in Early Childhood classes. Furthermore, we organize a focus group with alumni, which are, nowadays, teachers of public daycares of Juiz de Fora. All data were organized and analyzed upon the core of meaning construction. Throughout all data, it was possible to understand that daycare teacher training, although needed new reflections, had been an increase in the course offers in the Early Childhood Education in this undergraduation program. Surely, there is a way being built for teachers practices with infants and toddlers to be recognized, appreciated and discussed on undergraduation classes. It is essential to comprehend the intentionality of everyday teaching actions on daycares and its implication on ethics and human formation fields. The pertinence of subjects about work on daycares should not be restricted to specific courses, however it must be overarching the program planning, creating opportunities to increase the quality of teachers who everyday deal with infants and toddlers.

Orientador: Ana Lucia Goulart de Faria / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T23:24:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pires_MariaCristinadeCampos_M.pdf: 646807 bytes, checksum: 17b40f05ad962dc74b14f27df7f63620 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Esta dissertação estudou as experiências sonoras das crianças pequenininhas, entre 0 e 3 anos de idade, que freqüentam uma creche pública do Município de São Paulo (Centro de Educação Infantil, CEI). Traz para reflexão e contextualiza a ausência da Arte na formação das profissionais de creche, mesmo sendo apontada pela LDB/96 como área de conhecimento em suas quatro linguagens ¿ música, dança, teatro e artes plásticas; analisa tal ausência na rede municipal de São Paulo nos últimos 25 anos, em decorrência de alterações na legislação que rege o magistério municipal e, também, de mudanças de administração, seguindo o percurso profissional da autora. Este estudo inova apresentando e discutindo uma bibliografia italiana em que os estudiosos da infância destacam a temática da música e a criança pequenininha. Analisa a construção da paisagem sonora durante as atividades do dia-a-dia no CEI, pleiteando o contato das crianças com diferentes formas musicais, que podem constituir fatores importantes para o refinamento da audição, a produção de culturas infantis e o reconhecimento do ambiente onde vivem / Abstract: This is a study of experiences with sounds by 0-to-3 year-old children who attend a public daycare centre [CEI] in the City of São Paulo, Brazil. It discusses the absence of art languages ¿ music, dance, theatre, visual arts ¿ in the training of early childhood educators, though it is foreseen by current educational legislation. Such absence in São Paulo early childhood educational system is analysed in the context of legislative and administrative changes in the last 25 years, following the author's professional career within this system. This study innovates by presenting and discussing recent Italian literature that deals with music and the very young child. It highlights the building of a soundscape during CEI daily activities, pleading for children's further contact with diverse musical forms, which may improve hearing refinement, the production of children's culture, and better recognition of their environment / Mestrado / Educação, Sociedade, Politica e Cultura / Mestre em Educação

Parent-child interaction could arguably be the most important factor in child development, including academic achievement, behavior, and personality. This study suggests that the quantity of parent-child interaction is just as important as quality, and we test the reliability and validity of our instrument developed to quantitatively measure parent-child interaction in the home under realistic conditions. Twenty-eight children’s parents participated in the study over four days. Eight families had two research observers complete the instrument simultaneously with them, and reliability measures were taken between parents (74%), parent and one research-observers (78%), and two research observers (97%). Validity measures yielded scores of 78% for parents and 77% for colleagues. This study’s instrument was shown to be a simple and strongly reliable instrument for measuring children’s after-school activities and a reliable way to measure parent-child interactions indirectly, avoiding a social desirability response set.

This study describes the differences of parents’, teachers’, and the researcher’s assessment of quality of five different child care programs. This study focuses on infant and toddler classrooms or care settings. Parents, and teachers/providers completed the Infant/Toddler Environment Rating Scale and the Definition of Quality Questionnaire in order to rate the quality of infant and toddler child care programs. The findings from the questionnaires supported existing research that indicates a majority of child care programs in the United Stated range from poor to mediocre; and parents utilizing all types of cares, licensed/certified or otherwise, tended to overrate the quality of child care programs. In this study, the only exception to this tendency was the ratings of quality in the licensed and accredited center, where parents’, teachers’, and the researcher’s ratings were similar. This study provides a new contribution to the field of child care research in its finding that some of the teachers in all the different types of care settings investigated (with the exception of the licensed and accredited center) also tended to overrate the quality of infant and toddler child care programs. Follow up interviews were conducted with some of the parents and teachers, in order to explore the reasons behind their ratings of quality. The consensus was that parents and teachers identified characteristics of quality that were dissimilar to those identified by child care experts. There are many possible reasons for this result, including lack of adequate information to help them identify determinant characteristics of quality programs, that there was difficulty in assessing quality, and that there was a lack of demand for quality programs. / Master of Science

O objetivo desta pesquisa, de delineamento quase-experimental, foi verificar os efeitos da intervenção motora em três diferentes contextos - abordagens individual no domicílio (ID), individual na creche (IC) e grupo na creche (GC) - no desenvolvimento motor e social de crianças com atrasos motores, na faixa etária entre 06 e 18 meses de idade, residentes em bairros da periferia do município de Porto Alegre/RS, assistidas por unidades básicas de saúde vinculadas ao Hospital Moinhos de Vento e amparadas por creches comunitárias conveniadas com a prefeitura. Descrições do comportamento de cada criança antes e após o período interventivo e características do seu ambiente domiciliar foram associadas ao seu desempenho motor. A amostra desta pesquisa foi voluntária, selecionada de forma não-probabilística e intencional. A partir de uma população de 96 crianças avaliadas, 40 apresentaram percentil de desempenho motor abaixo de 25%, e destas, 32 crianças finalizaram as 24 sessões de intervenção motora, no período de 12 semanas. Cada grupo interventivo ficou assim distribuído: ID n=12, IC n=7 e GC n=13. Os instrumentos utilizados neste estudo foram a escala comportamental das Bayley Scales of Infant Development II (BSID-II), a Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) e o questionário Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development Self-Report (AHEMD-SR). O programa de intervenção, realizado entre maio e novembro de 2007, foi constituído por atividades lúdicas com o intuito de alongar e adequar o tônus muscular, estimular o acompanhamento visual e auditivo, controlar as posturas em diferentes circunstâncias, manipular objetos e deslocar-se, a fim de oportunizar às crianças a experimentação de novas condições de movimento e a superação de desafios. Todos os dados coletados foram analisados através do programa estatístico SPSS para Windows, versão 13.0. Para estas análises, o nível de significância adotado foi p≤0,05. O resultado do Teste de Normalidade Shapiro-Wilk, aplicado nos escores de desempenho motor na primeira avaliação, sugere que os dados não se apresentaram normalmente distribuídos (p=0,04). Desta forma, foram utilizados testes não-paramétricos. Na comparação das variáveis nos dois períodos avaliativos (pré e pós intervenção), o Teste de Kruskal-Wallis foi utilizado e, na presença de diferença significativa entre os grupos, o Teste Complementar de Mann-Whitney. Na comparação do percentil de desempenho motor de cada grupo ao longo do tempo (antes e após o período interventivo), com a finalidade de verificar o efeito do programa de intervenção motora, aplicou-se o Teste de Wilcoxon. Na descrição dos resultados, utilizou-se a mediana e a amplitude interquartílica (P25-P75). Os resultados evidenciaram mudanças significativas no desempenho motor nos três diferentes grupos (ID p=0,014, IC p=0,028 e GC p=0,005), e suportam a hipótese de que crianças com atrasos motores participantes do programa de intervenção apresentariam incremento no seu desempenho motor quando comparadas à avaliação inicial. As observações do comportamento das crianças desta amostra corroboram o pressuposto de que elas apresentariam, após a intervenção, incremento no seu desempenho social. A análise da variação dos escores totais de oportunidades de estimulação no lar, utilizando-se o Teste Qui-quadrado de McNemar, não evidenciou mudanças estatisticamente significativas nos diferentes grupos do estudo (p=1,000), rejeitando o pressuposto de que o programa de intervenção teria impacto positivo no contexto familiar, favorecendo mudanças significativas de engajamento nas diferentes atividades infantis rotineiras, bem como nas atitudes familiares frente às restrições destas crianças. Estratégias interventivas vinculadas ao contexto do desenvolvimento de crianças com atrasos motores promovem incremento em seu desempenho motor e social, e a identificação da criança de risco permite o acompanhamento precoce e a compreensão de suas necessidades. Estes achados sugerem a necessidade de programas de intervenção para famílias de baixa renda que otimizem as oportunidades de estimulação também no ambiente domiciliar. / The purpose of the present study, of quasi-experimental design, was to verify the effects of a motor intervention in three different contexts - individual at home (ID), individual at the daycare (IC) and in groups at the daycare (GC) - on motor and social development of children with motor delays, between 06 and 18 month-old, living in the suburbs of the city of Porto Alegre/RS, who were assisted by basic units of health affiliated to Moinhos de Vento Hospital and supported by communitarian daycare centers linked to the City Hall. Descriptions of the behavior of each child before and after the interventive period and characteristics of their home environment were associated to their motor performance. The sample for this research was voluntary, selected in a non probabilistic and intentional form. From a total of 96 assessed children, 40 presented percentile ranking below 25%, and, of those, 32 finished the 24 sessions of motor intervention, in a period of 12 weeks. Each interventive group was thus distributed: ID n=12, IC n=7 and GC n=13. The instruments used in this study were the behavior rating scale of Bayley Scales of Infant Development II (BSID-II), the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) and the inventory Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development Self-Report (AHEMD-SR). The intervention program, carried out between May and November of 2007, was composed by playful activities which were planned to stretch and adjust the muscular tonus, to stimulate visual and auditory accompaniment, to control postures in different circumstances, to manipulate objects and to move around, in order to allow the children to experiment with new movement conditions and the overcoming of challenges. All the collected data were analyzed through the SPSS statistical program for Windows, version 13.0. In all the analyses, it was considered a significance level of p≤0,05. The result of the Shapiro-Wilk Normality Test, applied in the scores of motor performance in the first evaluation, suggested that the data was a non-normal distribution (p=0,04). Thus, non-parametric tests were used. In the comparison of the variables in the two evaluative periods (pre and post intervention), the Kruskal-Wallis’ Test was used and, when this test demonstrated significant differences between groups, the Mann-Whitney’s U Test was used. In the comparison of the percentile of motor performance of each group throughout time (before and after the interventive period), intending to verify the effect of the motor intervention program, the Wilcoxon Test was applied. In the description of the results, the median and the interquartilic range were used (P25-P75). The results showed significant improvement in the motor performance in the three different groups (ID p=0,014, IC p=0,028 and GC p=0,005), supporting the conviction that children with motor delays taking part in the intervention program would present increase in their motor performance when compared to the initial evaluation. The observations of children’s behavior from this sample corroborate with the conviction that they would show, after the intervention, increase in their social performance. The analysis of the variation of the total scores for opportunities of home stimulation, using McNemar Test, did not show evidence of significant statistical changes in the different study groups (p=1,000), rejecting the conviction that the intervention program would have a positive impact in the home environment, favoring significant changes of engagement in different infant routine activities, as well as in a shift in family attitude towards these children’s restrictions. Interventive strategies tied to the context of development of children with motor delays promote increase in their motor and social performance, and the identification of a risk child allows early accompaniment and the understanding of their necessities. These findings suggest the need of programs of intervention for low income families who also optimize the chances of stimulation in the home environment.

O objetivo desta pesquisa, de delineamento quase-experimental, foi verificar os efeitos da intervenção motora em três diferentes contextos - abordagens individual no domicílio (ID), individual na creche (IC) e grupo na creche (GC) - no desenvolvimento motor e social de crianças com atrasos motores, na faixa etária entre 06 e 18 meses de idade, residentes em bairros da periferia do município de Porto Alegre/RS, assistidas por unidades básicas de saúde vinculadas ao Hospital Moinhos de Vento e amparadas por creches comunitárias conveniadas com a prefeitura. Descrições do comportamento de cada criança antes e após o período interventivo e características do seu ambiente domiciliar foram associadas ao seu desempenho motor. A amostra desta pesquisa foi voluntária, selecionada de forma não-probabilística e intencional. A partir de uma população de 96 crianças avaliadas, 40 apresentaram percentil de desempenho motor abaixo de 25%, e destas, 32 crianças finalizaram as 24 sessões de intervenção motora, no período de 12 semanas. Cada grupo interventivo ficou assim distribuído: ID n=12, IC n=7 e GC n=13. Os instrumentos utilizados neste estudo foram a escala comportamental das Bayley Scales of Infant Development II (BSID-II), a Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) e o questionário Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development Self-Report (AHEMD-SR). O programa de intervenção, realizado entre maio e novembro de 2007, foi constituído por atividades lúdicas com o intuito de alongar e adequar o tônus muscular, estimular o acompanhamento visual e auditivo, controlar as posturas em diferentes circunstâncias, manipular objetos e deslocar-se, a fim de oportunizar às crianças a experimentação de novas condições de movimento e a superação de desafios. Todos os dados coletados foram analisados através do programa estatístico SPSS para Windows, versão 13.0. Para estas análises, o nível de significância adotado foi p≤0,05. O resultado do Teste de Normalidade Shapiro-Wilk, aplicado nos escores de desempenho motor na primeira avaliação, sugere que os dados não se apresentaram normalmente distribuídos (p=0,04). Desta forma, foram utilizados testes não-paramétricos. Na comparação das variáveis nos dois períodos avaliativos (pré e pós intervenção), o Teste de Kruskal-Wallis foi utilizado e, na presença de diferença significativa entre os grupos, o Teste Complementar de Mann-Whitney. Na comparação do percentil de desempenho motor de cada grupo ao longo do tempo (antes e após o período interventivo), com a finalidade de verificar o efeito do programa de intervenção motora, aplicou-se o Teste de Wilcoxon. Na descrição dos resultados, utilizou-se a mediana e a amplitude interquartílica (P25-P75). Os resultados evidenciaram mudanças significativas no desempenho motor nos três diferentes grupos (ID p=0,014, IC p=0,028 e GC p=0,005), e suportam a hipótese de que crianças com atrasos motores participantes do programa de intervenção apresentariam incremento no seu desempenho motor quando comparadas à avaliação inicial. As observações do comportamento das crianças desta amostra corroboram o pressuposto de que elas apresentariam, após a intervenção, incremento no seu desempenho social. A análise da variação dos escores totais de oportunidades de estimulação no lar, utilizando-se o Teste Qui-quadrado de McNemar, não evidenciou mudanças estatisticamente significativas nos diferentes grupos do estudo (p=1,000), rejeitando o pressuposto de que o programa de intervenção teria impacto positivo no contexto familiar, favorecendo mudanças significativas de engajamento nas diferentes atividades infantis rotineiras, bem como nas atitudes familiares frente às restrições destas crianças. Estratégias interventivas vinculadas ao contexto do desenvolvimento de crianças com atrasos motores promovem incremento em seu desempenho motor e social, e a identificação da criança de risco permite o acompanhamento precoce e a compreensão de suas necessidades. Estes achados sugerem a necessidade de programas de intervenção para famílias de baixa renda que otimizem as oportunidades de estimulação também no ambiente domiciliar. / The purpose of the present study, of quasi-experimental design, was to verify the effects of a motor intervention in three different contexts - individual at home (ID), individual at the daycare (IC) and in groups at the daycare (GC) - on motor and social development of children with motor delays, between 06 and 18 month-old, living in the suburbs of the city of Porto Alegre/RS, who were assisted by basic units of health affiliated to Moinhos de Vento Hospital and supported by communitarian daycare centers linked to the City Hall. Descriptions of the behavior of each child before and after the interventive period and characteristics of their home environment were associated to their motor performance. The sample for this research was voluntary, selected in a non probabilistic and intentional form. From a total of 96 assessed children, 40 presented percentile ranking below 25%, and, of those, 32 finished the 24 sessions of motor intervention, in a period of 12 weeks. Each interventive group was thus distributed: ID n=12, IC n=7 and GC n=13. The instruments used in this study were the behavior rating scale of Bayley Scales of Infant Development II (BSID-II), the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) and the inventory Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development Self-Report (AHEMD-SR). The intervention program, carried out between May and November of 2007, was composed by playful activities which were planned to stretch and adjust the muscular tonus, to stimulate visual and auditory accompaniment, to control postures in different circumstances, to manipulate objects and to move around, in order to allow the children to experiment with new movement conditions and the overcoming of challenges. All the collected data were analyzed through the SPSS statistical program for Windows, version 13.0. In all the analyses, it was considered a significance level of p≤0,05. The result of the Shapiro-Wilk Normality Test, applied in the scores of motor performance in the first evaluation, suggested that the data was a non-normal distribution (p=0,04). Thus, non-parametric tests were used. In the comparison of the variables in the two evaluative periods (pre and post intervention), the Kruskal-Wallis’ Test was used and, when this test demonstrated significant differences between groups, the Mann-Whitney’s U Test was used. In the comparison of the percentile of motor performance of each group throughout time (before and after the interventive period), intending to verify the effect of the motor intervention program, the Wilcoxon Test was applied. In the description of the results, the median and the interquartilic range were used (P25-P75). The results showed significant improvement in the motor performance in the three different groups (ID p=0,014, IC p=0,028 and GC p=0,005), supporting the conviction that children with motor delays taking part in the intervention program would present increase in their motor performance when compared to the initial evaluation. The observations of children’s behavior from this sample corroborate with the conviction that they would show, after the intervention, increase in their social performance. The analysis of the variation of the total scores for opportunities of home stimulation, using McNemar Test, did not show evidence of significant statistical changes in the different study groups (p=1,000), rejecting the conviction that the intervention program would have a positive impact in the home environment, favoring significant changes of engagement in different infant routine activities, as well as in a shift in family attitude towards these children’s restrictions. Interventive strategies tied to the context of development of children with motor delays promote increase in their motor and social performance, and the identification of a risk child allows early accompaniment and the understanding of their necessities. These findings suggest the need of programs of intervention for low income families who also optimize the chances of stimulation in the home environment.

O objetivo desta pesquisa, de delineamento quase-experimental, foi verificar os efeitos da intervenção motora em três diferentes contextos - abordagens individual no domicílio (ID), individual na creche (IC) e grupo na creche (GC) - no desenvolvimento motor e social de crianças com atrasos motores, na faixa etária entre 06 e 18 meses de idade, residentes em bairros da periferia do município de Porto Alegre/RS, assistidas por unidades básicas de saúde vinculadas ao Hospital Moinhos de Vento e amparadas por creches comunitárias conveniadas com a prefeitura. Descrições do comportamento de cada criança antes e após o período interventivo e características do seu ambiente domiciliar foram associadas ao seu desempenho motor. A amostra desta pesquisa foi voluntária, selecionada de forma não-probabilística e intencional. A partir de uma população de 96 crianças avaliadas, 40 apresentaram percentil de desempenho motor abaixo de 25%, e destas, 32 crianças finalizaram as 24 sessões de intervenção motora, no período de 12 semanas. Cada grupo interventivo ficou assim distribuído: ID n=12, IC n=7 e GC n=13. Os instrumentos utilizados neste estudo foram a escala comportamental das Bayley Scales of Infant Development II (BSID-II), a Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) e o questionário Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development Self-Report (AHEMD-SR). O programa de intervenção, realizado entre maio e novembro de 2007, foi constituído por atividades lúdicas com o intuito de alongar e adequar o tônus muscular, estimular o acompanhamento visual e auditivo, controlar as posturas em diferentes circunstâncias, manipular objetos e deslocar-se, a fim de oportunizar às crianças a experimentação de novas condições de movimento e a superação de desafios. Todos os dados coletados foram analisados através do programa estatístico SPSS para Windows, versão 13.0. Para estas análises, o nível de significância adotado foi p≤0,05. O resultado do Teste de Normalidade Shapiro-Wilk, aplicado nos escores de desempenho motor na primeira avaliação, sugere que os dados não se apresentaram normalmente distribuídos (p=0,04). Desta forma, foram utilizados testes não-paramétricos. Na comparação das variáveis nos dois períodos avaliativos (pré e pós intervenção), o Teste de Kruskal-Wallis foi utilizado e, na presença de diferença significativa entre os grupos, o Teste Complementar de Mann-Whitney. Na comparação do percentil de desempenho motor de cada grupo ao longo do tempo (antes e após o período interventivo), com a finalidade de verificar o efeito do programa de intervenção motora, aplicou-se o Teste de Wilcoxon. Na descrição dos resultados, utilizou-se a mediana e a amplitude interquartílica (P25-P75). Os resultados evidenciaram mudanças significativas no desempenho motor nos três diferentes grupos (ID p=0,014, IC p=0,028 e GC p=0,005), e suportam a hipótese de que crianças com atrasos motores participantes do programa de intervenção apresentariam incremento no seu desempenho motor quando comparadas à avaliação inicial. As observações do comportamento das crianças desta amostra corroboram o pressuposto de que elas apresentariam, após a intervenção, incremento no seu desempenho social. A análise da variação dos escores totais de oportunidades de estimulação no lar, utilizando-se o Teste Qui-quadrado de McNemar, não evidenciou mudanças estatisticamente significativas nos diferentes grupos do estudo (p=1,000), rejeitando o pressuposto de que o programa de intervenção teria impacto positivo no contexto familiar, favorecendo mudanças significativas de engajamento nas diferentes atividades infantis rotineiras, bem como nas atitudes familiares frente às restrições destas crianças. Estratégias interventivas vinculadas ao contexto do desenvolvimento de crianças com atrasos motores promovem incremento em seu desempenho motor e social, e a identificação da criança de risco permite o acompanhamento precoce e a compreensão de suas necessidades. Estes achados sugerem a necessidade de programas de intervenção para famílias de baixa renda que otimizem as oportunidades de estimulação também no ambiente domiciliar. / The purpose of the present study, of quasi-experimental design, was to verify the effects of a motor intervention in three different contexts - individual at home (ID), individual at the daycare (IC) and in groups at the daycare (GC) - on motor and social development of children with motor delays, between 06 and 18 month-old, living in the suburbs of the city of Porto Alegre/RS, who were assisted by basic units of health affiliated to Moinhos de Vento Hospital and supported by communitarian daycare centers linked to the City Hall. Descriptions of the behavior of each child before and after the interventive period and characteristics of their home environment were associated to their motor performance. The sample for this research was voluntary, selected in a non probabilistic and intentional form. From a total of 96 assessed children, 40 presented percentile ranking below 25%, and, of those, 32 finished the 24 sessions of motor intervention, in a period of 12 weeks. Each interventive group was thus distributed: ID n=12, IC n=7 and GC n=13. The instruments used in this study were the behavior rating scale of Bayley Scales of Infant Development II (BSID-II), the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) and the inventory Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development Self-Report (AHEMD-SR). The intervention program, carried out between May and November of 2007, was composed by playful activities which were planned to stretch and adjust the muscular tonus, to stimulate visual and auditory accompaniment, to control postures in different circumstances, to manipulate objects and to move around, in order to allow the children to experiment with new movement conditions and the overcoming of challenges. All the collected data were analyzed through the SPSS statistical program for Windows, version 13.0. In all the analyses, it was considered a significance level of p≤0,05. The result of the Shapiro-Wilk Normality Test, applied in the scores of motor performance in the first evaluation, suggested that the data was a non-normal distribution (p=0,04). Thus, non-parametric tests were used. In the comparison of the variables in the two evaluative periods (pre and post intervention), the Kruskal-Wallis’ Test was used and, when this test demonstrated significant differences between groups, the Mann-Whitney’s U Test was used. In the comparison of the percentile of motor performance of each group throughout time (before and after the interventive period), intending to verify the effect of the motor intervention program, the Wilcoxon Test was applied. In the description of the results, the median and the interquartilic range were used (P25-P75). The results showed significant improvement in the motor performance in the three different groups (ID p=0,014, IC p=0,028 and GC p=0,005), supporting the conviction that children with motor delays taking part in the intervention program would present increase in their motor performance when compared to the initial evaluation. The observations of children’s behavior from this sample corroborate with the conviction that they would show, after the intervention, increase in their social performance. The analysis of the variation of the total scores for opportunities of home stimulation, using McNemar Test, did not show evidence of significant statistical changes in the different study groups (p=1,000), rejecting the conviction that the intervention program would have a positive impact in the home environment, favoring significant changes of engagement in different infant routine activities, as well as in a shift in family attitude towards these children’s restrictions. Interventive strategies tied to the context of development of children with motor delays promote increase in their motor and social performance, and the identification of a risk child allows early accompaniment and the understanding of their necessities. These findings suggest the need of programs of intervention for low income families who also optimize the chances of stimulation in the home environment.

L'infection congénitale par le cytomégalovirus (CMV) est l'infection congénitale la plus courante, survenant chez 0,2 à 2,0 % des naissances vivantes. Elle représente la principale cause non génétique de surdité neurosensorielle chez les nourrissons. Cette infection entraîne des séquelles neurodéveloppementales permanentes telles que des problèmes de vision, un retard cognitif et, dans certains cas, elle peut même entraîner la mort. Avoir une meilleure compréhension des caractéristiques épidémiologiques de l'infection maternelle par le CMV peut contribuer à améliorer notre compréhension de la transmission de ce virus au fœtus et, par conséquent, à prévenir l'infection congénitale. Cette thèse vise à étudier les aspects épidémiologiques de l'infection maternelle par le CMV et de l'exposition professionnelle au CMV. Le premier objectif consiste à estimer la séroprévalence, l'incidence et les facteurs de risque de l'infection maternelle à CMV pendant la grossesse. Le deuxième objectif examine l'association entre l'infection maternelle à CMV et certaines complications de la grossesse, telles que la prééclampsie et l'accouchement prématuré. Le troisième objectif est une revue systématique et une méta-analyse visant à déterminer la prévalence, l'incidence de l'infection primaire, les risques relatifs et les facteurs de risque au sein de deux groupes exposés professionnellement au CMV, à savoir les travailleurs en service de garde et le personnel de santé. Les données de deux importantes cohortes au Québec, comprenant un total de 6048 participantes (Grossesse en santé et 3D), ainsi que leurs échantillons biologiques, ont été utilisées pour atteindre les objectifs 1 et 2. Dans le cadre de l'objectif 3, une recherche bibliographique a été réalisée en consultant six bases de données électroniques (PubMed [NLM], Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid All EBM Reviews, Ovid Embase, ISI Web of Science et EBSCO CINAHL Complete). Les résultats de l'objectif 1 (article 1), basés sur les données d'une des deux cohortes, révèlent une séroprévalence de 23,4 % (IC à 95 %, 22,1-24,7 %) chez les femmes enceintes, ainsi qu'une incidence d'infection primaire de 1,8 pour 100 années-personnes pendant la grossesse (IC à 95 %, 1,2-2,6). Les facteurs de risque associés à la séropositivité maternelle sont la multiparité (avoir un ou plusieurs enfants), une ethnie autre que caucasienne et un lieu de naissance autre que le Canada et les États-Unis. Les résultats de l'objectif 2 (article 2) ont révélé deux associations importantes : (1) une association entre la séropositivité maternelle au CMV et la prééclampsie, et (2) une association entre la séropositivité maternelle au CMV et l'accouchement prématuré. L'analyse de médiation, en prenant en compte la prééclampsie comme facteur médiateur de l'association entre l'infection maternelle au CMV et l'accouchement prématuré, a montré que la quasi-totalité (96,8 %) de l'effet total de la séropositivité maternelle au CMV agit directement sur l'accouchement prématuré, sans passer par la prééclampsie. La revue systématique et méta-analyse, qui correspond à l'objectif 3 (article 3), souligne l'importance de l'exposition professionnelle au CMV. Dans le groupe des travailleurs en service de garde, la séroprévalence du CMV et l'incidence de l'infection primaire pour 100 personnes-années sont élevées, atteignant respectivement 59,3 % (IC à 95 % : 49,8-68,6) et 7,4 (IC à 95 % : 3,9-11,8). De même, dans le groupe du personnel de santé, ces valeurs s'élèvent à 49,5 % (IC à 95 % : 40,3-58,7) et 3,1 (IC à 95 % : 1,3-5,6) respectivement. La séropositivité au CMV et l'infection primaire sont significativement plus fréquentes chez les travailleurs en service de garde par rapport aux groupes témoins sans exposition professionnelle, avec un RC (Rapport des cotes) de 1,6 (IC à 95 % : 1,2-2,3) et un RR (Rapport des Risques) de 3,4 (IC à 95 % : 1,3-8,8) respectivement. Cependant, aucune différence significative n'a été observée chez le personnel de santé (RC : 1,3 [IC à 95 % : 0,6-2,7] et RR : 0,9 [IC à 95 % : 0,6-1,2]). Dans les deux groupes, la séropositivité au CMV était associée à la multiparité, l'état civil, l'ethnicité et l'âge. En conclusion, cette étude démontre que la séroprévalence du CMV chez les femmes enceintes varie. La parité, l'ethnicité, le lieu de naissance et l'exposition professionnelle sont des facteurs à prendre en compte lors de l'élaboration de mesures préventives contre l'infection maternelle par le CMV. Les résultats de l'article 2 mettent en évidence que la séropositivité maternelle au CMV pourrait être un facteur de risque de prééclampsie et d'accouchement prématuré. Mots clés : cytomégalovirus, prévalence, incidence, séroconversion, grossesse, sérologie, prééclampsie, accouchement prématuré, exposition professionnelle, travailleur en service de garde, garderie, personnel de santé. / Cytomegalovirus infection is the most common congenital infection occurring in 0.2% to 2.0% of all live births. Congenital CMV infection is the most common non-genetic cause of sensorineural hearing loss. It results in permanent neurodevelopmental sequelae such as visual impairment, cognitive delay and in some cases, death. Knowing the epidemiological characteristics of maternal CMV infection could contribute to improve the understanding of the transmission of this virus to the fetus, and then, contribute to the prevention of congenital infection. The present thesis aims to study some epidemiological aspects of maternal CMV infection and occupational exposure to CMV. The first objective sought to estimate the seroprevalence, incidence, and risk factors of CMV infection during pregnancy. The second objective studied the association between maternal CMV infection and some adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preeclampsia and preterm delivery. The third objective was a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the prevalence, incidence of primary infection, relative risks, and risk factors in the two groups occupationally exposed to CMV, namely childcare workers and healthcare workers. Data from two large Quebec cohorts with 6048 women (“Grossesse en santé” and “3D” cohorts), and their biobanks, were used to address objectives 1 and 2. For objective 3, a literature search was conducted in 6 electronic databases along with a meta-analysis (PubMed (NLM), Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid All EBM Reviews, Ovid Embase, ISI Web of Science, et EBSCO CINAHL complete). The results for objective 1 (article 1) on the data of one of the two cohorts show a seroprevalence of 23,4% among pregnant women (95% CI, 22.1–24.7%), an incidence of primary infection of 1,8 per 100 person-years during pregnancy (95% CI, 1.2–2.6). During the 5 years of the study, seroprevalence was stable and no seasonality was observed. Risk factors associated with maternal seropositivity were multiparity, i.e., having one or more children, non-Caucasian ethnicity, and place of birth other than Canada and the United States. The results for objective 2 (article 2) highlighted on the one hand the association between maternal CMV seropositivity and preterm birth, and on the other hand the association between maternal CMV seropositivity and preeclampsia. The mediation analysis considering preeclampsia as a mediating factor of the association between maternal CMV infection and preterm delivery showed that almost all the total effect of maternal CMV seropositivity i.e., 96,8%, acts directly on preterm delivery without passing through preeclampsia. The systematic review and meta-analysis (objective 3) noted the importance of occupational exposure to CMV. CMV seroprevalence and incidence of primary infection per 100 person-years remained high in the childcare worker group (59.3% [95% CI: 49.8-68.6] and 7.4 [95% CI: 3.9-11.8], respectively) and the healthcare worker group (49.5% [95% CI: 40.3-58.7] and 3.1 [95% CI: 1.3-5.6], respectively). CMV seropositivity and primary infection are significantly more prevalent among childcare workers compared to the comparison groups without occupational exposure. The Odds ratio (OR) for this difference is 1.6 (95% CI: 1.2-2.3), with a risk ratio (RR) of 3.4 (95% CI: 1.3-8.8). However, these differences are not observed in healthcare workers, where the OR is 1.3 (95% CI: 0.6-2.7) and the RR is 0.9 (95% CI: 0.6-1.2). In both groups, CMV seropositivity shows an association with factors such as multiparity, civil status, ethnicity, and age. In conclusion, this thesis shows that maternal CMV seroprevalence is variable. Parity, ethnicity, place of birth and occupational exposure would be the identified risk factors to consider when defining preventive measures for maternal CMV infection. The results of article 2 highlighted that maternal CMV seropositivity could be a risk factor for preeclampsia and preterm delivery. Keywords: cytomegalovirus, prevalence, incidence, seroconversion, pregnancy, serology, preeclampsia, preterm birth, occupational exposure, daycare worker, daycare center, healthcare workers.

Résumé : Problématique: Les comportements alimentaires à la petite enfance pourraient influencer le gain de poids. Alors que les enfants d’âge préscolaire passent beaucoup de temps dans des milieux de garde, peu d’études ne rapportent les liens entre leurs comportements alimentaires dans ces milieux et leur composition corporelle. De plus, les recherches dans ce domaine sont basées sur des données subjectives des parents. Les objectifs étaient donc de développer un outil de mesure objectif des comportements alimentaires et de l’utiliser afin d’examiner le lien entre ceux-ci en milieu de garde et la composition corporelle des enfants d’âge préscolaire. Méthodes : Cette étude transversale a été menée auprès de 309 enfants de 3 à 5 ans dans 24 milieux de garde. Le comportement alimentaire a été mesuré en effectuant l’évaluation des restes au repas du dîner. Les données de ces évaluations ont été utilisées pour développer un score représentant la réticence alimentaire et un représentant l’affinité. Des corrélations intra-classes ont été utilisées afin de déterminer la fidélité des nouvelles mesures. Des corrélations de Spearman ont été utilisées afin de comparer les nouvelles mesures aux comportements alimentaires rapportés par les parents. Des régressions linéaires multivariées ont été utilisées pour examiner la relation entre les scores de comportement alimentaire mesurées objectivement et le tour de taille et l’indice de masse corporelle (IMC) ajusté à l’âge des enfants. Résultats : La nouvelle mesure de réticence alimentaire a démontré une excellente fidélité inter-juge (ICC= 0,970 à 0,998, p<0.0001), intra-juge (ICC=0,975 à 0,998, p<0.0001) et une bonne fidélité test-retest (ICC=0,723, p<0.0001). Elle corrélait également avec une mesure subjective précédemment validée (rho= 0,534, p<0.0001). La nouvelle mesure d’affinité alimentaire n’était toutefois pas valide (rho= -0,182, p=0,2). Le score de réticence alimentaire était positivement associé à l’IMC ajusté à l’âge des enfants (bêta ajusté= 1,41, IC à 95%=0,15, 2,67), mais non avec leur tour de taille (bêta ajusté=0,60, IC à 95%= -0,86, 2,06). Conclusion : La nouvelle mesure de réticence alimentaire démontre une excellente fidélité et validité chez les enfants d’âge préscolaire en milieu de garde. Plus il y avait de la réticence alimentaire, plus l’IMC ajusté à l’âge abaisse. Les milieux de gardes pourraient donc être des milieux propices pour l’implantation d’interventions pour réduire la réticence alimentaire, et contrer l’insuffisance pondérale chez les jeunes affectés. / Abstract : Background: Eating behaviours could be associated with weight gain during early childhood. Although a majority of preschoolers spend most of their active day-time hours in daycare centres, associations between their eating behaviours at daycare and their body composition have been limitedly studied. Further, research on eating behaviours of children mainly relies on parent-reported measures. The objective of this study was to develop an objective measure of eating behaviours and to use it to assess the relationship between these behaviours and body mass index and waist circumference among preschoolers. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 309 children aged 3 to 5 in 24 daycare centres. Eating behaviours were measured through weighted digital plate waste analysis. Data from this evaluation was used to create a food reluctance score and a food affinity score. Intraclass correlations (ICC) were used to determine the reliability of the new measure. Spearman correlations were used to compare the new measures with parental report of eating behaviours. Multivariate linear regressions were used to examine the relationship between objectively measured food behaviours and children’s waist circumference and age-adjusted body mass index (BMI). Results: The new measure of food reluctance demonstrated excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC= 0.970 to 0.998, p<0.0001), intra-rater reliability (ICC=0.975 to 0.998, p<0.0001), and good test-retest reliability (ICC=0.723, p<0.0001). It also provided evidence of concurrent validity through correlation with a validated subjective measure (rho= 0.534, p<0.0001). The new measure of food affinity was however not valid (rho= -0.182, p=0.2). The food reluctance score was positively associated with children’s age-adjusted BMI (adjusted bêta; 95% CI= 1.41, 0.15, 2.67), but not with their waist circumference (0.60; -0.86, 2.06). Conclusion: The objective measure of food reluctance demonstrated evidence of reliability and validity. Greater demonstration of food reluctance at the daycare center was associated with a lower BMI. This suggests that daycare centers could represent promising settings for integrating strategies to counter food reluctance and counter inadequate weight gain among affected preschoolers.

O estudo teve como objetivo analisar as confluências de sentido presentes nas falas dos profissionais das equipes técnicas que atuam nas creches da USP acerca do cuidado à criança. O referencial adotado foi a Teoria das Representações Sociais. O estudo abrangeu as cinco unidades das creches da USP - três unidades em São Paulo, uma unidade em São Carlos e uma unidade em Ribeirão Preto. Foram entrevistados trinta e dois profissionais. As entrevistas foram gravadas e o conteúdo das falas foi transcrito na íntegra e submetido à análise temáticocategorial proposta por Bardin. As categorias foram transformadas em variáveis e processadas pelo software Classification Hiérarchique Classificatoire et Cohésitive (CHIC®), que gerou árvores hierárquicas de similaridade e vetores de força associativa entre as variáveis analisadas. Foram constituídas trinta e quatro unidades de significação, sendo dezoito compartilhadas por pelo menos metade do total das categorias entrevistadas. Foi possível identificar cinco unidades de significação consensualmente partilhadas pelo total das categorias: (a) ações de cuidado promovendo o desenvolvimento da autonomia da criança; (b) o binômio cuidar-educar; (c) o reconhecimento das necessidades ou demandas individuais de cada criança; (d) cuidar do espaço onde o profissional está zelando pelo bem-estar e segurança da criança; e (e) o reconhecimento do valor da equipe de profissionais que busca satisfazer as diferentes necessidades da criança. O reposicionamento dinâmico das unidades de significação nas sessenta e uma relações hierarquizadas sugere que cada categoria contribui de forma heterogênea enquanto forma de salientar particularidades acerca de suas concepções nos diferentes cuidados que a criança demanda. Foi possível encontrar unidades de significação presentes na interface de saberes ligados à saúde e à educação no total de profissionais entrevistados, o que parece indicar que as representações do cuidar de crianças nas creches da USP para os profissionais das equipes técnicas advêm tanto da apropriação que os profissionais relatam sobre as ações de cuidado ancoradas no saber disciplinar e significação das vivências com a criança, como pelo que é consensualmente compartilhado na instituição em que a representação do cuidado é objetivada pelo campo epistêmico da Educação / The study sought to analyze the convergence of meanings present in the speech of professional technical staff working with children in the daycare centers of USP. The benchmark used was the Social Representation Theory. The study included the universitys five daycare units three of them in São Paulo, one each in the cities of São Carlos and Ribeirão Preto. Thirty-two professionals were interviewed. The interviews were recorded and were transcribed in their entirety and the content of the discourse subjected to the thematiccategorical analysis proposed by Bardin. The categories were transformed into variables and processed by the Classification Hiérarchique Classificatoire et Cohésitive (CHIC®) software, that generated a hierarchical tree of similarity and associative force vectors between the variables analyzed. Thirty-five units of meaning, eighteen of which were shared by at least half of all the categories surveyed, were established. It was possible to identify five units of meaning consensually shared by all of the categories: (a) care actions promoting the development of the childs autonomy; (b) the binomial care-education; (c) recognition of the childs individual needs or desires; (d) care and safety of the place where the professional is caring for the childrens welfare and safety; and (e) the recognition of the value of the professional team which seeks to satisfy the childrens various needs. The dynamic repositioning of the units of meaning into sixty-one hierarchical relationships suggests that each category makes a specific contribution in such a way as to emphasize its particular views on child care. All the professional categories present common units of meaning regarding the interface of the knowledge related to health and education, which indicates that the professional technical staffs representations of caring for children arise from the appropriation that professionals report of the actions of care grounded in their specific technical knowledge and the significance of their experiences with the children. This conclusion is widely shared in the institution where the care is regarded as the objectified representations of the epistemological field of Education