The existing rights paradigm in Aboriginal law accepts Crown sovereignty claims grounded in ethnocentric conceptions of terra nullius and discovery, and views Aboriginal rights as arising out of prior occupation. The Supreme Court of Canada has shaken this paradigm by characterizing Crown sovereignty as merely de facto until reconciled with Aboriginal sovereignty and legitimated by a treaty, by developing the duty to consult, and by characterizing reconciliation as a process that is part of a generative constitutional order. The moves the Court toward a new paradigm rooted in the principle of the equality of peoples in which treaties provide a framework for sharing sovereignty. As part of the Canadian federation, Aboriginal sovereignty can strengthen Canadas territorial integrity and contribute to Canadas economic development.<p> In the past, courts allowed the act of state doctrine to shield Crown assertions of sovereignty from scrutiny. This doctrine protects Canadas territorial integrity, but does not shield the Crowns actions from legal and constitutional scrutiny. The fundamental constitutional principle of rule of law and the de facto doctrine will protect interests that relied on assumptions of Crown sovereignty that lacked constitutional legitimacy.<p> The transformation in the fundamental principles of Aboriginal law has parallels to Thomas Kuhns description of a paradigm shift in the natural sciences. The rights paradigm is in a crisis with moral and practical dimensions. It is incommensurable with the equality paradigm, and therefore the choice of paradigms will depend on normative criteria. Fundamental principles of the Canadian constitution, international standards of human rights and the perspectives of growing numbers of practitioners in the field that are of Aboriginal ancestry are all forces that will complete the shift to the equality paradigm.<p> An equality paradigm will result in the abandonment of some Aboriginal law doctrines, and the modification of others. Aboriginal title is inconsistent with an equality paradigm because it assumes the legitimacy of the Crowns claims to sovereignty, gives the Crown a superior title, and limits Aboriginal nations to a burden of only limited and subordinate rights. The fiduciary relationship rooted in the honour of the Crown will grow into a non-hierarchical relationship with reciprocal obligations.<p> Decisions of courts can play a supporting role, but only negotiations and treaties can build a genuine partnership, effective and equitable sharing of sovereignty and ultimately reconciliation between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal peoples in Canada.

Privatization debate in urban planning literature is accelerating as commodification of urban space increases by the tension between urban planning and privatization. The limited number of studies on the privatization of public lands and its impacts on urban planning processes as well as the theoretical framework in terms of rent, rights to property, and public interest issues has stimulated the aims of this thesis. All these provided a base for this thesis. This Thesis aims to clarify the relationship between capitalist production and public property, which has been created in urban space through privatization within a historical context. Critical evaluation is centered around the differences in implementation, related planning approaches and processes, the roles of the actors, and spatial impacts on the neighboring areas and the urban macroform in case of a de jure-privatization of a public land in the city of Ankara: Meat and Fish Products Firm (EB&Uuml / A.S.) Akk&ouml / pr&uuml / Slaughterhouse Area. How and why market mechanisms functions and reacts is analyzed in this case study. This Thesis argues that de jure-privatization and de facto-privatization conceptual differentiation might be meaningful for urban planning as the related processes and implementation function separately. Even though every de jure-privatization (privatization) experience has its own dynamics and is a unique case, the practice in Turkey differs from the world cases: Firstly, under the same legislation, Turkey exercised liquidation, donation, privatization, and socialization. Secondly, de jure-privatization is public land privatization oriented. Thirdly, as a nodal intervention, privatization has direct impacts on urban planning and the planned growth of the cities. Urbanization processes are not under the control of rational planning as these are completely left to market forces. In this de jure-privatization process, urban space is (re) produced by market-led planning approaches and public interest issue (in urban plans) is neglected. Market-led planning approaches became an act of controlling the means of power, ended the production functions of the state, and produced spaces of consumption while decreasing competitiveness of other spaces and treated public land as a commodity. Public space defined by the urban plan has become private space publicly used. As a result, public good characteristic of public space is lost. In other words, the demands of the market institution have priority for private interests and the rationality of the capitalist (re) produces urban space. The decision to continue production is left to the capitalist. Therefore, urban planning in the privatization process becomes an action to determine the real land value, to generate rent, and to transfer development potential and privileged development rights. This refers to a paradigm shift in urban planning. These outcomes challenge the legitimacy of both planning and market institutions. This thesis stresses that if de jure-privatization is inevitable, purely market-critical comprehensive rational planning should not be left aside for the legitimacy of the market institution and urban planning. This must be because / market cannot also be legitimate and trustable without the emergence of urban planning. Market should also be for public interest otherwise it would shake its own legitimacy. Articulation of urban planning with privatization for public interest could be than spelled. In other words, privatization can be accepted as an ideology by urban planning in spatial terms, if public interest is the objective in all plan hierarchies. In the de jure-privatization process, there are uncertainties, dualisms, and problem areas in terms of administrative action, (re) production of urban space, economic issues, and public interest issues. Without the awareness of these, (re) production of urban space market-critically is irrational. Conclusively, the de jure-privatization related planning processes are defined in this thesis to strengthen urban planning as an institution and ideology.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The manipulation of oocytes enclosed in follicles Ovarian Pre-Antral, allows increasing the reproductive potential of females from the isolation and cultivation. The follicular viability can be affected negatively correlated with age, malnutrition, exposure to radio or chemotherapy and health conditions. The alternatives are to use these research for development of culture media which provides the maintenance of viability allows the activation and follicular development in vitro, for subsequent fertilization. Physiologically various growth factors are involved in the process of folliculogenesis, many of which have so far not been tested in goats. Among them the Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF), since, follicular development were obtained with these factors in other species, allowing follicular growth and ant apoptotic effect on ovarian tissue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the addition of different concentrations of S1P and the LIF to culture media separately, evaluating the maintenance of viability, activation and follicular development. Thus, the preantral follicle cultured with S1P in situ LIF for 7 days and follicular development as possible to maintain viability, activation and growth of preantral follicle in vitro. Concluding that the S1P 1 ng/ml LIF and 10ng/ml, were the concentration that the maintenance of viability and follicular activation of in situ and grown in vitro for 7 days improved the viability, activation and preantral follicular growth. / A Manipulação de Oócito Incluso em Folículos Ovariano Pré-Antral (MOIFOPA) possibilita o aumento do potencial reprodutivo das fêmeas a partir do isolamento e cultivo de FOPA. A viabilidade folicular pode sofrer influências negativas com a idade, desnutrição, exposição a rádio ou quimioterápicos e condições sanitárias adversas. As alternativas para aproveitamento desses FOPA são pesquisas voltadas para elaboração de meios de cultivos que proporcione o manutenção da viabilidade a possibilite a ativação e o desenvolvimento folicular in vitro, para posterior fertilização. Fisiologicamente vários fatores de crescimento estão envolvidos durante o processo da foliculogênese, muitos dos quais até o momento não foram testados em cabras. Dentre eles, a Esfingosina 1-fosfato (S1P) e o Fator Inibidor da Leucemia (LIF), uma vez que, o desenvolvimento folicular foram obtido com esses fatores em outras espécies, possibilitando crescimento folicular e efeito anti-apoptótico no tecido ovariano. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a adição de diferentes concentrações de S1P e o do LIF separadamente aos meios de cultivo, avaliando a manutenção da viabilidade, ativação e desenvolvimento folicular. Dessa forma, os FOPA cultivados in situ com S1P e LIF por 7 dias possibilitaram desenvolvimento folicular conforme a manutenção da viabilidade, ativação e crescimento dos FOPA in vitro. Concluindo que a S1P 1ng/ml e o LIF 10ng/ml, foram as concentração que condicionaram a manutenção da viabilidade e a ativação dos FOPA in situ cultivados in vitro por 7 em dias melhor mantiveram a viabilidade, ativação e crescimento folicular.

O trabalho tem por objeto a análise da disciplina jurídica, conforme fixada na Lei 6.404/1976, dos grupos de sociedades de subordinação, ou seja, aqueles pautados por relações hierarquizadas de controle societário, abrangendo tanto os grupos de fato (não formalizados por meio de convenção e regulados principalmente pelos artigos 245 e 246 da lei acionária) quanto os grupos de direito (sujeitos a convenção de grupo, estipulada consoante os artigos 265 e seguintes do referido diploma). A principal tese levantada, cuja verificação representa o objetivo central do estudo, é a de que o limitado uso dos grupos de direito na realidade brasileira se deve, sobretudo, à inefetividade da tutela judicial do conflito de interesses no âmbito dos grupos de fato. Como hipóteses de trabalho instrumentais a tal investigação, são analisadas questões como (i) a baixa difusão dos grupos de direito contraposta à ampla disseminação e à relevante função econômica dos grupos de fato na praxe empresarial brasileira, (ii) o alto nível de abuso do poder de controle (captura de benefícios privados do controle) na realidade do país e (iii) a inefetividade dos mecanismos judiciais de contraste ao abuso do poder de controle nas relações intersocietárias. A análise é amparada, principalmente, pelos métodos (i) histórico (investigação das origens da participação de sociedades no capital de outras sociedades), (ii) comparado (confronto pontual entre a disciplina brasileira e a de outros países, notadamente Alemanha, Itália e França) e (iii) dialético (confronto analítico de diferentes posições da doutrina). O estudo também toma por base dados empíricos extraídos de pesquisas de natureza econômica e de levantamentos oficiais, sem contudo empreender reelaboração estatística independente de tais informações. Os referidos dados trazem sólidos indícios que, argumenta-se, essencialmente confirmam as hipóteses de trabalho e a tese principal do estudo. Outros resultados e conclusões relevantes da pesquisa são: (i) a destacada função de fomento aos grupos e favorecimento da concentração econômica (Organisationsrecht) das normas brasileiras que tratam do fenômeno intersocietário, em contraposição ao objetivo de meramente proteger acionistas externos e credores (Schutzrecht); (ii) a rejeição da caracterização do grupo em si como uma sociedade de sociedades; (iii) a rejeição do conceito de interesse de grupo; (iv) a afirmação da natureza não apenas lícita, mas tipificada da organização da atividade empresarial na forma plurissocietária; (v) a obtenção de dados oficiais sobre a efetiva difusão dos grupos de direito, cujo número, apesar de baixo, excede as estimativas anteriores da doutrina; e (vi) a identificação da dificuldade de se comprovar em juízo o inadimplemento de deveres fiduciários de administradores e sociedades controladoras como elemento crítico por trás da inefetividade do sistema brasileiro de contraste ao abuso do poder de controle nas relações de grupo. / The scope of the research is to analyze the legal treatment, under Law 6,404/1976, of vertical groups of companies, i.e. those in which prevail hierarchical relations of corporate control. The analysis covers both de facto groups (that are not subject to a formal group agreement and are regulated mainly by articles 245 and 246 of Law 6,404/1976) and contractual groups (subject to a group agreement, executed in accordance with articles 265 et seq. of the same statute). The main thesis raised confirmation of which is the central purpose of the research is that the limited use of contractual groups in Brazil is, above all, the result of the ineffectiveness of judicial protection from conflicts of interest within de facto groups. As instrumental hypotheses supporting the analysis, the study comprises a review of issues such as: (i) the limited number of contractual groups, contrasting with the large diffusion and economic relevance of de facto groups within Brazilian businesses, (ii) the high level of abuse of corporate control (capture of private benefits of control) within the country and (iii) the ineffectiveness of judicial mechanisms aimed at contrasting abuse of corporate control in intercompany relations. The research is based mainly on the (i) historical (investigation of the origins of intercompany equity interests), (ii) comparative (comparison of Brazilian regulation of specific matters with that of other countries, mainly Germany, Italy and France) and (iii) dialectical (analytical opposition of different positions held by scholars) methods. The study is also based on factual data extracted from economical research and official assessments. However, such statistical information is not in any form independently processed. The collected data, it is argued, provides solid evidence confirming the main and supporting hypotheses of the study. Other material results and conclusions of the analysis are: (i) the significant function of promoting group formation and economic concentration (Organisationsrecht) of the Brazilian regulation of intercompany relation, as opposed to the purpose merely protecting external shareholders and creditors (Schutzrecht); (ii) the rejection of the qualification of groups themselves as companies formed by companies; (iii) the rejection of the concept of group interest; (iv) the defense of the lawful (but also expressly legally recognized) nature of the polycorporate business organization; (v) collection of official data on the effective use of contractual groups, which number is very limited but exceeds prior expectations of scholars; and (vi) identification of the difficulty to demonstrate in court the breach of fiduciary duties by managing officers and controlling companies as the critical cause of the lack of effectiveness of the Brazilian system of defense against abuse of corporate control in intercompany relations.

The aim of this political scientist paper is to describe and analyze the quasi state Iraqi Kurdistan 1992-2006 using the theory of Kolstö about how and why quasi states develops and the theory of Pegg regarding how the international society deal with quasi states. A qualitative case method is used. In the study the two theories are combined. Iraqi Kurdistan is used as a case to study to confirm Kolstö’s and Pegg’s theories. It’s an interesting case as it’s included in one of the most sensitive geo political areas in the world. The Kuwait war 1990 and the Second Gulf war 1991 were the incentive to Iraqi Kurdistan as a quasi state and the US invasion of Iraq 2003 was the incentive to the end of it. In conclusion the case verify the theories and the theories promote the understanding of Iraqi Kurdistan’s period as a quasi state. The goal of the quasi state Iraqi Kurdistan was to become a federal state in a federal Iraq and it succeeded.

<p>In the context of climate change, increasing demands for freshwater make it necessary to manage our water resources in a sustainable way and find innovative ways to extend their life. An integrated water management approach needs to consider anthropogenic water use and reuse which represent major components of the current water cycle. In particular, unplanned, or de facto, indirect water reuse occurs in most of the U.S. river systems; however, there is little real-time documentation of it. Despite the fact that there are national and state agencies that systematically collect data on water withdrawals and wastewater discharges, their databases are organized and managed in a way that limits the ability to combine reported water data to perform large scale analysis about water use and indirect reuse. To better document these issues and to demonstrate the utility of such an analysis, I studied the Wabash River Watershed located in the U.S. Midwest. Existing data for freshwater extraction, use, discharge, and river streamflow were collected, curated and reorganized in order to characterize the water use and reuse within the basin. Indirect water reuse was estimated by comparing treated wastewater discharges with stream flows at selected points within the watershed. Results show that during the low flow months of July-October 2007, wastewater discharges into the Wabash River basin contributed 82 to 121% of the stream flow, demonstrating that the level of water use and unplanned reuse is significant. These results suggest that intentional water reuse for consumptive purposes such as landscape or agricultural irrigation could have substantial ecological impacts by diminishing stream flow during vulnerable low flow periods. This research also completed a time series watershed-scale analysis of water use and unplanned indirect reuse for the Wabash River Watershed from 2009 to 2017. Results document the occurrence of indirect water reuse over time, ranging from 3% to 134% in a water-rich area of the U.S. The time series analysis shows that reported data effectively describe the water use trends through nine years, clearly reflecting both anthropogenic and natural events in the watershed, such as the retirement of thermoelectric power plants, and the occurrence of an extreme drought in 2012. Results demonstrate the feasibility and significance of using available water datasets to perform large scale water use analysis, describe limitations encountered in the process, and highlight areas for improvement in water data management.</p>

Author Samuel Lavoie Thesis Diplomacy and Diplomatic Institutions of Unrecognized De Facto States Somaliland, Transnistria and Artsakh (2020) Abstract As a topic, international recognition has been increasingly studied over the past twenty years, particularly since Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence from Serbia in 2008. This thesis attempts to advance our understanding of the underlying causes of the inability to gain political recognition by examining several factors that have been omitted from the academic literature. Specifically, it examines several key aspects of the diplomatic institutions, personnel, and approaches of three unrecognized de facto states that meet most of the criteria for statehood under international law, but have so far received no recognition recognized states. These entities are Somaliland, Transnistria, and Artsakh. This paper also draws on partially recognized states and finds that geopolitical and ideological factors generally prevail over diplomatic ones as the main drivers of political recognition. This is especially true when an entity is located in an area of fierce rivalry for influence, such as the PMR and the Republic of Artsakh. However, while remaining a secondary factor, diplomacy becomes more important for international recognition when the interests of...

El expediente privado seleccionado para optar por el título profesional de Abogado, corresponde a una demanda de divorcio por causal de separación de hecho interpuesta ante el Segundo Juzgado de Familia de Lima y que posteriormente fue elevado hasta la Sala Civil Permanente de la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la República. La relevancia del expediente privado escogido radica en verificar si se ha cumplido con los elementos de la causal invocada, en especial el referente al tiempo de separación (elemento temporal) o si de lo contrario el plazo se ha interrumpido; ya que es este elemento el que jugará un papel relevante en el sentido de la posición de los jueces en las distintas instancias del proceso. Asimismo, de acreditarse que se ha cumplido con el elemento temporal, es necesario determinar si conforme a la reconvención formulada por la demandada, corresponde declarársele como cónyuge perjudicada y por ende indemnizarla; razón por la cual se tendrán que analizar los criterios establecidos en el Tercer Pleno Casatorio Civil. / Trabajo de suficiencia profesional

El presente informe es el resumen y toma de postura que el autor realiza en referencia a los expedientes N° 01104-2012-0-0701-JR-FC-01 y N°1144-2015/CC1, los mismos que fueron presentados para la obtención de Título de Abogado ante la Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas - UPC. Dichos expedientes abordan los temas de separación de cuerpos por causal de separación de hecho y la infracción al deber de idoneidad en el servicio. Por un lado, el expediente N° 01104-2012-0-0701-JR-FC-01 tiene como tema principal la separación de cuerpos por separación de hecho en el cual se debe de aplicar la ley N°27495, ley que incorpora la separación de hecho como causal de separación de cuerpo y establece la existencia de un cónyuge más perjudicado. Así como, la aplicación del III Pleno Casatorio Civil en el que se establecen los parámetros para el otorgamiento de indemnización al cónyuge más perjudicado. Por otro lado, el expediente N° 1144-2015/CC1 aborda la infracción al deber de idoneidad en la prestación de servicios de consumidores indirectos expuestos a una relación de consumo. En tal sentido, se analiza los supuestos de hecho para el cumplimento de la existencia de una relación de consumo, así como la de infracción administrativa pasible de sanción por partes de la comisión y sala de protección del consumidor de INDECOPI. Finalmente, cabe apreciar que en ambas materias legales el derecho tiene una función tuitiva para salvaguardar los derechos e interés de la parte mas vulnerables en dichas relaciones. / The present report is the summary and position taken by the author in reference to the files N° 01104-2012-0-0701-JR-FC-01 and N°1144-2015/CC1, which were presented for obtaining a Law Degree before the Peruvian University of Applied Sciences - UPC. These files address the issues of separation of bodies due to de facto separation and breach of the duty of suitability in the service. On the one hand, file N° 01104-2012-0-0701-JR-FC-01 has as its main subject the separation of bodies due to de facto separation in which Law N° 27495 must be applied, a law that incorporates de facto separation as a cause for separation of bodies and establishes the existence of a more injured spouse. As well as the application of the III Full Casatorio Civil in which the parameters for the awarding of compensation to the most injured spouse are established. On the other hand, Case No. 1144-2015/CC1 addresses the infringement of the duty of suitability in the provision of services of indirect consumers exposed to a consumer relationship. In this regard, it analyses the factual assumptions for the fulfilment of the existence of a consumer relationship, as well as the administrative infringement punishable by the commission and the consumer protection chamber of INDECOPI. Finally, it is worth noting that in both legal matters the law has a protective function to safeguard the rights and interests of the most vulnerable parties in such relationships. / Trabajo de suficiencia profesional

<p>Cohabiting with a partner, rather than living in a legal marriage, has been documented as a significant risk factor for intimate partner homicide. This study used national U.S. homicide data from 1990-2005 to examine changes in risk patterns. The results showed that both male and female cohabiting victims experienced a steep decline in intimate partner homicide rates. Such was the strength of this decline that by 2005 cohabiting couples were no longer at higher risk than married couples. A similar, though weaker, trend was found in Canada between 1991 and 2006. It was hypothesised that this convergence of cohabiting and married homicide rates was due to cohabiting and married populations becoming more similar in terms of socio-demographic variables. Contrary to expectation, over time, the U.S. and Canadian cohabiting populations remained younger, poorer, less educated, and less conventional, than their married counterparts. This suggests that demographic changes were not responsible for the decline in cohabiting homicide rates. Further research is required to determine whether changes in union characteristics may have driven the decline in cohabiting homicide risk.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)